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Lee K, Niku S, Koo SJ, Belezzuoli E, Guma M. Molecular imaging for evaluation of synovitis associated with osteoarthritis: a narrative review. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:25. [PMID: 38229205 PMCID: PMC10790518 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights the role of low-grade synovial inflammation in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Inflamed synovium of OA joints detected by imaging modalities are associated with subsequent progression of OA. In this sense, detecting and quantifying synovitis of OA by imaging modalities may be valuable in predicting OA progressors as well as in improving our understanding of OA progression. Of the several imaging modalities, molecular imaging such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has an advantage of visualizing the cellular or subcellular events of the tissues. Depending on the radiotracers used, molecular imaging method can potentially detect and visualize various aspects of synovial inflammation. This narrative review summarizes the recent progresses of imaging modalities in assessing inflammation and OA synovitis and focuses on novel radiotracers. Recent studies about imaging modalities including ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and molecular imaging that were used to detect and quantify inflammation and OA synovitis are summarized. Novel radiotracers specifically targeting the components of inflammation have been developed. These tracers may show promise in detecting inflamed synovium of OA and help in expanding our understanding of OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanghoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soheil Niku
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Jennifer Moreno VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonya J Koo
- Department of Radiology, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Belezzuoli
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Jennifer Moreno VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Hirai T, Mayer AT, Nobashi TW, Lin PY, Xiao Z, Udagawa T, Seo K, Simonetta F, Baker J, Cheng AG, Negrin RS, Gambhir SS. Imaging alloreactive T cells provides early warning of organ transplant rejection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e145360. [PMID: 34236044 PMCID: PMC8410037 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of organ transplant rejection relies upon biopsy approaches to confirm alloreactive T cell infiltration in the graft. Immune molecular monitoring is under investigation to screen for rejection, though these techniques have suffered from low specificity and lack of spatial information. ImmunoPET utilizing antibodies conjugated to radioisotopes has the potential to improve early and accurate detection of graft rejection. ImmunoPET is capable of noninvasively visualizing the dynamic distribution of cells expressing specific immune markers in the entire body over time. In this work, we identify and characterize OX40 as a surrogate biomarker for alloreactive T cells in organ transplant rejection and monitor its expression by utilizing immunoPET. In a dual murine heart transplant model that has both syngeneic and allogeneic hearts engrafted in bilateral ear pinna on the recipients, OX40 immunoPET clearly depicted alloreactive T cells in the allograft and draining lymph node that were not observed in their respective isograft counterparts. OX40 immunoPET signals also reflected the subject’s immunosuppression level with tacrolimus in this study. OX40 immunoPET is a promising approach that may bridge molecular monitoring and morphological assessment for improved transplant rejection diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihito Hirai
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aaron T Mayer
- Department of Bioengineering.,Department of Radiology.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, and.,BioX Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Po-Yu Lin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zunyu Xiao
- Department of Radiology.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, and.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | - Federico Simonetta
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Robert S Negrin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Bioengineering.,Department of Radiology.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, and.,BioX Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and.,Canary Center at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Li H, Chen Y, Jin Q, Wu Y, Deng C, Gai Y, Sun Z, Li Y, Wang J, Yang Y, Lv Q, Zhang Y, An R, Lan X, Zhang L, Xie M. Noninvasive Radionuclide Molecular Imaging of the CD4-Positive T Lymphocytes in Acute Cardiac Rejection. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1317-1326. [PMID: 33506680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heart transplantation (HT) is an effective treatment for end-stage heart disease. However, acute rejection (AR) is still the main cause of death within one year after HT. AR is an acute immune response mediated by T lymphocytes, mainly CD4+ T lymphocytes. This study innovatively develops a radiolabeled probe 99mTc-HYNIC-mAbCD4 for noninvasive visualization of CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration and detection of AR. The 99mTc-HYNIC-mAbCD4 and its isotype control 99mTc-HYNIC-IgG were successfully prepared and characterized. The specificity and affinity of the probe in vitro were assessed by cell-binding experiments. Binding of 99mTc-HYNIC-mAbCD4 to CD4+ T lymphocytes was higher than that of the macrophages and IgG probe groups, and mAbCD4 was effective in the blockade of the binding reaction. The biodistribution data confirmed the SPECT/CT images, with significantly higher levels of 99mTc-HYNIC-mAbCD4 observed in allografts compared to allograft treatment (10 mg/kg/d Cyclosporin A subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days after surgery), isografts, or in rats which received allografts injected with 99mTc-HYNIC-IgG. Histological examination confirmed more CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration in the allograft hearts than other groups. In summary, 99mTc-HYNIC-mAbCD4 achieved high affinity and specificity of binding to CD4+ T lymphocytes and accumulation in the transplanted heart. Radionuclide molecular imaging with 99mTc-HYNIC-mAbCD4 may be a potential diagnostic method for acute cardiac rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhenxing Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuman Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rui An
