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Kudo F, Tsuboi K, Ikezaki M, Nagayama D, Kawamura K, Ando T, Miyanaga A, Eguchi T. The Post-Polyketide Synthase Modification Mechanism in Hitachimycin Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400405. [PMID: 38849317 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Hitachimycin is a bicyclic macrolactam antibiotic with (S)-β-phenylalanine (β-Phe) at the starter position of the polyketide skeleton. While the enzymes that recognize β-amino acids, modify the aminoacyl groups, and transfer the resultant dipeptide groups to the acyl carrier protein domains of polyketide synthases (PKSs) have been studied extensively, the post-PKS modification mechanism responsible for constructing the unique bicyclic structure of hitachimycin remains elusive. In this study, we first inactivated six genes encoding putative post-PKS modification enzymes, namely hitM1 to hitM6, in Streptomyces scabrisporus to determine their involvement in hitachimycin biosynthesis. The ΔhitM4 strain accumulated an all-trans-2,4,6,8,18-pentaene macrolactam, which was confirmed as a true intermediate in hitachimycin biosynthesis by cellular feeding experiments, and appears to be the initial intermediate in the post-PKS modification pathway. The ΔhitM1 strain accumulated 10-O-demethyl-10-oxohitachimycin (M1-A). In enzymatic experiments, M1-A was reduced by the NAD(P)H-dependent reductase HitM1 in the presence of NADPH. The product of the reaction catalyzed by HitM1 was converted to hitachimycin by the methyltransferase HitM6. We thus propose a plausible post-PKS modification mechanism for the biosynthesis of hitachimycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tsuboi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ikezaki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Daiki Nagayama
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Taishi Ando
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Akimasa Miyanaga
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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2
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Wang D, Miyanaga A, Chisuga T, Kudo F, Eguchi T. Engineering the Substrate Specificity of (S)-β-Phenylalanine Adenylation Enzyme HitB. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400383. [PMID: 38805007 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Adenylation enzymes catalyze the selective incorporation of aminoacyl building blocks in the biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides and related natural products. Although β-amino acid units are one of the important aminoacyl building blocks in natural product biosynthesis, very little is known about the engineering of β-amino acid adenylation enzymes. In this study, we engineered the substrate specificity of the (S)-β-phenylalanine adenylation enzyme, HitB, involved in the biosynthesis of macrolactam polyketide hitachimycin. Based on the previously determined structure of HitB wild-type, we mutated Phe328 and Ser293, which are located near the meta and ortho position of the (S)-β-phenylalanine moiety, respectively. As a result, the HitB F328V and F328L mutants efficiently activated meta-substituted (S)-β-phenylalanine analogs, and the HitB T293G and T293S mutants efficiently activated ortho-substituted (S)-β-phenylalanine analogs. Structural analysis of the HitB F328L and T293G mutants with the corresponding nonhydrolyzable intermediate analogs revealed an enlarged substrate binding pocket for (S)-β-phenylalanine analogs, providing detailed insights into the structural basis for creating enzyme substrate promiscuity. Our findings may be useful for production of various β-amino acid-containing natural product analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Akimasa Miyanaga
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taichi Chisuga
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
- Present address, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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3
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Zhao CR, You ZL, Bai L. Fungal Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase: Structure, Mechanism, and Drug Discovery. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:273. [PMID: 38667944 PMCID: PMC11051447 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The fungal plasma membrane H+-ATPase (Pma1) pumps protons out of the cell to maintain the transmembrane electrochemical gradient and membrane potential. As an essential P-type ATPase uniquely found in fungi and plants, Pma1 is an attractive antifungal drug target. Two recent Cryo-EM studies on Pma1 have revealed its hexameric architecture, autoinhibitory and activation mechanisms, and proton transport mechanism. These structures provide new perspectives for the development of antifungal drugs targeting Pma1. In this article, we review the history of Pma1 structure determination, the latest structural insights into Pma1, and drug discoveries targeting Pma1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ran Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zi-Long You
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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4
