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Tasker S, Addie DD, Egberink H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Truyen U, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Möstl K, Hartmann K. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines. Viruses 2023; 15:1847. [PMID: 37766254 PMCID: PMC10535984 DOI: 10.3390/v15091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Independent Researcher, 64000 Pyrénées Aquitaine, France;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
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Thayer V, Gogolski S, Felten S, Hartmann K, Kennedy M, Olah GA. 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:905-933. [PMID: 36002137 PMCID: PMC10812230 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of the most important infectious diseases and causes of death in cats; young cats less than 2 years of age are especially vulnerable. FIP is caused by a feline coronavirus (FCoV). It has been estimated that around 0.3% to 1.4% of feline deaths at veterinary institutions are caused by FIP. SCOPE This document has been developed by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine as the 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines to provide veterinarians with essential information to aid their ability to recognize cats presenting with FIP. TESTING AND INTERPRETATION Nearly every small animal veterinary practitioner will see cases. FIP can be challenging to diagnose owing to the lack of pathognomonic clinical signs or laboratory changes, especially when no effusion is present. A good understanding of each diagnostic test's sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio and diagnostic accuracy is important when building a case for FIP. Before proceeding with any diagnostic test or commercial laboratory profile, the clinician should be able to answer the questions of 'why this test?' and 'what do the results mean?' Ultimately, the approach to diagnosing FIP must be tailored to the specific presentation of the individual cat. RELEVANCE Given that the disease is fatal when untreated, the ability to obtain a correct diagnosis is critical. The clinician must consider the individual patient's history, signalment and comprehensive physical examination findings when selecting diagnostic tests and sample types in order to build the index of suspicion 'brick by brick'. Research has demonstrated efficacy of new antivirals in FIP treatment, but these products are not legally available in many countries at this time. The Task Force encourages veterinarians to review the literature and stay informed on clinical trials and new drug approvals.
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Cats are common pets worldwide. Successful breeding of cats starts
with the selection of suitable breeding animals, and care should
be taken to avoid inbreeding. Keeping cats in smaller groups
reduces stress and facilitates management. Clinical challenges: Breeding cats is challenging in many ways. Group housing is a
common scenario, and care should be taken not to have groups
that are too large, because of the risk of stress and infectious
diseases. Feline pregnancy and parturition both vary in length,
which is one reason why it may be challenging to diagnose
dystocia. In queens with pyometra, a vaginal discharge may not
be evident due to their meticulous cleaning habits. Audience: This review is aimed at clinicians in small animal practice,
especially those in contact with cat breeders. Patient group: Reproductive emergencies occur in both intentionally and
unintentionally bred cats, and more often in young or
middle-aged queens. Pyometra tends to be a disease of older
queens. Evidence base: Evidence is poor for many conditions in the breeding queen, and
information is extrapolated from the dog or based on case
reports and case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ström Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lin CN, Chan KR, Ooi EE, Chiou MT, Hoang M, Hsueh PR, Ooi PT. Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:1507. [PMID: 34452372 PMCID: PMC8402828 DOI: 10.3390/v13081507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus in humans, has expanded globally over the past year. COVID-19 remains an important subject of intensive research owing to its huge impact on economic and public health globally. Based on historical archives, the first coronavirus-related disease recorded was possibly animal-related, a case of feline infectious peritonitis described as early as 1912. Despite over a century of documented coronaviruses in animals, the global animal industry still suffers from outbreaks. Knowledge and experience handling animal coronaviruses provide a valuable tool to complement our understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we present an overview of coronaviruses, clinical signs, COVID-19 in animals, genome organization and recombination, immunopathogenesis, transmission, viral shedding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. By drawing parallels between COVID-19 in animals and humans, we provide perspectives on the pathophysiological mechanisms by which coronaviruses cause diseases in both animals and humans, providing a critical basis for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against these deadly viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (K.R.C.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (K.R.C.); (E.E.O.)
