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Gong Z, Qu Z, Cai J. Gene cloning, expression, and enzyme kinetics analysis of Eimeria tenella 2- methylcitrate synthase. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110193. [PMID: 38704976 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, 2-methylcitrate cycle (2-MCC) is the main pathway for propionate decomposition and transformation, but little is known about the 2-MCC pathway of Eimeria tenella. The analysis of genomic data found that the coding gene of 2- methylcitrate synthase (EC 2.3.3.5, PrpC) exists in E. tenella, which is a key enzyme of 2-MCC pathway. Through the search analysis of the database (ToxoDB), it was found that ETH_ 00026655 contains the complete putative sequence of EtprpC. In this study, we amplified the ORF sequence of EtprpC based on putative sequence. Then, prokaryotic expression, enzyme activity and kinetic analysis was performed. The results showed that the EtprpC ORF sequence was 1272 bp, encoding a 46.3 kDa protein comprising 424 amino acids. Enzyme activity assays demonstrate linearity between the initial reaction rate (OD/min) and EtPrpC concentration (ranging from 1.5 to 9 µg/reaction), with optimal enzyme activity observed at 41°C and pH 8.0. The results of enzymatic kinetic analysis showed that the Km of EtPrpC for propionyl-CoA, oxaloacetic acid, and acetyl-CoA was 5.239 ± 0.17 mM, 1.102 ± 0.08 μM, and 5.999 ± 1.24 μM, respectively. The Vmax was 191.11 ± 19.1 nmol/min/mg, 225.48 ± 14.4 nmol/min/mg, and 370.02 ± 25.8 nmol/min/mg when EtPrpC concentration at 4, 6, and 8 μg, respectively. Although the ability of EtPrpC to catalyze acetyl-CoA is only 0.11% of its ability to catalyze propionyl-CoA, it indicates that the 2-MCC pathway in E. tenella is similar to that in bacteria and may have a bypass function in the TCA cycle. This study can provide the theoretical foundation for the new drug targets and the development of new anticoccidial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province 750021, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China; Innovation of Research Program of Gastrointestinal Infection and Mucosal Immunity of Poultry and Pig, 730046, People's Republic of China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China; Innovation of Research Program of Gastrointestinal Infection and Mucosal Immunity of Poultry and Pig, 730046, People's Republic of China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China; Innovation of Research Program of Gastrointestinal Infection and Mucosal Immunity of Poultry and Pig, 730046, People's Republic of China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
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Feng L, Han N, Han YB, Shang MW, Liang TW, Liu ZH, Li SK, Zhai JX, Yin J. Structural analysis of a soluble polysaccharide GSPA-0.3 from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and its adjuvant activity with mechanism investigation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121591. [PMID: 38142068 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel polysaccharide (GSPA-0.3) was isolated and purified from the root of cultivated Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, and its structure, adjuvant activities, and mechanisms for inducing the maturation of mouse dendritic 2.4 cells (DC2.4) were extensively studied. Fraction GSPA-0.3, mainly composed by the galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose, and xylose, had a molecular weight of 62,722 Da. The main chain of GSPA-0.3 was composed of →3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, and →3, 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→. Branched chains comprised α-L-Araf-(1→3, 5)-α-L-Araf-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Galp-(1→, and α-D-GalpA-(1→ units connected to the C3 position of →3, 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→. In vivo, GSPA-0.3 was found to stimulate the production of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a; increase the splenocyte proliferation index; and promote the expression of GATA-3, T-bet, IFN-γ, and IL-4 in H1N1 vaccine-immunized mice. Moreover, GSPA-0.3 significantly increased the levels of neutralizing antibodies in the mice, and its adjuvant activity was found to be superior to aluminum adjuvant (Alum adjuvant). Mechanistic investigations showed that GSPA-0.3 activated the TLR4-dependent pathway by upregulating the expressions of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6, and NF-κB proteins and gens. The results presented herein suggested that GSPA-0.3 could significantly promote the efficacy of the H1N1 vaccine by modulating Th1/Th2 response via the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Na Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu-Bo Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Meng-Wen Shang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Teng-Wei Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Si-Kai Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian-Xiu Zhai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Eimeria tenella 14-kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase stimulates maturation of chicken dendritic cells and mediates DC-induced T cell priming in a Th1 cytokine interface. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wu H, Chen H, Liu J, Xing Z, Ni J, Teng L, Chen Y. Amomum longiligulare polysaccharide 1- PLGA nanoparticle promotes the immune activities of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109204. [PMID: 36067651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Amomum longiligulare polysaccharide 1 (ALP1) was extracted from Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu fruits and the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle enveloping ALP1 (ALPP) showed a good promoting effect on the activation of macrophages in our previous study. To further understand the immunomodulatory property of ALPP, the effect of ALPP on T lymphocytes and dendritic cells was investigated in the present study. The proliferation rates of chicken T lymphocytes and chicken bone marrow dendritic cells (chBM-DCs) that were treated with ALP1 or ALPP were determined by using MTT method. Meanwhile, the relative mRNA levels of cytokines from T lymphocytes and surface molecules of chBM-DCs were determined by using qRT-PCR method. In addition, the drug uptake capacity of chBM-DCs was also tested. As a result, the promoting effect on the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the Th1-type immune response of ALPP was better than that of ALP1. In addition, ALPP was much more effectively swallowed by chBM-DCs so that its promoting effect on the proliferation and maturation of chBM-DCs was higher than that of ALP1. To conclude, ALPP had a stronger immunomodulatory activity than ALP1, and showed the potential to become a new type of immune booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Wu
- Institute of Traditional South Chinese Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Huricha Chen
- Institute of Traditional South Chinese Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zengyang Xing
- Wenchang Longquan Wenchang Chicken Industrial Co., Ltd., Wenchang 571348, PR China
| | - Jiahao Ni
- Institute of Traditional South Chinese Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Ling Teng
- Institute of Traditional South Chinese Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Traditional South Chinese Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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Wen Z, Aleem MT, Aimulajiang K, Chen C, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. The GT1-TPS Structural Domain Protein From Haemonchus contortus Could Be Suppressive Antigen of Goat PBMCs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787091. [PMID: 35058927 PMCID: PMC8764253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS), a key enzyme in trehalose synthesis, is not present in mammals but critical to the viability of a wide range of lower organisms. However, almost nothing is known about the function of Hc-TPS (GT1-TPS structural domain protein from Haemonchus contortus). In this study, Hc-TPS gene was cloned and the recombinant protein (rHc-TPS) was expressed and purified. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results showed that Hc-TPS was transcribed at different stages of H. contortus, with higher levels of transcription at the molting and embryo stages. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Hc-TPS was widely distributed in adults, but the expression was mainly localized on the mucosal surface of the intestine as well as in the embryos of female worms. The impacts of rHc-TPS on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) generation, transcriptional expression of cytokines, and related pathways were examined by co-incubating rHc-TPS with goat PBMCs. The results showed that rHc-TPS significantly inhibited PBMC proliferation and NO secretion in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that rHc-TPS activated the interleukin (IL)-10/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (IL-10/STAT3/SOCS3) axis and significantly promoted SOCS3 expression, while inhibiting interferon-gamma (INF-γ), IL-4, IL-9, and IL-2 pathways. Our findings may contribute to understanding the immune evasion mechanism for the parasite during host-parasite interactions and also help to provide ideas for discovering new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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