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Velazhahan V, McCann BL, Bignell E, Tate CG. Developing novel antifungals: lessons from G protein-coupled receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:162-174. [PMID: 36801017 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Up to 1.5 million people die yearly from fungal disease, but the repertoire of antifungal drug classes is minimal and the incidence of drug resistance is rising rapidly. This dilemma was recently declared by the World Health Organization as a global health emergency, but the discovery of new antifungal drug classes remains excruciatingly slow. This process could be accelerated by focusing on novel targets, such as G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-like proteins, that have a high likelihood of being druggable and have well-defined biology and roles in disease. We discuss recent successes in understanding the biology of virulence and in structure determination of yeast GPCRs, and highlight new approaches that might pay significant dividends in the urgent search for novel antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithish Velazhahan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Bethany L McCann
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Elaine Bignell
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Christopher G Tate
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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5
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Petrovich GD, Corradi GR, Adamo HP. The effect of metal ions on the Spf1p P5A-ATPase. High sensitivity to irreversible inhibition by zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 732:109450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tung TT, Nielsen J. Drug Discovery and Development on Pma1, Where Are We Now? A Critical Review from 1995 to 2022. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200356. [PMID: 36094750 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane H+ -ATPase (Pma1) is an enzyme uniquely found in plants and fungi. The enzyme controls the nutrient uptake of plants and fungi via an electrochemical gradient processes, which is essential for their survival. Inhibiting Pma1, therefore, constitutes an alternative antifungal target void of toxicity to humans. From a medicinal chemistry point of view, this review provides a first summary of the recent drug design, synthesis, evaluation, and discovery of molecules targeting Pma1 for 25 years from 1995 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Thanh Tung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam.,PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam
| | - John Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Polyene Macrolactams from Marine and Terrestrial Sources: Structure, Production Strategies, Biosynthesis and Bioactivities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060360. [PMID: 35736163 PMCID: PMC9230918 DOI: 10.3390/md20060360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades (covering 1972 to 2022), astounding progress has been made in the elucidation of structures, bioactivities and biosynthesis of polyene macrolactams (PMLs), but they have only been partially summarized. PMLs possess a wide range of biological activities, particularly distinctive fungal inhibitory abilities, which render them a promising drug candidate. Moreover, the unique biosynthetic pathways including β-amino acid initiation and pericyclic reactions were presented in PMLs, leading to more attention from inside and outside the natural products community. According to current summation, in this review, the chem- and bio-diversity of PMLs from marine and terrestrial sources are considerably rich. A systematic, critical and comprehensive overview is in great need. This review described the PMLs’ general structural features, production strategies, biosynthetic pathways and the mechanisms of bioactivities. The challenges and opportunities for the research of PMLs are also discussed.
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8
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Hellemann E, Walker JL, Lesko MA, Chandrashekarappa DG, Schmidt MC, O’Donnell AF, Durrant JD. Novel mutation in hexokinase 2 confers resistance to 2-deoxyglucose by altering protein dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009929. [PMID: 35235554 PMCID: PMC8920189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is central to many biological processes, serving as an energy source and a building block for biosynthesis. After glucose enters the cell, hexokinases convert it to glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6P) for use in anaerobic fermentation, aerobic oxidative phosphorylation, and the pentose-phosphate pathway. We here describe a genetic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that generated a novel spontaneous mutation in hexokinase-2, hxk2G238V, that confers resistance to the toxic glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). Wild-type hexokinases convert 2DG to 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2DG-6P), but 2DG-6P cannot support downstream glycolysis, resulting in a cellular starvation-like response. Curiously, though the hxk2G238V mutation encodes a loss-of-function allele, the affected amino acid does not interact directly with bound glucose, 2DG, or ATP. