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Mohammadipoor A, Hershfield MR, Linsenbardt HR, Smith J, Mack J, Natesan S, Averitt DL, Stark TR, Sosanya NM. Biological function of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): a review of the field. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8639-8651. [PMID: 37535245 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) theranostic potential is under intense investigation. There is a wealth of information highlighting the role that EVs and the secretome play in disease and how these are being utilized for clinical trials and novel therapeutic possibilities. However, understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of EVs remain incomplete. The challenge lies in reaching a consensus concerning standardized quality-controlled isolation, storage, and sample preparation parameters. Interest in circulating EV cargo as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is steadily growing. Though promising, various limitations need to be addressed before there can be successful, full-scale therapeutic use of approved EVs. These limitations include obtaining or manufacturing from the appropriate medium (e.g., from bodily fluid or cell culture), loading and isolating EVs, stability, and storage, standardization of processing, and determining potency. This review highlights specific topics, including circulation of abnormal EVs contribute to human disease and the theranostic potential of EVs. Theranostics is defined as a combination of the word's therapeutics and diagnostics and describes how a specific medicine or technique can function as both. Key findings include, (1) EVs and the secretome are future theranostics which will be utilized as both biomarkers for diagnosis and as therapeutics, (2) basic and translational research supports clinical trials utilizing EVs/secretome, and (3) additional investigation is required to fully unmask the theranostic potential of EVs/secretome in specific diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Mohammadipoor
- Pain and Sensory Trauma Care, Combat Research Team 5 (CRT5), US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234-4504, USA
| | - Megan R Hershfield
- Pain and Sensory Trauma Care, Combat Research Team 5 (CRT5), US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234-4504, USA
| | | | - James Smith
- Pain and Sensory Trauma Care, Combat Research Team 5 (CRT5), US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234-4504, USA
| | - James Mack
- Pain and Sensory Trauma Care, Combat Research Team 5 (CRT5), US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234-4504, USA
| | - Shanmugasundaram Natesan
- Pain and Sensory Trauma Care, Combat Research Team 5 (CRT5), US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234-4504, USA
| | | | - Thomas R Stark
- Pain and Sensory Trauma Care, Combat Research Team 5 (CRT5), US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234-4504, USA
| | - Natasha M Sosanya
- Pain and Sensory Trauma Care, Combat Research Team 5 (CRT5), US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234-4504, USA.
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Brewster LM, Bain AR, Garcia VP, DeSouza NM, Tymko MM, Greiner JJ, Ainslie PN. Global REACH 2018: High Altitude-Related Circulating Extracellular Microvesicles Promote a Proinflammatory Endothelial Phenotype In Vitro. High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:223-229. [PMID: 37504958 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brewster, L. Madden, Anthony R. Bain, Vinicius P. Garcia, Noah M. DeSouza, Michael M. Tymko, Jared J. Greiner, and Philip N. Ainslie. Global REACH 2018: high altitude-related circulating extracellular microvesicles promote a proinflammatory endothelial phenotype in vitro. High Alt Med Biol. 24:223-229, 2023. Introduction: Ascent to high altitude (HA) can induce vascular dysfunction by promoting a proinflammatory endothelial phenotype. Circulating microvesicles (MVs) can mediate the vascular endothelium and inflammation. It is unclear whether HA-related MVs are associated with endothelial inflammation. Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that MVs derived from ascent to HA induce a proinflammatory endothelial phenotype. Methods: Ten healthy adults (8 M/2 F; age: 28 ± 2 years) residing at sea level (SL) were studied before and 4-6 days after rapid ascent to HA (4,300 m). MVs were isolated and enumerated from plasma by centrifugation and flow cytometry. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with MVs collected from each subject at SL (MV-SL) and at HA (MV-HA). Results: Circulating MV number significantly increased at HA (26,637 ± 3,315 vs. 19,388 ± 1,699). Although intracellular expression of total nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB; 83.4 ± 6.7 arbitrary units [AU] vs. 90.2 ± 6.9 AU) was not affected, MV-HA resulted in ∼55% higher (p < 0.05) active NF-κB (129.6 ± 19.8 AU vs. 90.7 ± 10.5 AU) expression compared with MV-SL. In addition, MV-HA induced higher interleukin (IL)-6 (63.9 ± 3.9 pg/ml vs. 53.3 ± 3.6 pg/ml) and IL-8 (140.2 ± 3.6 pg/ml vs. 120.7 ± 3.8 pg/ml) release compared with MV-SL, which was blunted with NF-κB blockade. Conclusions: Circulating extracellular MVs increase at HA and induce endothelial inflammation, potentially contributing to altitude-related vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Madden Brewster
