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Kataoka R, Song JS, Yamada Y, Hammert WB, Seffrin A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Kang A, Loenneke JP. The Impact of Different Ischemic Preconditioning Pressures on Pain Sensitivity and Resistance Exercise Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:864-872. [PMID: 38170759 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kataoka, R, Song, JS, Yamada, Y, Hammert, WB, Seffrin, A, Spitz, RW, Wong, V, Kang, A, and Loenneke, JP. The impact of different ischemic preconditioning pressures on pain sensitivity and resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 864-872, 2024-To determine (a) the impact of ischemic preconditioning pressures (applied as a % of arterial occlusion pressure [AOP]) on pressure pain threshold (PPT) and resistance exercise performance and (b) whether changes in performance could be explained by changes in PPT. Subjects ( n = 39) completed 4 protocols in a randomized order: (a) ischemic preconditioning (IPC) at 110% AOP (IPC 110%), (b) IPC at 150% AOP (IPC 150%), (c) IPC at 10% AOP (Sham), and (d) time-matched control (CON). Each protocol included 4 cycles of 5 minutes of occlusion followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion. Pressure pain threshold was taken before and after. Discomfort ratings were given at the end of each cycle. Every visit finished with 2 sets of 75-second maximal isokinetic unilateral elbow flexion or extension. Overall, IPC 110% and IPC 150% resulted in similar increases in PPT relative to CON [110%: difference of 0.36 (0.18, 0.54) kg·m -2 ; 150%: difference of 0.377 (0.15, 0.59) kg·m -2 ] and Sham. Both resulted in greater discomfort than Sham and CON, with IPC 150% inducing greater discomfort than IPC 110% (BF 10 : 14.74). There were no differences between the conditions for total work (BF 10 : 0.23), peak torque (BF 10 : 0.035), or average power (BF 10 : 0.159). We did not find evidence that PPT mediated performance. We did not detect changes in performance with 2 different relative pressures greater than AOP. Our mean applied pressures were lower than those used previously. There might be a minimal level of pressure (e.g., >150% of AOP) that is required to induce ergogenic effects of ischemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
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Cruz R, Tramontin AF, Oliveira AS, Caputo F, Denadai BS, Greco CC. Ischemic preconditioning increases spinal excitability and voluntary activation during maximal plantar flexion contractions in men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14591. [PMID: 38429941 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The enigmatic benefits of acute limb ischemic preconditioning (IP) in enhancing muscle force and exercise performance have intrigued researchers. This study sought to unravel the underlying mechanisms, focusing on increased neural drive and the role of spinal excitability while excluding peripheral factors. Soleus Hoffmann (H)-reflex /M-wave recruitment curves and unpotentiated supramaximal responses were recorded before and after IP or a low-pressure control intervention. Subsequently, the twitch interpolation technique was applied during maximal voluntary contractions to assess conventional parameters of neural output. Following IP, there was an increase in both maximum normalized force and voluntary activation (VA) for the plantar flexor group, with negligible peripheral alterations. Greater benefits were observed in participants with lower VA levels. Despite greater H-reflex gains, soleus volitional (V)-wave and sEMG amplitudes remained unchanged. In conclusion, IP improves muscle force via enhanced neural drive to the muscles. This effect appears associated, at least in part, to reduced presynaptic inhibition and/or increased motoneuron excitability. Furthermore, the magnitude of the benefit is inversely proportional to the skeletal muscle's functional reserve, making it particularly noticeable in under-recruited muscles. These findings have implications for the strategic application of the IP procedure across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Cruz
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Campus Rio Claro, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Group, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Human Performance Research Group, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Campus Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Camila Coelho Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Campus Rio Claro, Brazil
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Norbury R, Dickens L, Grant I, Emery A, Patterson SD. Remote ischaemic preconditioning increase tolerance to experimentally induced cold pain. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2435-2442. [PMID: 37746841 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2241831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) applied locally and remotely has been shown to reduce pain which may underpin its ergogenic effect on exercise performance, however, it is unclear how many IPC cycles are needed to induce hypoalgesia. Therefore the purpose of this study was to examine the number of cycles of IPC on experimental pain perception. Sixteen healthy participants underwent four, randomised, experimental sessions where they either underwent a sham protocol (1 × 5 min at 20 mmHg), and 1, 2 or 3 cycles × 5 min of remote IPC at 105% of limb occlusion pressure. Ten minutes post-intervention, participants underwent a cold-pressor test where pain threshold, pain tolerance and pain intensity were examined and compared between conditions with a one-way repeated measure analysis of variance. Pain threshold was not different between conditions (P = 0.065); but pain tolerance was increased by ∼30% in the 1 × 5 condition, 2 × 5 condition, and 3 × 5 condition compared to the sham condition. No differences in pain tolerance were seen between the different numbers of cycles (all P > 0.05). There was also no difference in the perception of pain 30 s into the cold pressor test (P = 0.279). Remote IPC appears to significantly improve tolerance to pain which may have significant implications for endurance performance and exercise rehabilitation, but this warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Norbury
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Lieben Dickens
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Ian Grant
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Alison Emery
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