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that Hxk2G238V impedes sugar binding by altering the protein dynamics of the glucose-binding cleft, as well as the large-scale domain-closure motions required for catalysis. These findings shed new light on Hxk2 dynamics and highlight how allosteric changes can influence catalysis, providing new structural insights into this critical regulator of carbohydrate metabolism. Given that hexokinases are upregulated in some cancers and that 2DG and its derivatives have been studied in anti-cancer trials, the present work also provides insights that may apply to cancer biology and drug resistance. Glucose fuels many of the energy-production processes required for normal cell growth. Before glucose can participate in these processes, it must first be chemically modified by proteins called hexokinases. To better understand how hexokinases modify glucose—and how mutations in hexokinase genes might confer drug resistance—we evolved resistance in yeast to a toxic hexokinase-binding molecule called 2DG. We discovered a mutation in the hexokinase gene that confers 2DG resistance and reduces the protein’s ability to modify glucose. Biochemical analyses and computer simulations of the hexokinase protein suggest that the mutation diminishes glucose binding by altering enzyme flexibility. This work shows how cells can evolve resistance to toxins via only modest changes to protein structures. Furthermore, because cancer-cell hexokinases are particularly active, 2DG has been studied as cancer chemotherapy. Thus, the insights this work provides might also apply to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hellemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mitchell A. Lesko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dakshayini G. Chandrashekarappa
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Martin C. Schmidt
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allyson F. O’Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFO); (JDD)
| | - Jacob D. Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFO); (JDD)
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9
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Liu L, Jiang T, Zhou J, Mei Y, Li J, Tan J, Wei L, Li J, Peng Y, Chen C, Liu N, Wang H. Repurposing the FDA-approved anticancer agent ponatinib as a fluconazole potentiator by suppression of multidrug efflux and Pma1 expression in a broad spectrum of yeast species. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:482-498. [PMID: 33955652 PMCID: PMC8867973 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have emerged as a major global threat to human health because of the increasing incidence and mortality rates every year. The emergence of drug resistance and limited arsenal of antifungal agents further aggravates the current situation resulting in a growing challenge in medical mycology. Here, we identified that ponatinib, an FDA-approved antitumour drug, significantly enhanced the activity of the azole fluconazole, the most widely used antifungal drug. Further detailed investigation of ponatinib revealed that its combination with fluconazole displayed broad-spectrum synergistic interactions against a variety of human fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans. Mechanistic insights into the mode of action unravelled that ponatinib reduced the efflux of fluconazole via Pdr5 and suppressed the expression of the proton pump, Pma1. Taken together, our study identifies ponatinib as a novel antifungal that enhances drug activity of fluconazole against diverse fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Tong Jiang
- Center for MicrobesDevelopment and HealthKey Laboratory of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yikun Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jingcong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Luqi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jingquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yibing Peng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 197 Ruijin ER RoadShanghai200025China
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory ScienceShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 197 Ruijin ER RoadShanghai200025China
| | - Changbin Chen
- Center for MicrobesDevelopment and HealthKey Laboratory of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of InnovationInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing211135China
| | - Ning‐Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
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10
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Zhao P, Zhao C, Chen D, Yun C, Li H, Bai L. Structure and activation mechanism of the hexameric plasma membrane H +-ATPase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6439. [PMID: 34750373 PMCID: PMC8575881 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The S. cerevisiae plasma membrane H+-ATPase, Pma1, is a P3A-type ATPase and the primary protein component of the membrane compartment of Pma1 (MCP). Like other plasma membrane H+-ATPases, Pma1 assembles and functions as a hexamer, a property unique to this subfamily among the larger family of P-type ATPases. It has been unclear how Pma1 organizes the yeast membrane into MCP microdomains, or why it is that Pma1 needs to assemble into a hexamer to establish the membrane electrochemical proton gradient. Here we report a high-resolution cryo-EM study of native Pma1 hexamers embedded in endogenous lipids. Remarkably, we found that the Pma1 hexamer encircles a liquid-crystalline membrane domain composed of 57 ordered lipid molecules. The Pma1-encircled lipid patch structure likely serves as the building block of the MCP. At pH 7.4, the carboxyl-terminal regulatory α-helix binds to the phosphorylation domains of