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Garcia EM, Lenz JD, Schaub RE, Hackett KT, Salgado-Pabón W, Dillard JP. IL-17C is a driver of damaging inflammation during Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection of human Fallopian tube. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3756. [PMID: 38704381 PMCID: PMC11069574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae ascends into the upper female reproductive tract to cause damaging inflammation within the Fallopian tubes and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), increasing the risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The loss of ciliated cells from the epithelium is thought to be both a consequence of inflammation and a cause of adverse sequelae. However, the links between infection, inflammation, and ciliated cell extrusion remain unresolved. With the use of ex vivo cultures of human Fallopian tube paired with RNA sequencing we defined the tissue response to gonococcal challenge, identifying cytokine, chemokine, cell adhesion, and apoptosis related transcripts not previously recognized as potentiators of gonococcal PID. Unexpectedly, IL-17C was one of the most highly induced genes. Yet, this cytokine has no previous association with gonococcal infection nor pelvic inflammatory disease and thus it was selected for further characterization. We show that human Fallopian tubes express the IL-17C receptor on the epithelial surface and that treatment with purified IL-17C induces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in addition to sloughing of the epithelium and generalized tissue damage. These results demonstrate a previously unrecognized but critical role of IL-17C in the damaging inflammation induced by gonococci in a human explant model of PID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Garcia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lenz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan E Schaub
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kathleen T Hackett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wilmara Salgado-Pabón
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joseph P Dillard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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2
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Lactoferrin Decreases Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-Induced Fluid Secretion and Bacterial Adhesion in the Porcine Small Intestine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091778. [PMID: 36145526 PMCID: PMC9504966 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are one of the most prevalent causes of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets, resulting in morbidity, mortality and elevated use of antibiotics. The emergence and further spread of antimicrobial resistance together with the growing demand for high quality animal protein requires the identification of novel alternatives for antimicrobials. A promising alternative is lactoferrin, as we previously showed that it can both inhibit the growth and degrade bacterial virulence factors of porcine ETEC strains in vitro. Aiming to confirm these findings in vivo, we performed a small intestinal segment perfusion experiment in piglets. Here, we showed that lactoferrin could not only decrease ETEC-induced fluid secretion, but also their ability to colonize the small intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, while ETEC infection induced pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in this experiment, lactoferrin was not able to counteract these responses. In addition, a bacterial motility assay showed that lactoferrin can reduce the motility of ETEC. Our findings further support the use of lactoferrin as an alternative for antimicrobials and also show its potential for the prevention of ETEC infections in pigs.
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3
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The Screening of Therapeutic Peptides for Anti-Inflammation through Phage Display Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158554. [PMID: 35955688 PMCID: PMC9368796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For the treatment of inflammatory illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis and carditis, as well as cancer, several anti-inflammatory medications have been created over the years to lower the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the body. Peptides are a class of medication with the advantages of weak immunogenicity and strong activity, and the phage display technique is an effective method for screening various therapeutic peptides, with a high affinity and selectivity, including anti-inflammation peptides. It enables the selection of high-affinity target-binding peptides from a complex pool of billions of peptides displayed on phages in a combinatorial library. In this review, we will discuss the regular process of using phage display technology to screen therapeutic peptides, and the peptides screened for anti-inflammation properties in recent years according to the target. We will describe how these peptides were screened and how they worked in vitro and in vivo. We will also discuss the current challenges and future outlook of using phage display to obtain anti-inflammatory therapeutic peptides.