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony R Bain
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinicius P Garcia
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Noah M DeSouza
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jared J Greiner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Pantazopoulou M, Lamprokostopoulou A, Karampela DS, Alexaki A, Delis A, Coens A, Samiotaki M, Kriebardis AG, Melki R, Pagakis SN, Stefanis L, Vekrellis K. Differential intracellular trafficking of extracellular vesicles in microglia and astrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:193. [PMID: 37391572 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in cell-to-cell communication in both physiological and pathological processes in the Central Nervous System. Thus far, the intracellular pathways involved in uptake and trafficking of EVs within different cell types of the brain are poorly understood. In our study, the endocytic processes and subcellular sorting of EVs were investigated in primary glial cells, particularly linked with the EV-associated α-synuclein (α-syn) transmission. Mouse microglia and astrocytic primary cultures were incubated with DiI-stained mouse brain-derived EVs. The internalization and trafficking pathways were analyzed in cells treated with pharmacological reagents that block the major endocytic pathways. Brain-derived EVs were internalized by both glial cell types; however, uptake was more efficient in microglia than in astrocytes. Colocalization of EVs with early and late endocytic markers (Rab5, Lamp1) indicated that EVs are sorted to endo-lysosomes for subsequent processing. Blocking actin-dependent phagocytosis and/or macropinocytosis with Cytochalasin D or EIPA inhibited EV entry into glial cells, whereas treatment with inhibitors that strip cholesterol off the plasma membrane, induced uptake, however differentially altered endosomal sorting. EV-associated fibrillar α-Syn was efficiently internalized and detected in Rab5- and Lamp1-positive compartments within microglia. Our study strongly suggests that EVs enter glial cells through phagocytosis and/or macropinocytosis and are sorted to endo-lysosomes for subsequent processing. Further, brain-derived EVs serve as scavengers and mediate cell-to-glia transfer of pathological α-Syn which is also targeted to the endolysosomal pathway, suggesting a beneficial role in microglia-mediated clearance of toxic protein aggregates, present in numerous neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pantazopoulou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens-BRFAA, Clinical-Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, 4, Soranou Tou Efesiou Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | - Anastasia Alexaki
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens-BRFAA, Centre of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Delis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens-BRFAA, Centre of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
| | - Audrey Coens
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Fleming 34, 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Anastasios G Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Stamatis N Pagakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens-BRFAA, Centre of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens-BRFAA, Clinical-Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, 4, Soranou Tou Efesiou Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens-BRFAA, Centre of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
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Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Induce Cell Junction Alterations in a Human 3D In Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010185. [PMID: 36678814 PMCID: PMC9861254 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In a recent study, we showed in an in vitro murine cerebellar microvascular endothelial cell (cerebEND) model as well as in vivo in rats that Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) reversibly open the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This process is facilitated by delocalizing tight junction proteins such as claudin-5 from the membrane to the cytoplasm. In investigating the possibility that the same effects could be observed in human-derived cells, a 3D co-culture model of the BBB was established consisting of primary microvascular brain endothelial cells (HBMVEC) and immortalized pericytes, both of human origin. The TTFields at a frequency of 100 kHz administered for 72 h increased the permeability of our human-derived BBB model. The integrity of the BBB had already recovered 48 h post-TTFields, which is earlier than that observed in cerebEND. The data presented herein validate the previously observed effects of TTFields in murine models. Moreover, due to the fact that human cell-based in vitro models more closely resemble patient-derived entities, our findings are highly relevant for pre-clinical studies.