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Minh Hoang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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The Population Diversity of Candidate Genes for Resistance/Susceptibility to Coronavirus Infection in Domestic Cats: An Inter-Breed Comparison. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060778. [PMID: 34205589 PMCID: PMC8234589 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a complex pathogen causing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Host genetics represents a factor contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. Differential susceptibility of various breeds to FIP was reported with controversial results. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic diversity of different breeds on a panel of candidate genes potentially affecting FCoV infection. One hundred thirteen cats of six breeds were genotyped on a panel of sixteen candidate genes. SNP allelic/haplotype frequencies were calculated; pairwise FST and molecular variance analyses were performed. Principal coordinate (PCoA) and STRUCTURE analyses were used to infer population structure. Interbreed differences in allele frequencies were observed. PCoA analysis performed for all genes of the panel indicated no population substructure. In contrast to the full marker set, PCoA of SNP markers associated with FCoV shedding (NCR1 and SLX4IP) showed three clusters containing only alleles associated with susceptibility to FCoV shedding, homozygotes and heterozygotes for the susceptibility alleles, and all three genotypes, respectively. Each cluster contained cats of multiple breeds. Three clusters of haplotypes were identified by PCoA, two clusters by STRUCTURE. Haplotypes of a single gene (SNX5) differed significantly between the PCoA clusters.
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Bubenikova J, Vrabelova J, Stejskalova K, Futas J, Plasil M, Cerna P, Oppelt J, Lobova D, Molinkova D, Horin P. Candidate Gene Markers Associated with Fecal Shedding of the Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110958. [PMID: 33213082 PMCID: PMC7698596 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Feline coronavirus (FCoV) can cause a fatal disease, the Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Persistent shedders represent the most important source of infection. The role of the host in FCoV fecal shedding is unknown. The objective of this study was to develop gene markers and to test their associations with FCoV shedding patterns. Fecal samples were taken from 57 cats of 12 breeds on the day 0 and after 2, 4 and 12 months. Variation from persistent and/or high-intensity shedding to no shedding was observed. Thirteen immunity-related genes were selected as functional and positional/functional candidates. Positional candidates were selected in a candidate region detected by a GWAS analysis. Tens to hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) per gene were identified using next generation sequencing. Associations with different phenotypes were assessed by chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. SNPs of one functional and one positional candidate (NCR1 and SLX4IP, respectively) and haplotypes of four genes (SNX5, NCR2, SLX4IP, NCR1) were associated with FCoV shedding at pcorected < 0.01. Highly significant associations were observed for extreme phenotypes (persistent/high-intensity shedders and non-shedders) suggesting that there are two major phenotypes associated with different genotypes, highly susceptible cats permanently shedding high amounts of viral particles and resistant non-shedders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bubenikova
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (K.S.); (J.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Jana Vrabelova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (P.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Karla Stejskalova
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (K.S.); (J.F.); (M.P.)
- CEITEC VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Futas
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (K.S.); (J.F.); (M.P.)
- CEITEC VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Plasil
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (K.S.); (J.F.); (M.P.)
- CEITEC VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Cerna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (P.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
| | - Jan Oppelt
- CEITEC VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Neuropathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
| | - Dana Lobova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (P.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Dobromila Molinkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (P.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (K.S.); (J.F.); (M.P.)