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4
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Gao J, Cao S, Xiao H, Hu S, Yao K, Huang K, Jiang Z, Wang L. Lactobacillus reuteri 1 Enhances Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Alleviates the Inflammatory Response Induced by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 via Suppressing the MLCK Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897395. [PMID: 35911699 PMCID: PMC9331657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier injury disrupts immune homeostasis and leads to many intestinal disorders. Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) strains can influence immune system development and intestinal function. However, the underlying mechanisms of L. reuteri LR1 that regulate inflammatory response and intestinal integrity are still unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effects of LR1 on the ETEC K88-induced intestinal epithelial injury on the inflammatory response, intestinal epithelial barrier function, and the MLCK signal pathway and its underlying mechanism. Here, we showed that the 1 × 109 cfu/ml LR1 treatment for 4 h dramatically decreased interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 expression. Then, the data indicated that the 1 × 108 cfu/ml ETEC K88 treatment for 4 h dramatically enhanced IL-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) data indicated that pretreatment with LR1 inhibited the ETEC K88 that adhered on IPEC-J2 and alleviated the scratch injury of IPEC J2 cells. Moreover, LR1 pretreatment significantly reversed the declined transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and tight junction protein level, and enhanced the induction by ETEC K88 treatment. Additionally, LR1 pretreatment dramatically declined IL-8, IL-17A, IL-6, and TNF-α levels compared with the ETEC K88 group. Then, ETEC K88-treated IPEC-J2 cells had a higher level of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), higher MLC levels, and a lower Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) level than the control group, while LR1 pretreatment significantly declined the MLCK and MLC expression and enhanced ROCK level in the ETEC K88-challenged IPEC-J2 cells. Mechanistically, depletion of MLCK significantly declined MLC expression in IPEC-J2 challenged with ETEC K88 compared to the si NC+ETEC K88 group. On the other hand, the TER of the si MLCK+ETEC K88 group was higher and the FD4 flux in the si MLCK+ETEC K88 group was lower compared with the si NC+ETEC K88 group. In addition, depletion of MLCK significantly enhanced Claudin-1 level and declined IL-8 and TNF-α levels in IPEC-J2 pretreated with LR1 followed by challenging with ETEC K88. In conclusion, our work indicated that L. reuteri LR1 can decline inflammatory response and improve intestinal epithelial barrier function through suppressing the MLCK signal pathway in the ETEC K88-challenged IPEC-J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang,
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5
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Intestinal Epithelial Cells Modulate the Production of Enterotoxins by Porcine Enterotoxigenic E. coli Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126589. [PMID: 35743033 PMCID: PMC9223395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are one of the most common etiological agents of diarrhea in both human and farm animals. In addition to encoding toxins that cause diarrhea, ETEC have evolved numerous strategies to interfere with host defenses. These strategies most likely depend on the sensing of host factors, such as molecules secreted by gut epithelial cells. The present study tested whether the exposure of ETEC to factors secreted by polarized IPEC-J2 cells resulted in transcriptional changes of ETEC-derived virulence factors. Following the addition of host-derived epithelial factors, genes encoding enterotoxins, secretion-system-associated proteins, and the key regulatory molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) were substantially modulated, suggesting that ETEC recognize and respond to factors produced by gut epithelial cells. To determine whether these factors were heat sensitive, the IEC-conditioned medium was incubated at 56 °C for 30 min. In most ETEC strains, heat treatment of the IEC-conditioned medium resulted in a loss of transcriptional modulation. Taken together, these data suggest that secreted epithelial factors play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by modulating the transcription of genes encoding key ETEC virulence factors. Further research is warranted to identify these secreted epithelial factors and how ETEC sense these molecules to gain a competitive advantage in the early engagement of the gut epithelium.