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Pavan B, Guzzo S, De Bonis P, Fadiga L. β-Estradiol 17-acetate enhances the in vitro vitality of endothelial cells isolated from the brain of patients subjected to neurosurgery. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:389-395. [PMID: 35900435 PMCID: PMC9396507 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current landscape of endothelial cell isolation for building in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier, our work moves towards reproducing the features of the neurovascular unit to achieve glial compliance through an innovative biomimetic coating technology for brain chronic implants. We hypothesized that the autologous origin of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) is the first requirement for the suitable coating to prevent the glial inflammatory response triggered by foreign neuroprosthetics. Therefore, this study established a new procedure to preserve the in vitro viability of hBMECs isolated from gray and white matter specimens taken from neurosurgery patients. Culturing adult hBMECs is generally considered a challenging task due to the difficult survival ex vivo and progressive reduction in proliferation of these cells. The addition of 10 nM β-estradiol 17-acetate to the hBMEC culture medium was found to be an essential and discriminating factor promoting adhesion and proliferation both after isolation and thawing, supporting the well-known protective role played by estrogens on microvessels. In particular, β-estradiol 17-acetate was critical for both freshly isolated and thawed female-derived hBMECs, while it was not necessary for freshly isolated male-derived hBMECs; however, it did counteract the decay in the viability of the latter after thawing. The tumor-free hBMECs were thus cultured for up to 2 months and their growth efficiency was assessed before and after two periods of cryopreservation. Despite the thermal stress, the hBMECs remained viable and suitable for re-freezing and storage for several months. This approach increasing in vitro viability of hBMECs opens new perspectives for the use of cryopreserved autologous hBMECs as biomimetic therapeutic tools, offering the potential to avoid additional surgical sampling for each patient.
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Ginini L, Billan S, Fridman E, Gil Z. Insight into Extracellular Vesicle-Cell Communication: From Cell Recognition to Intracellular Fate. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091375. [PMID: 35563681 PMCID: PMC9101098 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogamous lipid bilayer-enclosed membranous structures secreted by cells. They are comprised of apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, and carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins that are necessary for cell-to-cell communication via interaction on the cells surface. They initiate intracellular signaling pathways or the transference of cargo molecules, which elicit pleiotropic responses in recipient cells in physiological processes, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer. It is therefore important to understand the molecular means by which EVs are taken up into cells. Accordingly, this review summarizes the underlying mechanisms involved in EV targeting and uptake. The primary method of entry by EVs appears to be endocytosis, where clathrin-mediated, caveolae-dependent, macropinocytotic, phagocytotic, and lipid raft-mediated uptake have been variously described as being prevalent. EV uptake mechanisms may depend on proteins and lipids found on the surfaces of both vesicles and target cells. As EVs have been shown to contribute to cancer growth and progression, further exploration and targeting of the gateways utilized by EVs to internalize into tumor cells may assist in the prevention or deceleration of cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ginini
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Salem Billan
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Medical Oncology and Radiation Therapy Program, Oncology Section, Rambam Health Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya Street 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Eran Fridman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Ziv Gil
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-854-2480
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Pospelova M, Krasnikova V, Fionik O, Alekseeva T, Samochernykh K, Ivanova N, Trofimov N, Vavilova T, Vasilieva E, Topuzova M, Chaykovskaya A, Makhanova A, Mikhalicheva A, Bukkieva T, Restor K, Combs S, Shevtsov M. Potential Molecular Biomarkers of Central Nervous System Damage in Breast Cancer Survivors. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051215. [PMID: 35268306 PMCID: PMC8911416 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage of the central nervous system (CNS), manifested by cognitive impairment, occurs in 80% of women with breast cancer (BC) as a complication of surgical treatment and radiochemotherapy. In this study, the levels of ICAM-1, PECAM-1, NSE, and anti-NR-2 antibodies which are associated with the damage of the CNS and the endothelium were measured in the blood by ELISA as potential biomarkers that might reflect pathogenetic mechanisms in these patients. A total of 102 patients enrolled in this single-center trial were divided into four groups: (1) 26 patients after breast cancer treatment, (2) 21 patients with chronic brain ischemia (CBI) and asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ICA stenosis) (CBI + ICA stenosis), (3) 35 patients with CBI but without asymptomatic carotid stenosis, and (4) 20 healthy female volunteers (control group). Intergroup analysis demonstrated that in the group of patients following BC treatment there was a significant increase of ICAM-1 (mean difference: −368.56, 95% CI −450.30 to −286.69, p < 0.001) and PECAM-1 (mean difference: −47.75, 95% CI −68.73 to −26.77, p < 