two neighboring Pma1 subunits, locking the hexamer in the autoinhibited state. The regulatory helix becomes disordered at lower pH, leading to activation of the Pma1 hexamer. The activation process is accompanied by a 6.7 Å downward shift and a 40° rotation of transmembrane helices 1 and 2 that line the proton translocation path. The conformational changes have enabled us to propose a detailed mechanism for ATP-hydrolysis-driven proton pumping across the plasma membrane. Our structures will facilitate the development of antifungal drugs that target this essential protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoran Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Kudo F, Takahashi S, Miyanaga A, Nakazawa Y, Nishino K, Hayakawa Y, Kawamura K, Ishikawa F, Tanabe G, Iwai N, Nagumo Y, Usui T, Eguchi T. Mutational Biosynthesis of Hitachimycin Analogs Controlled by the β-Amino Acid-Selective Adenylation Enzyme HitB. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:539-547. [PMID: 33625847 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hitachimycin is a macrolactam antibiotic with an (S)-β-phenylalanine (β-Phe) at the starter position of its polyketide skeleton. (S)-β-Phe is formed from l-α-phenylalanine by the phenylananine-2,3-aminomutase HitA in the hitachimycin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we produced new hitachimycin analogs via mutasynthesis by feeding various (S)-β-Phe analogs to a ΔhitA strain. We obtained six hitachimycin analogs with F at the ortho, meta, or para position and Cl, Br, or a CH3 group at the meta position of the phenyl moiety, as well as two hitachimycin analogs with thienyl substitutions. Furthermore, we carried out a biochemical and structural analysis of HitB, a β-amino acid-selective adenylation enzyme that introduces (S)-β-Phe into the hitachimycin biosynthetic pathway. The KM values of the incorporated (S)-β-Phe analogs and natural (S)-β-Phe were similar. However, the KM values of unincorporated (S)-β-Phe analogs with Br and a CH3 group at the ortho or para position of the phenyl moiety were high, indicating that HitB functions as a gatekeeper to select macrolactam starter units during mutasynthesis. The crystal structure of HitB in complex with (S)-β-3-Br-phenylalanine sulfamoyladenosine (β-m-Br-Phe-SA) revealed that the bulky meta-Br group is accommodated by the conformational flexibility around Phe328, whose side chain is close to the meta position. The aromatic group of β-m-Br-Phe-SA is surrounded by hydrophobic and aromatic residues, which appears to confer the conformational flexibility that enables HitB to accommodate the meta-substituted (S)-β-Phe. The new hitachimycin analogs exhibited different levels of biological activity in HeLa cells and multidrug-sensitive budding yeast, suggesting that they may target different molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Sotaro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Akimasa Miyanaga
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kota Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naeko Iwai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagumo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeo Usui
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Meguro-ku, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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12
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Mba IE, Nweze EI. Mechanism of Candida pathogenesis: revisiting the vital drivers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1797-1819. [PMID: 32372128 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida is the most implicated fungal pathogen in the clinical setting. Several factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of Candida spp. Multiple transcriptional circuits, morphological and phenotypic switching, biofilm formation, tissue damaging extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, metabolic flexibility, genome plasticity, adaptation to environmental pH fluctuation, robust nutrient acquisition system, adherence and invasions (mediated by adhesins and invasins), heat shock proteins (HSPs), cytolytic proteins, escape from phagocytosis, evasion from host immune system, synergistic coaggregation with resident microbiota, resistance to antifungal agents, and the ability to efficiently respond to multiple stresses are some of the major pathogenic determinants of Candida species. The existence of multiple connections, in addition to the interactions and associations among all of these factors, are distinctive features that play important roles in the establishment of Candida infections. This review describes all the underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida pathogenesis by evaluating pathogenic determinants of Candida species. It reinforces the already available pool of data on the pathogenesis of Candida species by providing a clear and simplified understanding of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of Candida species. The Candida pathogenesis network, an illustration linking all the major determinants of Candida pathogenesis, is also presented. Taken together, they will further improve our current understanding of how these factors modulate virulence and consequent infection(s). Development of new antifungal drugs and better therapeutic approaches to candidiasis can be achieved in the near future with continuing progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of Candida pathogenesis.