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Li X, Rosenkrans ZT, Wang J, Cai W. PET imaging of macrophages in cardiovascular diseases. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1491-1514. [PMID: 32509158 PMCID: PMC7270023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the leading cause of death in United States. While tremendous progress has been made for treating CVDs over the year, the high prevalence and substantial medical costs requires the necessity for novel methods for the early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of CVDs. Macrophages are a promising target due to its crucial role in the progress of CVDs (atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and inflammatory cardiomyopathies). Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive imaging technique with high sensitivity and provides quantitive functional information of the macrophages in CVDs. Although 18F-FDG can be taken up by active macrophages, the PET imaging tracer is non-specific and susceptible to blood glucose levels. Thus, developing more specific PET tracers will help us understand the role of macrophages in CVDs. Moreover, macrophage-targeted PET imaging will further improve the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and outcome prediction for patients with CVDs. In this review, we summarize various targets-based tracers for the PET imaging of macrophages in CVDs and highlight research gaps to advise future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
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Zhou B, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Xie J, Zhang X, Ding J, Su Y, Guo S, Zhuang R. ECDI-fixed donor splenocytes prolong skin allograft survival by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and inducing regulatory T cells. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:706-718. [PMID: 32123816 PMCID: PMC6996306 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rejection is a common complication of allogeneic tissue transplantation. Fixation of splenocytes (SP) with 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (ECDI) induces immune tolerance in recipients post-transplantation; however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Here, we determined the mechanisms of ECDI-fixed donor SP (ECDI-SP) in inducing tolerance in skin allograft transplantation. C57BL/6-recipient mice that received Balb/c full-thickness skin transplants with two infusions of donor-derived ECDI-SP, along with rapamycin showed superior skin allograft survival and lower inflammatory cell infiltration than mice that received rapamycin-only treatment. In ECDI-SP-treated mice, the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10 in sera were markedly increased, whereas the expression of inflammatory cytokines was significantly suppressed. Splenic macrophages were significantly polarized to the alternative activated macrophage (M2) phenotype, with expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen and draining lymph nodes. Allostimulatory activity of ECDI-SP in vitro and donor-specific ex vivo hyporesponsiveness were observed. C57BL/6 macrophages engulfed allogeneic Balb/c-derived ECDI-SP, polarized to the M2 phenotype, with pronounced cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein phosphorylation. By facilitating increased IL-10 expression, ECDI-SP induced M2 polarization and Treg production, inhibiting effector T-cell proliferation. Thus, ECDI-SP modulates macrophage M2 polarization by increasing CREB phosphorylation and promoting Treg production to suppress allogeneic skin graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of ImmunologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Transplant Immunology LaboratoryFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of ImmunologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiangang Xie
- Transplant Immunology LaboratoryFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- Transplant Immunology LaboratoryFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jianke Ding
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yingjun Su
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Shuzhong Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of ImmunologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Transplant Immunology LaboratoryFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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Kumar S, Mohapatra N, Borle DP, Choudhury A, Sarin S, Gupta E. Non invasive diagnosis of acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation - Current opinion. Transpl Immunol 2018; 47:1-9. [PMID: 29452168 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kumar
- Dept of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 70, India.
| | - Nihar Mohapatra
- Dept of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 70, India
| | | | - Ashok Choudhury
- Dept of Transplantation Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 70, India
| | - Shashwat Sarin
- Dept of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 70, India
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Dept of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 70, India
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