0.001) molecules, as compared to the group of healthy volunteers. Additionally, a decrease of anti-NR-2 antibodies (mean difference: 0.89, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.48, p < 0.001) was detected. The intergroup comparison revealed comparable levels of ICAM-1 (mean difference: −33.58, 95% CI −58.10 to 125.26, p = 0.76), PECAM-1 (mean difference: −5.03, 95% CI −29.93 to 19.87, p = 0.95), as well as anti-NR-2 antibodies (mean difference: −0.05, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.16, p = 0.93) in patients after BC treatment and in patients with CBI + ICA stenosis. The NSE level in the group CBI + ICA stenosis was significantly higher than in women following BC treatment (mean difference: −43.64, 95% CI 3.31 to −83.99, p = 0.03). Comparable levels of ICAM-1 were also detected in patients after BC treatment and in the group of CBI (mean difference: −21.28, 95% CI −111.03 to 68.48, p = 0.92). The level of PECAM-1 molecules in patients after BC treatment was also comparable to group of CBI (mean difference: −13.68, 95% CI −35.51 to 8.15, p = 0.35). In conclusion, among other mechanisms, endothelial dysfunction might play a role in the damage of the CNS in breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pospelova
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Varvara Krasnikova
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Olga Fionik
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Alekseeva
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Konstantin Samochernykh
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Nataliya Ivanova
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Nikita Trofimov
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Vavilova
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Maria Topuzova
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Chaykovskaya
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Albina Makhanova
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Anna Mikhalicheva
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Bukkieva
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Kenneth Restor
- Nursing Programme, University of St. Francis, Joliet, IL 60435, USA;
| | - Stephanie Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technishe Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.P.); (V.K.); (O.F.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (N.I.); (N.T.); (T.V.); (E.V.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (T.B.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technishe Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany;
- National Center for Neurosurgery, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-173-1488882
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James BD, Allen JB. Sex-Specific Response to Combinations of Shear Stress and Substrate Stiffness by Endothelial Cells In Vitro. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100735. [PMID: 34142471 PMCID: PMC8458248 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
By using a full factorial design of experiment, the combinatorial effects of biological sex, shear stress, and substrate stiffness on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) spreading and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) activity are able to be efficiently evaluated. Within the range of shear stress (0.5-1.5 Pa) and substrate stiffness (10-100 kPa), male HUVECs are smaller than female HUVECs. Only with sufficient mechanical stimulation do they spread to a similar size. More importantly, YAP1 nuclear localization in female HUVECs is invariant to mechanical stimulation within the range of tested conditions whereas for male HUVECs it increases nonlinearly with increasing shear stress and substrate stiffness. The sex-specific response of HUVECs to combinations of shear stress and substrate stiffness reinforces the need to include sex as a biological variable and multiple mechanical stimuli in experiments, informs the design of precision biomaterials, and offers insight for understanding cardiovascular disease sexual dimorphisms. Moreover, here it is illustrated that different complex mechanical microenvironments can lead to sex-specific phenotypes and sex invariant phenotypes in cultured endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D James
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 206 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6400, USA
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 206 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6400, USA
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Zifkos K, Dubois C, Schäfer K. Extracellular Vesicles and Thrombosis: Update on the Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179317. [PMID: 34502228 PMCID: PMC8431093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) compose a heterogenous group of membrane-derived particles, including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, which are released into the extracellular environment in response to proinflammatory or proapoptotic stimuli. From earlier studies suggesting that EV shedding constitutes a cellular clearance mechanism, it has become evident that EV formation, secretion and uptake represent important mechanisms of intercellular communication and exchange of a wide variety of molecules, with relevance in both physiological and pathological situations. The putative role of EVs in hemostasis and thrombosis is supported by clinical and experimental studies unraveling how these cell-derived structures affect clot formation (and resolution). From those studies, it has become clear that the prothrombotic effects of EVs are not restricted to the exposure of tissue factor (TF) and phosphatidylserines (PS), but also involve multiplication of procoagulant surfaces, cross-linking of different cellular players at the site of injury and transfer of activation signals to other cell types. Here, we summarize the existing and novel clinical and experimental evidence on the role and function of EVs during arterial and venous thrombus formation and how they may be used as biomarkers as well as therapeutic vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Zifkos