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6
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Kim N, Gu MJ, Kye YC, Ju YJ, Hong R, Ju DB, Pyung YJ, Han SH, Park BC, Yun CH. Bacteriophage EK99P-1 alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K99-induced barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:941. [PMID: 35042907 PMCID: PMC8766502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages, simply phages, have long been used as a potential alternative to antibiotics for livestock due to their ability to specifically kill enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), which is a major cause of diarrhea in piglets. However, the control of ETEC infection by phages within intestinal epithelial cells, and their relationship with host immune responses, remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of phage EK99P-1 against ETEC K99-infected porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Phage EK99P-1 prevented ETEC K99-induced barrier disruption by attenuating the increased permeability mediated by the loss of tight junction proteins such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-3. ETEC K99-induced inflammatory responses, such as interleukin (IL)-8 secretion, were decreased by treatment with phage EK99P-1. We used a IPEC-J2/peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transwell co-culture system to investigate whether the modulation of barrier disruption and chemokine secretion by phage EK99P-1 in ETEC K99-infected IPEC-J2 would influence immune cells at the site of basolateral. The results showed that phage EK99P-1 reduced the mRNA expression of ETEC K99-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-8, from PBMC collected on the basolateral side. Together, these results suggest that phage EK99P-1 prevented ETEC K99-induced barrier dysfunction in IPEC-J2 and alleviated inflammation caused by ETEC K99 infection. Reinforcement of the intestinal barrier, such as regulation of permeability and cytokines, by phage EK99P-1 also modulates the immune cell inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Gu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Chul Kye
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Rira Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Bin Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Pyung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science Technology, and Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Institutes of Green-Bio Science Technology, and Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Wu Q, Cui D, Chao X, Chen P, Liu J, Wang Y, Su T, Li M, Xu R, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Strategies Targeting Immune Response-Related Pathways to Control Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:677897. [PMID: 34447800 PMCID: PMC8383179 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.677897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) worldwide, resulting in huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. In this study, to understand the pathogenesis, the transcriptomic analysis was performed to explore the biological processes (BP) in porcine intestinal epithelial J2 cells infected with an emerging ETEC strain isolated from weaned pigs with diarrhea. Under the criteria of |fold change| (FC) ≥ 2 and P < 0.05 with false discovery rate < 0.05, a total of 131 referenced and 19 novel differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after ETEC infection, including 96 upregulated DEGs and 54 downregulated DEGs. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs showed that ETEC evoked BP specifically involved in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that immune response-related pathways were mainly enriched in J2 cells after ETEC infection, in which tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 17, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways possessed the highest rich factor, followed by nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLRs), C-type lectin receptor (CLR), cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, and Toll-like receptor (TLR), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Furthermore, 30 of 131 referenced DEGs, especially the nuclear transcription factor AP-1 and NF-κB, participate in the immune response to infection through an integral signal cascade and can be target molecules for prevention and control of enteric ETEC infection by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Our data provide a comprehensive insight into the immune response of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to ETEC infection and advance the identification of targets for prevention and control of ETEC-related PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Defeng Cui
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Chao
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Liu
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yiding Wang
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tongjian Su
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyu Xu
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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8
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Gresse R, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Garrido JJ, Denis S, Jiménez-Marín A, Beaumont M, Van de Wiele T, Forano E, Blanquet-Diot S. Pathogen Challenge and Dietary Shift Alter Microbiota Composition and Activity in a Mucin-Associated in vitro Model of the Piglet Colon (MPigut-IVM) Simulating Weaning Transition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703421. [PMID: 34349744 PMCID: PMC8328230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the principal pathogen responsible for post-weaning diarrhea in newly weaned piglets. Expansion of ETEC at weaning is thought to be the consequence of various stress factors such as transient anorexia, dietary change or increase in intestinal inflammation and permeability, but the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated. As the use of animal experiments raise more and more ethical concerns, we used a recently developed in vitro model of piglet colonic microbiome and mucobiome, the MPigut-IVM, to evaluate the effects of a simulated weaning transition and pathogen challenge at weaning. Our data suggested that the tested factors impacted the composition and functionality of the MPigut-IVM microbiota. The simulation of weaning transition led to an increase in relative abundance of the Prevotellaceae family which was further promoted by the presence of the ETEC strain. In contrast, several beneficial families such as Bacteroidiaceae or Ruminococcaceae and gut health related short chain fatty acids like butyrate or acetate were reduced upon simulated weaning. Moreover, the incubation of MPigut-IVM filtrated effluents with porcine intestinal cell cultures showed that ETEC challenge in the in vitro model led to an increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes by the porcine cells. This study provides insights about the etiology of a dysbiotic microbiota in post-weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaële Gresse
- INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand SAS, Blagnac, France
| | | | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sylvain Denis
- INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Angeles Jiménez-Marín
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Forano
- INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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9
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Research progress on Toll-like receptor signal transduction and its roles in antimicrobial immune responses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5341-5355. [PMID: 34180006 PMCID: PMC8236385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When microorganisms invade a host, the innate immune system first recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of these microorganisms through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known transmembrane PRRs existing in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Upon ligand recognition, TLRs initiate a cascade of signaling events; promote the pro-inflammatory cytokine, type I interferon, and chemokine expression; and play an essential role in the modulation of the host’s innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve our understanding of antimicrobial immune responses by studying the role of TLRs and their signal molecules in the host’s defense against invading microbes. This paper aims to summarize the specificity of TLRs in recognition of conserved microbial components, such as lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide, flagella, endosomal nucleic acids, and other bioactive metabolites derived from microbes. This set of interactions helps to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of TLRs and the signal transduction changes involved in the infectious process and provide a novel therapeutic strategy to combat microbial infections.
