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Marquez-Curtis LA, Elliott JAW. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from various tissues: Biological, clinical and cryopreservation aspects: Update from 2015 review. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104856. [PMID: 38340887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have become one of the most investigated and applied cells for cellular therapy and regenerative medicine. In this update of our review published in 2015, we show that studies continue to abound regarding the characterization of MSCs to distinguish them from other similar cell types, the discovery of new tissue sources of MSCs, and the confirmation of their properties and functions that render them suitable as a therapeutic. Because cryopreservation is widely recognized as the only technology that would enable the on-demand availability of MSCs, here we show that although the traditional method of cryopreserving cells by slow cooling in the presence of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) continues to be used by many, several novel MSC cryopreservation approaches have emerged. As in our previous review, we conclude from these recent reports that viable and functional MSCs from diverse tissues can be recovered after cryopreservation using a variety of cryoprotectants, freezing protocols, storage temperatures, and periods of storage. We also show that for logistical reasons there are now more studies devoted to the cryopreservation of tissues from which MSCs are derived. A new topic included in this review covers the application in COVID-19 of MSCs arising from their immunomodulatory and antiviral properties. Due to the inherent heterogeneity in MSC populations from different sources there is still no standardized procedure for their isolation, identification, functional characterization, cryopreservation, and route of administration, and not likely to be a "one-size-fits-all" approach in their applications in cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Marquez-Curtis
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1H9; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1C9
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1H9; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1C9.
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Gotoh S, Kawabori M, Fujimura M. Intranasal administration of stem cell-derived exosomes for central nervous system diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1249-1255. [PMID: 37905871 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Exosomes, lipid bilayer-enclosed small cellular vesicles, are actively secreted by various cells and play crucial roles in intercellular communication. These nanosized vesicles transport internalized proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and other bioactive molecules. Recent findings have provided compelling evidence that exosomes derived from stem cells hold great promise as a therapeutic modality for central nervous system disorders. These exosomes exhibit multifaceted properties including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, neurogenic, and vasculogenic effects. Furthermore, exosomes offer several advantages over stem cell therapy, such as high preservation capacity, low immunogenicity, the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, and the potential for drug encapsulation. Consequently, researchers have turned their attention to exosomes as a novel therapeutic avenue. Nonetheless, akin to the limitations of stem cell treatment, the limited accumulation of exosomes in the injured brain poses a challenge to their clinical application. To overcome this hurdle, intranasal administration has emerged as a non-invasive and efficacious route for delivering drugs to the central nervous system. By exploiting the olfactory and trigeminal nerve axons, this approach enables the direct transport of therapeutics to the brain while bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Notably, exosomes, owing to their small size, can readily access the nerve pathways using this method. As a result, intranasal administration has gained increasing recognition as an optimal therapeutic strategy for exosome-based treatments. In this comprehensive review, we aim to provide an overview of both basic and clinical research studies investigating the intranasal administration of exosomes for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Furthermore, we elucidate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and offer insights into the prospect of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuho Gotoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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Feng X, Feng B, Zhou J, Yang J, Pan Q, Yu J, Shang D, Li L, Cao H. Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate mouse liver fibrosis by inhibiting pathogenic function of intrahepatic B cells. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00826. [PMID: 38546278 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The immunomodulatory characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make them a promising therapeutic approach for liver fibrosis (LF). Here, we postulated that MSCs could potentially suppress the pro-fibrotic activity of intrahepatic B cells, thereby inhibiting LF progression. APPROACH AND RESULTS Administration of MSCs significantly ameliorated LF as indicated by reduced myofibroblast activation, collagen deposition, and inflammation. The treatment efficacy of MSCs can be attributed to decreased infiltration, activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production of intrahepatic B cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a distinct intrahepatic B cell atlas, and a subtype of naive B cells (B-II) was identified, which were markedly abundant in fibrotic liver, displaying mature features with elevated expression of several proliferative and inflammatory genes. Transcriptional profiling of total B cells revealed that