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Meireles A, Souza HLR, Arriel RA, Ribeiro GGS, Rodrigues AB, DE Oliveira GT, Ide BN, Chagas MH, Marocolo M. Attenuation of Neuromuscular Fatigue by Ischemic Preconditioning with Moderate Cuff Pressure is Not Related to Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:1025-1037. [PMID: 37650034 PMCID: PMC10464762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been an excellent strategy for enhancing sports performance recovery, although there is still no consensus on the ideal protocol. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of IPC with different cuff pressures (low pressure, medium pressure, and high pressure) on the attenuation of neuromuscular fatigue after an isometric test protocol. And to verify whether this improvement was related to muscle oxygen saturation during the test protocol. Thirty males (18-35 years old) with experience in resistance training were allocated to three different groups: low pressure (20 mmHg), medium pressure (100 mmHg), and high pressure (190 mmHg). The individual occlusion pressure of each participant was identified using ultrasound. Each participant performed two test protocols (8 maximal isometric contractions lasting 20-s with a 10-s rest interval) in an extension chair; after the first test protocol, the participant received the IPC intervention with a low, medium, or high cuff pressure or received the noncuff intervention (randomized order). Only the medium-pressure group showed a smaller decrease in mean force change compared to the no-cuff condition (-4.40% vs. -13.10%, p=0.01, respectively), and the low- and high-pressure groups did not exhibit significant pressure differences (IPC vs. noncuff: -8.40% vs. -13.10%, p=0.11 and -9.10% vs. -14.70%, p=0.12, respectively). Muscle oxygen saturation across test protocols showed no significant differences in all IPC conditions (p>0.05). Although, IPC with medium pressure was effective at optimizing the recovery of neuromuscular performance, this improvement is not related to an increase in muscle oxygen saturation during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Meireles
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, BRAZIL
| | - Hiago L R Souza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, BRAZIL
| | - Rhaí A Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, BRAZIL
| | - Guilherme G S Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, BRAZIL
| | - Alex B Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, BRAZIL
| | - Géssyca T DE Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, BRAZIL
| | - Bernardo N Ide
- Exercise Science, Healthy and Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, BRAZIL
| | - Mauro H Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, BRAZIL
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Teixeira AL, Gangat A, Bommarito JC, Burr JF, Millar PJ. Ischemic Preconditioning Acutely Improves Functional Sympatholysis during Handgrip Exercise in Healthy Males but not Females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1250-1257. [PMID: 36878187 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), a procedure that involves the cyclic induction of limb ischemia and reperfusion via tourniquet inflation, has been reported to improve exercise capacity and performance, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. During exercise, sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is dampened in active skeletal muscle. This phenomenon, termed functional sympatholysis, plays a critical role in maintaining oxygen delivery to working skeletal muscle and may contribute to determining exercise capacity. Herein, we investigate the effects of IPC on functional sympatholysis in humans. METHODS In 20 (10M/10F) healthy young adults, forearm blood flow (Doppler ultrasound) and beat-to-beat arterial pressure (finger photoplethysmography) were measured during lower body negative pressure (LBNP; -20 mm Hg) applied at rest and simultaneously during rhythmic handgrip exercise (30% maximum contraction) before and after local IPC (4 × 5-min 220 mm Hg) or sham (4 × 5-min 20 mm Hg). Forearm vascular conductance (FVC) was calculated as forearm blood flow/mean arterial pressure and the magnitude of sympatholysis as the difference of LBNP-induced changes in FVC between handgrip and rest. RESULTS At baseline, LBNP decreased FVC (females [F] = ∆-41% ± 19%; males [M] = ∆-44% ± 10%), and these responses were attenuated during handgrip (F = ∆-8% ± 9%; M = ∆-8% ± 7%). After IPC, LBNP induced similar decreases in resting FVC (F = ∆-37% ± 19%; M = ∆-44% ± 13%). However, during handgrip, this response was further attenuated in males (∆-3% ± 9%, P = 0.02 vs pre) but not females (∆-5% ± 10%, P = 0.13 vs pre), which aligned with an IPC-mediated increase in sympatholysis (M-pre = 36% ± 10% vs post = 40% ± 9%, P = 0.01; F-pre = 32% ± 15% vs post = 32% ± 14%, P = 0.82). Sham IPC had no effect on any variables. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a sex-specific effect of IPC on functional sympatholysis and provide evidence of a potential mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of IPC on human exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Teixeira
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Ayesha Gangat
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Julian C Bommarito
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Philip J Millar
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
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Jodoin HL, Hinks A, Roussel OP, Contento VS, Dalton BH, Power GA. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness abolishes sex differences in fatigability during sustained submaximal isometric contractions. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023:S2095-2546(23)00014-5. [PMID: 36801454 PMCID: PMC10362487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Females are typically less fatigable than males during sustained isometric contractions at lower isometric contraction intensities. This sex difference in fatigability becomes more variable during higher intensity isometric and dynamic contractions. While less fatiguing than isometric or concentric contractions, eccentric contractions induce greater and longer lasting impairments in force production. However, it is not clear how muscle weakness influences fatigability in males and females during sustained isometric contractions. METHODS We investigated the effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness on time to task failure (TTF) during a sustained submaximal isometric contraction in young (18-30 years) healthy males (n = 9) and females (n = 10). Participants performed a sustained isometric contraction of the dorsiflexors at 35° plantar flexion by matching a 30% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque target until task failure (i.e., falling below 5% of their target torque for ≥2 s). The same sustained isometric contraction was repeated 30 min after 150 maximal eccentric contractions. Agonist and antagonist activation were assessed using surface electromyography over the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles, respectively. RESULTS Males were ∼41% stronger than females. Following eccentric exercise both males and females experienced an ∼20% decline in maximal voluntary contraction torque. TTF was ∼34% longer in females than males prior to eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness. However, following eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness, this sex-related difference was abolished, with both groups having an ∼45% shorter TTF. Notably, there was ∼100% greater antagonist activation in the female group during the sustained isometric contraction following exercise-induced weakness as compared to the males. CONCLUSION This increase in antagonist activation disadvantaged females by decreasing their TTF, resulting in a blunting of their typical fatigability advantage over males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Jodoin
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Olivia P Roussel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Vincenzo S Contento
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian H Dalton
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Effect of ischemic preconditioning on badminton-specific endurance and subsequent changes in physical performance. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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O’Brien L, Jacobs I. Potential physiological responses contributing to the ergogenic effects of acute ischemic preconditioning during exercise: A narrative review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1051529. [PMID: 36518104 PMCID: PMC9742576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1051529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been reported to augment exercise performance, but there is considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude and frequency of performance improvements. Despite a burgeoning interest in IPC as an ergogenic aid, much is still unknown about the physiological mechanisms that mediate the observed performance enhancing effects. This narrative review collates those physiological responses to IPC reported in the IPC literature and discusses how these responses may contribute to the ergogenic effects of IPC. Specifically, this review discusses documented central and peripheral cardiovascular responses, as well as selected metabolic, neurological, and perceptual effects of IPC that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O’Brien
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Tannenbaum Institute for Science in Sport, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Holcomb LE, Rowe P, O’Neill CC, DeWitt EA, Kolwicz SC. Sex differences in endurance exercise capacity and skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15174. [PMID: 35133078 PMCID: PMC8822869 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that sex differences in lipid metabolism exist with females demonstrating a higher utilization of lipids during exercise, which is mediated partly by increased utilization of muscle triglycerides. However, whether these changes in lipid metabolism contribute directly to endurance exercise performance is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of exercise substrate metabolism to sex differences in endurance exercise capacity (EEC) in mice. Male and female C57BL/6-NCrl mice were subjected to an EEC test until exhaustion on a motorized treadmill. The treadmill was set at a 10% incline, and the speed gradually increased from 10.2 m/min to 22.2 m/min at fixed intervals for up to 2.5 h. Tissues and blood were harvested in mice immediately following the EEC. A cohort of sedentary, non-exercised male and female mice were used as controls. Females outperformed males by ~25% on the EEC. Serum levels of both fatty acids and ketone bodies were ~50% higher in females at the end of the EEC. In sedentary female mice, skeletal muscle triglyceride content was significantly greater compared to sedentary males. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that genes involved in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation were significantly higher in females with no changes in genes associated with glucose uptake or ketone body oxidation. The findings suggest that female mice have a higher endurance exercise capacity and a greater ability to mobilize and utilize fatty acids for energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola E. Holcomb
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Patrick Rowe
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Caitlin C. O’Neill
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. DeWitt
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephen C. Kolwicz
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
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O'Brien L, Jacobs I. Methodological Variations Contributing to Heterogenous Ergogenic Responses to Ischemic Preconditioning. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656980. [PMID: 33995123 PMCID: PMC8117357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been repeatedly reported to augment maximal exercise performance over a range of exercise durations and modalities. However, an examination of the relevant literature indicates that the reproducibility and robustness of ergogenic responses to this technique are variable, confounding expectations about the magnitude of its effects. Considerable variability among study methodologies may contribute to the equivocal responses to IPC. This review focuses on the wide range of methodologies used in IPC research, and how such variability likely confounds interpretation of the interactions of IPC and exercise. Several avenues are recommended to improve IPC methodological consistency, which should facilitate a future consensus about optimizing the IPC protocol, including due consideration of factors such as: location of the stimulus, the time between treatment and exercise, individualized tourniquet pressures and standardized tourniquet physical characteristics, and the incorporation of proper placebo treatments into future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O'Brien
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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