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LaMonte GM, Rocamora F, Marapana DS, Gnädig NF, Ottilie S, Luth MR, Worgall TS, Goldgof GM, Mohunlal R, Santha Kumar TR, Thompson JK, Vigil E, Yang J, Hutson D, Johnson T, Huang J, Williams RM, Zou BY, Cheung AL, Kumar P, Egan TJ, Lee MCS, Siegel D, Cowman AF, Fidock DA, Winzeler EA. Pan-active imidazolopiperazine antimalarials target the Plasmodium falciparum intracellular secretory pathway. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1780. [PMID: 32286267 PMCID: PMC7156427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising new compound class for treating human malaria is the imidazolopiperazines (IZP) class. IZP compounds KAF156 (Ganaplacide) and GNF179 are effective against Plasmodium symptomatic asexual blood-stage infections, and are able to prevent transmission and block infection in animal models. But despite the identification of resistance mechanisms in P. falciparum, the mode of action of IZPs remains unknown. To investigate, we here combine in vitro evolution and genome analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with molecular, metabolomic, and chemogenomic methods in P. falciparum. Our findings reveal that IZP-resistant S. cerevisiae clones carry mutations in genes involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-based lipid homeostasis and autophagy. In Plasmodium, IZPs inhibit protein trafficking, block the establishment of new permeation pathways, and cause ER expansion. Our data highlight a mechanism for blocking parasite development that is distinct from those of standard compounds used to treat malaria, and demonstrate the potential of IZPs for studying ER-dependent protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M LaMonte
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Rocamora
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Danushka S Marapana
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nina F Gnädig
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Madeline R Luth
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tilla S Worgall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gregory M Goldgof
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Roxanne Mohunlal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - T R Santha Kumar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jennifer K Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Edgar Vigil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dylan Hutson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Trevor Johnson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jianbo Huang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Roy M Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bing Yu Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrea L Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Prianka Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alan F Cowman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Rane HS, Hayek SR, Frye JE, Abeyta EL, Bernardo SM, Parra KJ, Lee SA. Candida albicans Pma1p Contributes to Growth, pH Homeostasis, and Hyphal Formation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1012. [PMID: 31143168 PMCID: PMC6521590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans occupies diverse ecological niches within the host and must tolerate a wide range of environmental pH. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase Pma1p is the major regulator of cytosolic pH in fungi. Pma1p extrudes protons from the cytosol to maintain neutral-to-alkaline pH and is a potential drug target due to its essentiality and fungal specificity. We characterized mutants in which one allele of PMA1 has been deleted and the other truncated by 18–38 amino acids. Increasing C-terminal truncation caused corresponding decreases in plasma membrane ATPase-specific activity and cytosolic pH. Pma1p is regulated by glucose: glucose rapidly activates the ATPase, causing a sharp increase in cytosolic pH. Increasing Pma1p truncation severely impaired this glucose response. Pma1p truncation also altered cation responses, disrupted vacuolar morphology and pH, and reduced filamentation competence. Early studies of cytosolic pH and filamentation have described a rapid, transient alkalinization of the cytosol preceding germ tube formation; Pma1p has been proposed as a regulator of this process. We find Pma1p plays a role in the establishment of cell polarity, and distribution of Pma1p is non-homogenous in emerging hyphae. These findings suggest a role of PMA1 in cytosolic alkalinization and in the specialized form of polarized growth that is filamentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie S Rane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Summer R Hayek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jillian E Frye
- Section of Infectious Diseases, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Esteban L Abeyta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Stella M Bernardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Karlett J Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Samuel A Lee
- Medicine Service, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, United States.,Infectious Disease Section, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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