intrahepatic B cells displayed activation, proliferation, and pro-inflammatory gene profile during LF. Fibrosis was attenuated in mice ablated with B cells (μMT) or in vivo treatment with anti-CD20. Moreover, fibrosis was recapitulated in μMT after adoptive transfer of B cells, which in turn could be rescued by MSC injection, validating the pathogenic function of B cells and the efficacy of MSCs on B cell-promoted LF progression. Mechanistically, MSCs could inhibit the proliferation and cytokine production of intrahepatic B cells through exosomes, regulating the Mitogen-activated protein kinase and Nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Intrahepatic B cells serve as a target of MSCs, play an important role in the process of MSC-induced amelioration of LF, and may provide new clues for revealing the novel mechanisms of MSC action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Feng
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Bing Feng
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Jiahang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Qiaoling Pan
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Jiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Dandan Shang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan City, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan City, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou City, China
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou City, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, China
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Comini G, Kelly R, Jarrin S, Patton T, Narasimhan K, Pandit A, Drummond N, Kunath T, Dowd E. Survival and maturation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors in the parkinsonian rat brain is enhanced by transplantation in a neurotrophin-enriched hydrogel. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:024002. [PMID: 38479026 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad33b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Although human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell replacement for Parkinson's disease has considerable reparative potential, its full therapeutic benefit is limited by poor graft survival and dopaminergic maturation. Injectable biomaterial scaffolds, such as collagen hydrogels, have the potential to address these issues via a plethora of supportive benefits including acting as a structural scaffold for cell adherence, shielding from the host immune response and providing a reservoir of neurotrophic factors to aid survival and differentiation. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine if a neurotrophin-enriched collagen hydrogel could improve the survival and maturation of iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitors (iPSC-DAPs) after transplantation into the rat parkinsonian brain.Approach.Human iPSC-DAPs were transplanted into the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned striatum either alone, with the neurotrophins GDNF and BDNF, in an unloaded collagen hydrogel, or in a neurotrophin-loaded collagen hydrogel.Post-mortem, human nuclear immunostaining was used to identify surviving iPSC-DAPs while tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining was used to identify iPSC-DAPs that had differentiated into mature dopaminergic neurons.Main results.We found that iPSC-DAPs transplanted in the neurotrophin-enriched collagen hydrogel survived and matured significantly better than cells implanted without the biomaterial (8 fold improvement in survival and 16 fold improvement in dopaminergic differentiation). This study shows that transplantation of human iPSC-DAPs in a neurotrophin-enriched collagen hydrogel improves graft survival and maturation in the parkinsonian rat brain.Significance.The data strongly supports further investigation of supportive hydrogels for improving the outcome of iPSC-derived brain repair in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Comini
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rachel Kelly
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sarah Jarrin
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tommy Patton
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicola Drummond
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo Kunath
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Liu Z, Cheng L, Zhang L, Shen C, Wei S, Wang L, Qiu Y, Li C, Xiong Y, Zhang X. Emerging role of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles in vascular dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1329357. [PMID: 38389559 PMCID: PMC10881761 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1329357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is a prevalent cognitive disorder among the elderly. Its pathological mechanism encompasses neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, vascular abnormalities, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, among others. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered significant attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy. Current research indicates that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) play a pivotal role in both the diagnosis and treatment of VD. Thus, this article delves into the recent advancements of MSC-EVs in VD, discussing the mechanisms by which EVs influence the pathophysiological processes of VD. These mechanisms form the theoretical foundation for their neuroprotective effect in VD treatment. Additionally, the article highlights the potential applications of EVs in VD diagnosis. In conclusion, MSC-EVs present a promising innovative treatment strategy for VD. With rigorous research and ongoing innovation, this concept can transition into practical clinical treatment, providing more effective options for VD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lushun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunxiao Shen
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shufei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuemin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yinyi Xiong