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10
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Vermeire B, Gonzalez LM, Jansens RJJ, Cox E, Devriendt B. Porcine small intestinal organoids as a model to explore ETEC-host interactions in the gut. Vet Res 2021; 52:94. [PMID: 34174960 PMCID: PMC8235647 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal organoids, or enteroids, represent a valuable model to study host–pathogen interactions at the intestinal epithelial surface. Much research has been done on murine and human enteroids, however only a handful studies evaluated the development of enteroids in other species. Porcine enteroid cultures have been described, but little is known about their functional responses to specific pathogens or their associated virulence factors. Here, we report that porcine enteroids respond in a similar manner as in vivo gut tissues to enterotoxins derived from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, an enteric pathogen causing postweaning diarrhoea in piglets. Upon enterotoxin stimulation, these enteroids not only display a dysregulated electrolyte and water balance as shown by their swelling, but also secrete inflammation markers. Porcine enteroids grown as a 2D-monolayer supported the adhesion of an F4+ ETEC strain. Hence, these enteroids closely mimic in vivo intestinal epithelial responses to gut pathogens and are a promising model to study host–pathogen interactions in the pig gut. Insights obtained with this model might accelerate the design of veterinary therapeutics aimed at improving gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Vermeire
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Immunology, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Liara M Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Intestinal Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert J J Jansens
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Immunology, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Immunology, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Immunology, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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11
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Xia P, Lian S, Wu Y, Yan L, Quan G, Zhu G. Zinc is an important inter-kingdom signal between the host and microbe. Vet Res 2021; 52:39. [PMID: 33663613 PMCID: PMC7931793 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element in living organisms and plays a vital role in the regulation of both microbial virulence and host immune responses. A growing number of studies have shown that zinc deficiency or the internal Zn concentration does not meet the needs of animals and microbes, leading to an imbalance in zinc homeostasis and intracellular signalling pathway dysregulation. Competition for zinc ions (Zn2+) between microbes and the host exists in the use of Zn2+ to maintain cell structure and physiological functions. It also affects the interplay between microbial virulence factors and their specific receptors in the host. This review will focus on the role of Zn in the crosstalk between the host and microbe, especially for changes in microbial pathogenesis and nociceptive neuron-immune interactions, as it may lead to new ways to prevent or treat microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Siqi Lian
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yunping Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Li Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guomei Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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12
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Pieper R, van Best N, van Vorst K, Ebner F, Reissmann M, Hornef MW, Fulde M. Toward a porcine in vivo model to analyze the pathogenesis of TLR5-dependent enteropathies. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1782163. [PMID: 32715918 PMCID: PMC7524303 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1782163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, constitute serious public health threats in developed countries. Besides environmental factors, genetic predispositions contribute to the onset and progression of the disease. State-of-the-art mouse models recently highlight the involvement of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5)-driven microbiota composition in the development of metabolic disorders. Here, we discuss the causes and consequences of an altered enteric microbiota and provide information on a similar mechanism in another species, the pig. We show for the first time that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the porcine TLR5 gene conferring impaired functionality is associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota in adult sows and neonatal piglets. Changes in the developing adaptive cellular immune response support the concept of TLR5-driven changes of the microbe-host interplay also in the pig. Together, these findings suggest that pigs with impaired TLR-functionality might represent a model for TLR5-driven diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels van Best
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira van Vorst
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mathias W. Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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