- CEITEC VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Kumar S, Kumar S, Singh RV, Chauhan A, Kumar A, Bharati J, Singh SV. Association of genetic variability in CD209 gene with bovine paratuberculosis disease: a case-control study in the Indian cattle population. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:664-671. [PMID: 32985930 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1823400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD209 gene with the occurrence of bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in Indian cattle. A total of 213 animals were preliminarily selected on the basis of physical body condition score, which was then screened by a panel of diagnostic tests viz. Johnin, ELISA, fecal microscopy, and fecal culture, for the establishment of a case-control resource population. A total of four SNPs viz. rs208222804, rs211654540, rs208814257, and rs210748127 in CD209 gene were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. All SNPs, except rs210748127, were polymorphic in our population. Genotypic-phenotypic associations were assessed by the PROCLOGISTIC procedure of SAS 9.3. The SNP rs208814257 yielded three genotypes viz. CC, CG, and GG, which were significantly (p < 0.05) different in case as compared to the control population. The odds of CC and CG in comparison to GG genotype were 1.21 and 0.40, respectively. The CG genotype was significantly higher in control population, indicating that this genotype may provide resistance against PTB in our resource population. Upon validation in an independent, larger test population and following biological characterization, SNP rs208814257 can be incorporated in marker panel for selection of animals with greater resistance to MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.,Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ran Vir Singh
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Jaya Bharati
- Animal Physiology, ICAR National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
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LoPresti M, Beck DB, Duggal P, Cummings DAT, Solomon BD. The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:381-402. [PMID: 32814065 PMCID: PMC7420067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raises many scientific and clinical questions. These include how host genetic factors affect disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. New work is emerging related to SARS-CoV-2; previous work has been conducted on other coronaviruses that affect different species. We reviewed the literature on host genetic factors related to coronaviruses, systematically focusing on human studies. We identified 1,832 articles of potential relevance. Seventy-five involved human host genetic factors, 36 of which involved analysis of specific genes or loci; aside from one meta-analysis, all were candidate-driven studies, typically investigating small numbers of research subjects and loci. Three additional case reports were described. Multiple significant loci were identified, including 16 related to susceptibility (seven of which identified protective alleles) and 16 related to outcomes (three of which identified protective alleles). The types of cases and controls used varied considerably; four studies used traditional replication/validation cohorts. Among other studies, 30 involved both human and non-human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 178 involved study of non-human (animal) host genetic factors related to coronavirus, and 984 involved study of non-genetic host factors related to coronavirus, including involving immunopathogenesis. Previous human studies have been limited by issues that may be less impactful now, including low numbers of eligible participants and limited availability of advanced genomic methods; however, these may raise additional considerations. We outline key genes and loci from animal and human host genetic studies that may bear investigation in the study of COVID-19. We also discuss how previous studies may direct current lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa LoPresti
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - David B Beck
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Barker EN, Lait P, Ressel L, Blackwell EJ, Tasker S, Kedward-Dixon H, Kipar A, Helps CR. Evaluation of Interferon-Gamma Polymorphisms as a Risk Factor in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Development in Non-Pedigree Cats-A Large Cohort Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070535. [PMID: 32635137 PMCID: PMC7399832 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a common infectious cause of death in cats, with heritable host factors associated with altered risk of disease. To assess the role of feline interferon-gamma gene (fIFNG) variants in this risk, the allele frequencies of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (g.401 and g.408) were determined for non-pedigree cats either with confirmed FIP (n = 59) or from the general population (cats enrolled in a large lifetime longitudinal study; n = 264). DNA was extracted from buccal swabs or tissue samples. A pyrosequencing assay to characterize the fIFNG SNPs was designed, optimized and subsequently performed on all samples. Genotype and allele frequency were calculated for each population. Characterization of the target SNPs was possible for 56 of the cats with FIP and 263 of the cats from the general population. The SNPs were in complete linkage disequilibrium with each other. There was an association between FIP status and genotype (χ2; p = 0.028), with a reduced risk of developing FIP (χ2; p = 0.0077) associated with the genotype TT at both positions. These results indicate that, although fIFNG variants may be associated with altered risk of disease, the prevalence of individual variants within both populations limits application of their characterization to breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi N. Barker
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK; (P.L.); (C.R.H.)
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU. UK; (E.-J.B.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-117-394-0513
| | - Philippa Lait
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK; (P.L.); (C.R.H.)
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU. UK; (E.-J.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | - Emily-Jayne Blackwell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU. UK; (E.-J.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU. UK; (E.-J.B.); (S.T.)
- The Linnaeus Group, Shirley, Solihull B90 1BN, UK
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L1 8JX, UK
| | - Christopher R. Helps
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK; (P.L.); (C.R.H.)