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Center for Cognitive Science and Transdisciplinary Studies, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
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Feng Y, Guo K, Jiang J, Lin S. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as delivery vehicles for non-coding RNAs in lung diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116008. [PMID: 38071800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The burden of lung diseases is gradually increasing with an increase in the average human life expectancy. Therefore, it is necessary to identify effective methods to treat lung diseases and reduce their social burden. Currently, an increasing number of studies focus on the role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) as a cell-free therapy in lung diseases. They show great potential for application to lung diseases as a more stable and safer option than traditional cell therapies. MSC-Exos are rich in various substances, including proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA. Delivery of Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) enables MSC-Exos to communicate with target cells. MSC-Exos significantly inhibit inflammatory factors, reduce oxidative stress, promote normal lung cell proliferation, and reduce apoptosis by delivering ncRNAs. Moreover, MSC-Exos carrying specific ncRNAs affect the proliferation, invasion, and migration of lung cancer cells, thereby playing a role in managing lung cancer. The detailed mechanisms of MSC-Exos in the clinical treatment of lung disease were explored by developing standardized culture, isolation, purification, and administration strategies. In summary, MSC-Exo-based delivery methods have important application prospects for treating lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Feng
- Hangzhou School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Kaibo Guo
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Shengyou Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
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Saglam-Metiner P, Duran E, Sabour-Takanlou L, Biray-Avci C, Yesil-Celiktas O. Differentiation of Neurons, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes and Microglia From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Form Neural Tissue-On-Chip: A Neuroinflammation Model to Evaluate the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:413-436. [PMID: 37938408 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell (SC) technology allow the generation of cellular models that recapitulate the histological, molecular and physiological properties of humanized in vitro three dimensional (3D) models, as well as production of cell-derived therapeutics such as extracellular vesicles (EVs). Improvements in organ-on-chip platforms and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived neural/glial cells provide unprecedented systems for studying 3D personalized neural tissue modeling with easy setup and fast output. Here, we highlight the key points in differentiation procedures for neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia from single origin hiPSCs. Additionally, we present a well-defined humanized neural tissue-on-chip model composed of differentiated cells with the same genetic backgrounds, as well as the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles to propose a novel treatment for neuroinflammation derived diseases. Around 100 nm CD9 + EVs promote a more anti-inflammatory and pro-remodeling of cell-cell interaction cytokine responses on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced neuroinflammation in neural tissue-on-chip model which is ideal for modeling authentic neural-glial patho-physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Saglam-Metiner
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elif Duran
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Cigir Biray-Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Yadav D, Malviya R. Vector-Mediated Delivery of Transgenes and RNA Interference-Based Gene Silencing Sequences to Astrocytes for Disease Management: Advances and Prospectives. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:110-121. [PMID: 37921145 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232264527231013072728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a type of important glial cell in the brain that serve crucial functions in regulating neuronal activity, facilitating communication between neurons, and keeping everything in balance. In this abstract, we explore current methods and future approaches for using vectors to precisely target astrocytes in the fight against various illnesses. In order to deliver therapeutic cargo selectively to astrocytes, researchers have made tremendous progress by using viral vectors such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and lentiviruses. It has been established that engineered viral vectors are capable of either crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or being delivered intranasally, which facilitates their entrance into the brain parenchyma. These vectors are able to contain transgenes that code for neuroprotective factors, synaptic modulators, or anti-inflammatory medicines, which pave the way for multiple approaches to disease intervention. Strategies based on RNA interference (RNAi) make vector-mediated astrocyte targeting much more likely to work. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are two types of RNA that can be made to silence disease-related genes in astrocytes. Vector-mediated delivery in conjunction with RNAi techniques provides a powerful toolkit for investigating the complex biological pathways that contribute to disease development. However, there are still a number of obstacles to overcome in order to perfect the specificity, safety, and duration of vector-mediated astrocyte targeting. In order to successfully translate research findings into clinical practise, it is essential to minimise off-target effects and the risk of immunogenicity. To demonstrate the therapeutic effectiveness of these strategies, rigorous preclinical investigation and validation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Anwar S, Yokota T. Navigating the Complex Landscape of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: From Current Paradigms to Therapeutic Frontiers. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2162. [PMID: 38136984 PMCID: PMC10742611 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an enigmatic, ultra-rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification, wherein soft connective tissues undergo pathological transformation into bone structures. This incapacitating process severely limits patient mobility and poses formidable challenges for therapeutic intervention. Predominantly caused by missense mutations in the ACVR1 gene, this disorder has hitherto defied comprehensive mechanistic understanding and effective treatment paradigms. This write-up offers a comprehensive overview of the contemporary understanding of FOP's complex pathobiology, underscored by advances in molecular genetics and proteomic studies. We delve into targeted therapy, spanning genetic therapeutics, enzymatic and transcriptional modulation, stem cell therapies, and innovative immunotherapies. We also highlight the intricate complexities surrounding clinical trial design for ultra-rare disorders like FOP, addressing fundamental statistical limitations, ethical conundrums, and methodological advancements essential for the success of interventional studies. We advocate for the adoption of a multi-disciplinary approach that converges bench-to-bedside research, clinical expertise, and ethical considerations to tackle the challenges of ultra-rare diseases like FOP and comparable ultra-rare diseases. In essence, this manuscript serves a dual purpose: as a definitive scientific resource for ongoing and future FOP research and a call to action for innovative solutions to address methodological and ethical challenges that impede progress in the broader field of medical research into ultra-rare conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada;
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Drobiova H, Sindhu S, Ahmad R, Haddad D, Al-Mulla F, Al Madhoun A. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells: a concise review of their secretome and prospective clinical applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1211217. [PMID: 37440921 PMCID: PMC10333601 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1211217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that most primary Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) therapeutic potential is due to their paracrine activity, i.e., their ability to modulate their microenvironment by releasing bioactive molecules and factors collectively known as secretome. These bioactive molecules and factors can either be released directly into the surrounding microenvironment or can be embedded within the membrane-bound extracellular bioactive nano-sized (usually 30-150 nm) messenger particles or vesicles of endosomal origin with specific route of biogenesis, known as exosomes or carried by relatively larger particles (100 nm-1 μm) formed by outward blebbing of plasma membrane called microvesicles (MVs); exosomes and MVs are collectively known as extracellular vesicles (EVs). The bioactive molecules and factors found in secretome are of various types, including cytokines, chemokines, cytoskeletal proteins, integrins, growth factors, angiogenic mediators, hormones, metabolites, and regulatory nucleic acid molecules. As expected, the secretome performs different biological functions, such as immunomodulation, tissue replenishment, cellular homeostasis, besides possessing anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. This review highlights the current advances in research on the WJ-MSCs' secretome and its prospective clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Drobiova
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Dania Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Ashraf Al Madhoun
- Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
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Biglari N, Mehdizadeh A, Vafaei Mastanabad M, Gharaeikhezri MH, Gol Mohammad Pour Afrakoti L, Pourbala H, Yousefi M, Soltani-Zangbar MS. Application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in neurodegenerative disorders: History, findings, and prospective challenges. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 247:154541. [PMID: 37245265 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the application of mesenchymal stem cells has captured the attention of researchers and practitioners worldwide. These cells can be obtained from practically every tissue in the body and are used to treat a broad variety of conditions, most notably neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Studies are still being conducted, and the results of these studies have led to the identification of several different molecular pathways involved in the neuroglial speciation process. These molecular systems are closely regulated and interconnected due to the coordinated efforts of many components that make up the machinery responsible for cell signaling. Within the scope of this study, we compared and contrasted the numerous mesenchymal cell sources and their cellular features. These many sources of mesenchymal cells included adipocyte cells, fetal umbilical cord tissue, and bone marrow. In addition, we investigated whether these cells can potentially treat and modify neurodegenerative illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Biglari
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Vafaei Mastanabad
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | | | - Hooman Pourbala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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