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Christophe Dubois
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) 1260, Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), F-13380 Marseille, France;
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
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10
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Wang K, Dong S, Higazy D, Jin L, Zou Q, Chen H, Inayat A, Hu S, Cui M. Inflammatory Environment Promotes the Adhesion of Tumor Cells to Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:691771. [PMID: 34222020 PMCID: PMC8244540 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.691771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients usually suffer from unfavorable prognosis, particularly with the occurrence of brain metastasis of lung cancer. The key incident of brain metastasis initiation is crossing of blood-brain barrier (BBB) by cancer cells. Although preventing brain metastasis is a principal goal of cancer therapy, the cellular mechanisms and molecular regulators controlling the transmigration of cancer cells into the brain are still not clearly illustrated. We analyzed the mRNA expression profiles of metastatic brain tissues and TNF-α treated cancer cells to understand the changes in adhesion molecule expression during the tumor phase. To imitate the tumor microenvironment, an in vitro model was developed and the low or high metastatic potential lung tumor cells (A549 or H358) were cultured with the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) under TNF-α treatment. The analysis of online database indicated an altered expression for adhesion molecules and enrichment of their associated signaling pathways. TNF-α treatment activated hBMECs via up-regulating several adhesion molecules, including ICAM1, CD112, CD47, and JAM-C. Meanwhile, TNF-α induced an increased expression of adhesion molecule ligands such as ALCAM and CD6 in both A549 and H358. Moreover, the expression of adhesion molecules and the ligands were also increased both in A549- or H358-hBMECs mixed culture system, which promoted tumor cells adhesion to endothelial cells. These results suggested that the enhanced interaction between tumor cells and brain microvascular endothelium might facilitate the incidence of metastatic brain tumors and further offer a better comprehension of brain metastasis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Doaa Higazy
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lijing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingcui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Haowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Aakif Inayat
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Cancer Center, Wuhan, China.,The Office of Hubei Provincial Cancer Prevention, Wuhan, China.,The Cancer Quality Control Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,College of Health Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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11
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Brewster LM, Bain AR, Garcia VP, Fandl HK, Stone R, DeSouza NM, Greiner JJ, Tymko MM, Vizcardo-Galindo GA, Figueroa-Mujica RJ, Villafuerte FC, Ainslie PN, DeSouza CA. Global REACH 2018: dysfunctional extracellular microvesicles in Andean highlander males with excessive erythrocytosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1851-H1861. [PMID: 33710927 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00016.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High altitude-related excessive erythrocytosis (EE) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The experimental aim of this study was to determine the effects of microvesicles isolated from Andean highlanders with EE on endothelial cell inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and nitric oxide (NO) production. Twenty-six male residents of Cerro de Pasco, Peru (4,340 m), were studied: 12 highlanders without EE (age: 40 ± 4 yr; BMI: 26.4 ± 1.7; Hb: 17.4 ± 0.5 g/dL, Spo2: 86.9 ± 1.0%) and 14 highlanders with EE (43 ± 4 yr; 26.2 ± 0.9; 24.4 ± 0.4 g/dL; 79.7 ± 1.6%). Microvesicles were isolated, enumerated, and collected from plasma by flow cytometry. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured and treated with microvesicles from highlanders without and with EE. Microvesicles from highlanders with EE induced significantly higher release of interleukin (IL)-6 (89.8 ± 2.7 vs. 77.1 ± 1.9 pg/mL) and IL-8 (62.0 ± 2.7 vs. 53.3 ± 2.2 pg/mL) compared with microvesicles from healthy highlanders. Although intracellular expression of total NF-κB p65 (65.3 ± 6.0 vs. 74.9 ± 7.8.9 AU) was not significantly affected in cells treated with microvesicles from highlanders without versus with EE, microvesicles from highlanders with EE resulted in an ∼25% higher (P < 0.05) expression of p-NF-κB p65 (173.6 ± 14.3 vs. 132.8 ± 12.2 AU). Cell reactive oxygen species production was significantly higher (76.4.7 ± 5.4 vs. 56.7 ± 1.7% of control) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS) activation (231.3 ± 15.5 vs. 286.6 ± 23.0 AU) and NO production (8.3 ± 0.6 vs. 10.7 ± 0.7 μM/L) were significantly lower in cells treated with microvesicles from highlanders with versus without EE. Cell apoptotic susceptibility was not significantly affected by EE-related microvesicles. Circulating microvesicles from Andean highlanders with EE increased endothelial cell inflammation and oxidative stress and reduced NO production.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we determined the effects of microvesicles isolated from Andean highlanders with excessive erythrocytosis (EE) on endothelial cell inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and NO production. Microvesicles from highlanders with EE induced a dysfunctional response from endothelial cells characterized by increased cytokine release and expression of active nuclear factor-κB and reduced nitric oxide production. Andean highlanders with EE exhibit dysfunctional circulating extracellular microvesicles that induce a proinflammatory, proatherogenic endothelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Madden Brewster