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU. UK; (E.-J.B.); (S.T.)
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10
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LoPresti M, Beck DB, Duggal P, Cummings DAT, Solomon BD. The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.30.20117788. [PMID: 32511629 PMCID: PMC7276057 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raises many scientific and clinical questions. One set of questions involves host genetic factors that may affect disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. New work is emerging related to SARS-CoV-2; previous work has been conducted on other coronaviruses that affect different species. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review the literature on host genetic factors related to coronaviruses, with a systematic focus on human studies. METHODS We conducted a PubMed-based search and analysis for articles relevant to host genetic factors in coronavirus. We categorized articles, summarized themes related to animal studies, and extracted data from human studies for analyses. RESULTS We identified 1,187 articles of potential relevance. Forty-five studies were related to human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, of which 35 involved analysis of specific genes or loci; aside from one meta-analysis on respiratory infections, all were candidate-driven studies, typically investigating small number of research subjects and loci. Multiple significant loci were identified, including 16 related to susceptibility to coronavirus (of which 7 identified protective alleles), and 16 related to outcomes or clinical variables (of which 3 identified protective alleles). The types of cases and controls used varied considerably; four studies used traditional replication/validation cohorts. Of the other studies, 28 involved both human and non-human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 174 involved study of non-human (animal) host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 584 involved study of non-genetic host factors related to coronavirus, including involving immunopathogenesis, 16 involved study of other pathogens (not coronavirus), 321 involved other studies of coronavirus, and 18 studies were assigned to the other categories and removed. KEY FINDINGS We have outlined key genes and loci from animal and human host genetic studies that may bear investigation in the nascent host genetic factor studies of COVID-19. Previous human studies to date have been limited by issues that may be less impactful on current endeavors, including relatively low numbers of eligible participants and limited availability of advanced genomic methods.
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11
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Girija ASS, Shankar EM, Larsson M. Could SARS-CoV-2-Induced Hyperinflammation Magnify the Severity of Coronavirus Disease (CoViD-19) Leading to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1206. [PMID: 32574269 PMCID: PMC7267050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Whitney J, Haase B, Beatty J, Barrs VR. Breed-specific variations in the coding region of toll-like receptor 4 in the domestic cat. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 209:61-69. [PMID: 30885307 PMCID: PMC7126157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Specific point mutations in the human toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) confer altered risk for diverse diseases including sepsis, aspergillosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Some of these TLR4 polymorphisms are racially specific. We hypothesised that feline TLR4 polymorphisms might underlie an observed increased risk to infectious and inflammatory diseases in some cat breeds. The aim of this study was to identify breed-specific variations in the coding region of feline TLR4 and to model the effect of mutations on protein structure and function in silico. The entire coding region of TLR4 was sequenced in 8 groups (7 pure-bred, 1 crossbred) of domestic cats (Felis catus) comprising 158 individuals. Twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in TLR4, with 16 located in the coding region (11 non-synonymous) and four in the 3′UTR. Comparison of breed specific allelic frequencies indicated that Burmese and British shorthairs most commonly differed from other breeds. In silico analyses to predict the impact of the 11 non-synonymous variants indicated a deleterious effect on protein structure for one SNP (c.869 G > A), which was not associated with a specific breed. Overall, findings from this study do not support a role of TLR4 dysfunction in breed-predispositions to infectious diseases in domestic cats in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Whitney
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - B Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - J Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - V R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Felten S, Hartmann K, Doerfelt S, Sangl L, Hirschberger J, Matiasek K. Immunocytochemistry of mesenteric lymph node fine-needle aspirates in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:210-216. [PMID: 30694113 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718825280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue samples is considered the gold standard for diagnosing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and, in cats without body cavity effusion, IHC is the only method available to establish definitive antemortem diagnosis. However, IHC requires invasive tissue sample collection. We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of an immunocytochemical assay of fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) of mesenteric lymph nodes that can be obtained noninvasively by ultrasound-guided aspiration to diagnose FIP. FNAs of mesenteric lymph nodes were obtained postmortem from 41 cats suspected of having FIP based on clinical and/or laboratory findings. FIP was confirmed immunohistochemically in 30 cats. In the other 11 cats, a disease other than FIP, which explained the clinical signs, was diagnosed histopathologically. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) was performed as an avidin-biotin complex method using a monoclonal anti-FCoV IgG 2A. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values (NPV, PPV, respectively) including 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined. ICC was positive in 17 of 30 cats with FIP, but also in 1 of 11 control cats that was diagnosed with lymphoma. Sensitivity of ICC was 53% (95% CI: 34-72); specificity 91% (95% CI: 59-100); NPV 42% (95% CI: 22-63); and PPV 94% (95% CI: 71-100). In a lethal disease such as FIP, specificity is most important in order to avoid euthanasia of unaffected cats. Given that a false-positive result occurred and FIP was correctly detected in only approximately half of the cases of FIP, ICC of mesenteric lymph node FNA alone cannot reliably confirm or exclude FIP, but can be a helpful test in conjunction with other diagnostic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine (Felten, Hartmann, Doerfelt, Sangl, Hirschberger), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany.,Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Matiasek), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine (Felten, Hartmann, Doerfelt, Sangl, Hirschberger), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany.,Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Matiasek), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Doerfelt
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine (Felten, Hartmann, Doerfelt, Sangl, Hirschberger), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany.,Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Matiasek), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Sangl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine (Felten, Hartmann, Doerfelt, Sangl, Hirschberger), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany.,Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Matiasek), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine (Felten, Hartmann, Doerfelt, Sangl, Hirschberger), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany.,Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Matiasek), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine (Felten, Hartmann, Doerfelt, Sangl, Hirschberger), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany.,Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology (Matiasek), Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) belongs to the few animal virus diseases in which, in the course of a generally harmless persistent infection, a virus acquires a small number of mutations that fundamentally change its pathogenicity, invariably resulting in a fatal outcome. The causative agent of this deadly disease, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), arises from feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). The review summarizes our current knowledge of the genome and proteome of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs), focusing on the viral surface (spike) protein S and the five accessory proteins. We also review the current classification of FCoVs into distinct serotypes and biotypes, cellular receptors of FCoVs and their presumed role in viral virulence, and discuss other aspects of FIPV-induced pathogenesis. Our current knowledge of genetic differences between FECVs and FIPVs has been mainly based on comparative sequence analyses that revealed “discriminatory” mutations that are present in FIPVs but not in FECVs. Most of these mutations result in amino acid substitutions in the S protein and these may have a critical role in the switch from FECV to FIPV. In most cases, the precise roles of these mutations in the molecular pathogenesis of FIP have not been tested experimentally in the natural host, mainly due to the lack of suitable experimental tools including genetically engineered virus mutants. We discuss the recent progress in the development of FCoV reverse genetics systems suitable to generate recombinant field viruses containing appropriate mutations for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tekes
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - H-J Thiel
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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von Brunn A, Ciesek S, von Brunn B, Carbajo-Lozoya J. Genetic deficiency and polymorphisms of cyclophilin A reveal its essential role for Human Coronavirus 229E replication. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:56-61. [PMID: 26318518 PMCID: PMC7102849 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Replication of coronaviruses is inhibited in vitro by cyclosporin A, a well-known immunosuppressive drug which binds to cellular cyclophilins thus inactivating their enzymatic cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase function. Latter is required for proper folding of cellular proteins and of proteins of several viruses. Here, we summarize present knowledge on the role of cyclophilin A during coronavirus replication. We present data on the effect of cyclophilin A single nucleotide polymorphism mutants on the replication of human CoV-229E demonstrating the requirement of proper cyclophilin A function for virus propagation. Results define cellular cyclophilin A as a host target for inhibition of coronaviruses ranging from relatively mild common cold to highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses with the perspective of disclosing non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin A analogs to broadly inactivate the coronavirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany.
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology und Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Javier Carbajo-Lozoya
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
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