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Anthony R Bain
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinicius P Garcia
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Hannah K Fandl
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Rachel Stone
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noah M DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jared J Greiner
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip N Ainslie
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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12
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Grant D, Wanner N, Frimel M, Erzurum S, Asosingh K. Comprehensive phenotyping of endothelial cells using flow cytometry 2: Human. Cytometry A 2020; 99:257-264. [PMID: 33369145 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In vascular research, clinical samples and samples from animal models are often used together to foster translation of preclinical findings to humans. General concepts of endothelia and murine-specific endothelial phenotypes were discussed in part 1 of this two part series. Here, in part 2, we present a comprehensive overview of human-specific endothelial phenotypes. Pan-endothelial cell markers, organ specific endothelial antigens, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping of blood-borne endothelial cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Grant
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas Wanner
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Vesicular Transport of Encapsulated microRNA between Glial and Neuronal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145078. [PMID: 32708414 PMCID: PMC7404393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXs) and extracellular microvesicles (EMVs) represent a diverse assortment of plasma membrane-derived nanovesicles, 30–1000 nm in diameter, released by all cell lineages of the central nervous system (CNS). They are examples of a very active and dynamic form of extracellular communication and the conveyance of biological information transfer essential to maintain homeostatic neurological functions and contain complex molecular cargoes representative of the cytoplasm of their cells of origin. These molecular cargoes include various mixtures of proteins, lipids, proteolipids, cytokines, chemokines, carbohydrates, microRNAs (miRNA) and messenger RNAs (mRNA) and other components, including end-stage neurotoxic and pathogenic metabolic products, such as amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Brain microglia, for example, respond to both acute CNS injuries and degenerative diseases with complex reactions via the induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and secrete EXs and EMVs enriched in selective pathogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miRNA-34a, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a, miRNA-155, and others that are known to promote neuro-inflammation, induce complement activation, disrupt innate–immune signaling and deregulate the expression of neuron-specific phosphoproteins involved in neurotropism and synaptic signaling. This communication will review our current understanding of the trafficking of miRNA-containing EXs and EMVs from astrocytes and “activated pro-inflammatory” microglia to target neurons in neurodegenerative diseases with an emphasis on Alzheimer’s disease wherever possible.
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14
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Vallabhajosyula S, Ponamgi SP, Shrivastava S, Sundaragiri PR, Miller VM. Reporting of sex as a variable in cardiovascular studies using cultured cells: A systematic review. FASEB J 2020; 34:8778-8786. [PMID: 32946179 PMCID: PMC7383819 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000122r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reporting the sex of biological material is critical for transparency and reproducibility in science. This study examined the reporting of the sex of cells used in cardiovascular studies. Articles from 16 cardiovascular journals that publish peer-reviewed studies in cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology in the year 2018 were systematically reviewed using terms "cultured" and "cells." Data were collected on the sex of cells, the species from which the cells were isolated, and the type of cells, and summarized as a systematic review. Sex was reported in 88 (38.6%) of the 228 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Reporting rates varied with Circulation, Cardiovascular Research and American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology having the highest rates of sex reporting (>50%). A majority of the studies used cells from male (54.5%) or both male and female animals (32.9%). Humans (31.8%), rats (20.4%), and mice (43.8%) were the most common sources for cells. Cardiac myocytes were the most commonly used cell type (37.0%). Overall reporting of sex of experimental material remains below 50% and is inconsistent among journals. Sex chromosomes in cells have the potential to affect protein expression and molecular signaling pathways and should be consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Center for Clinical and Translational ScienceMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Shiva P. Ponamgi
- Division of Hospital Internal MedicineDepartment of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | | | | | - Virginia M. Miller
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
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