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Liu B, Cao J, Hong B, You H, Li T, Yu Z, Li D, Liang B, Gan N. A microfluidic chip platform based on Pt nanozyme and magnetized phage composite probes for dual-mode detecting and imaging pathogenic bacteria viability. Talanta 2024; 275:126067. [PMID: 38640522 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The detection of pathogen viability is critically important to evaluate its infectivity. In the study, an integrated microfluidic chip based on dual-mode analytical strategy was developed to rapidly realize detection of bacteria activity (with Salmonella typhimurium, S.T, as a model analyte). Firstly, the composite probes, including deactivated phage modified magnetic beads and nano Pt-antimicrobial peptide (AMP) which can specifically recognize Gram-negative bacteria as nanozyme were prepared. When the composite probes are introduced into the chip together with target bacteria, after enrichment, oscillating and magnetic separation, they will conjugate with S.T and produce a magnetic sandwich complex. The complex can catalyze tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-H2O2 to produce visible colorimetric signals which is correspondent to the total S.T content. Simultaneously, PtNPs in the complex can produce hydroxyl radical oxidation (∙OH) by decomposing H2O2. Under the synergistic action of ∙OH and AMP, the captured live S.T can be lysed to release ATP and emit bioluminescence signals which corresponds to the live S.T concentration. Therefore, the chip can simultaneously detect and image S.T at different viability in one test. The dual-mode assay demonstrated high sensitivity (≤33 CFU/mL), high specificity (identifying strain), signal amplification (5 folds) and short time (≤40min). The chip array can detect four samples in one test and exhibited advantages of high-integration, -sensitivity, -specificity and miniaturization, which are suitable to rapidly detect and image pathogen's viability in trace level. The replacement of phage probes can detect other bacteria. It has a wide prospect in pathogens screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailu Liu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315211, China
| | - Jingya Cao
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315211, China
| | - Binxin Hong
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hang You
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315211, China
| | - Tianhua Li
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315211, China
| | - Zhenzhong Yu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315211, China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Baihui Liang
- Healthy & Intelligent Kitchen Engineering Research Center of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315336, China; Ningbo Fotile Kitchenware Co., Ltd., Ningbo, Zhejiang 315336, China.
| | - Ning Gan
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315211, China.
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Bolsan AC, Sampaio GV, Rodrigues HC, Silva De Souza S, Edwiges T, Celant De Prá M, Gabiatti NC. Phage formulations and delivery strategies: Unleashing the potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127662. [PMID: 38447457 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial control promoted by bacteriophages (phages) is an attractive tool in the face of the antibiotic crisis triggered by the exacerbated use of these drugs. Despite the growing interest in using these viruses, some gaps still need answers, such as the protection and delivery of phages. Some limitation points involve the degradation of phage proteins by enzymes or inactivation in low-pH environments. In this review, a literature search using keywords related to the field of virus delivery formulations was done to understand the current scenario of using delivery techniques and phage formulations. A total of 2096 raw results were obtained, which resulted in 140 publications after refinement. These studies were analyzed for main application techniques and areas, keywords, and countries. Of the total, 57% of the publications occurred in the last five years, and the encapsulation technique was the most used among the articles analyzed. As excipient agents, lactose, trehalose, mannitol, PEG, and Leucine stand out. The development of phage formulations, protection approaches, their delivery routes, and the knowledge about the best application strategy enables the use of these organisms in several sectors. It can act as a powerful tool against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chiapetti Bolsan
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Sustentabilidade Ambiental Urbana (PPGSAU) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli Vaz Sampaio
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Campeão Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Samara Silva De Souza
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago Edwiges
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Sustentabilidade Ambiental Urbana (PPGSAU) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Marina Celant De Prá
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Naiana Cristine Gabiatti
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil.
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Rai S, Tyagi A, B T NK. Oral feed-based administration of phage cocktail protects rohu fish (Labeo rohita) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:219. [PMID: 38627275 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the major freshwater fish pathogens. In the current study, a cocktail of D6 and CF7 phages was given orally to Labeo rohita to assess phage survival in fish organs as well as to determine the therapeutic efficacy of phage treatment against fish mortality caused by A. hydrophila. In the phage-coated feed, prepared by simple spraying method, phage counts were quite stable for up to 2 months with a decline of ≤ 0.23 log10 and ≤ 1.66 log10 PFU/g feed during 4 oC and room temperature storage. Throughout the experimental period of 7 days, both phages could be detected in the gut of fish fed with phage-coated feed. Besides, both CF7 and D6 phages were also detected in fish kidneys indicating the ability of both the phage to cross the intestinal barrier. During challenge studies with LD50 dose of A. hydrophila, phage cocktail doses of 1 × 106 - 1 × 108 PFU/g feed prevented the mortality in L. rohita with relative percentage survival (RPS) of 8.7-65.2. When challenged with LD90 dose of A. hydrophila, an RPS value of 28.6 was obtained at a phage cocktail dose of 1 × 108 PFU/g feed. The RPS data showed that orally-fed phage cocktail protected the fish against the mortality caused by A. hydrophila in a dose-dependent manner. Simple practical approaches for phage cocktail development, medicated feed preparation and oral administration along with phage survival and protection data make the current study useful for farmer-level application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Rai
- Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Tyagi
- Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar B T
- Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
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Youssef RA, Sakr MM, Shebl RI, Saad BT, Aboshanab KM. Genomic characterization, in vitro, and preclinical evaluation of two microencapsulated lytic phages VB_ST_E15 and VB_ST_SPNIS2 against clinical multidrug-resistant Salmonella serovars. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:17. [PMID: 38360595 PMCID: PMC10870556 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella infections continue to be one of the essential public health issues threatening millions of people. With the increasing occurrence of resistance against conventionally used antibiotics, the search for alternatives has become crucial. In this study, we aimed to isolate, characterize, and evaluate two lytic bacteriophages against clinically isolated multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella serovars. METHODS Screening for the phage lytic activity was performed using a spot test. Characterization of the isolated phages was done by determining the host range, longevity test, and the effect of temperature, pH, organic solvents, and morphological characterization using a transmission electron microscope. Genomic analysis was performed using Oxford nanopore sequencing. The lytic activities of the free phage lysates and formulated phage as microencapsulated were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Two phages (VB_ST_E15 and VB_ST_SPNIS2) were successfully isolated and showed lytic strong activities against MDR Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium ATCC 14,028, S. Paratyphi A, and S. Typhi. The two phages survived at the tested temperatures, maintained their infectivity for 90 days, and retained their activity until 60 °C with thermal inactivation at 65 °C. They were lytic at a pH range from 3 to 11 but lost their activities at extremely acidic or alkaline pH. The phages could withstand the organic solvents but were completely inactivated by 100% ethanol. Both phages were classified under the order Caudoviricetes, and Genus: Uetakevirus. Their genomic sequences were assembled, annotated, and submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (OR757455 and OR757456). The preclinical evaluation using the murine animal model revealed that the two-phage cocktail managed MDR Salmonella infection as evidenced by the reduction in the bacterial burden, increased animal weight, and histopathological examination. CONCLUSION The two encapsulated phage formulas could be considered promising candidates for the management of MDR Salmonella-associated infections and clinical analysis should be undertaken to evaluate their potential use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem A Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Masarra M Sakr
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania I Shebl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bishoy T Saad
- Department of Bioinformatics, HITS Solutions Co, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Aboshanab
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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Le HT, Lubian AF, Bowring B, van der Poorten D, Iredell J, George J, Venturini C, Ahlenstiel G, Read S. Using a human colonoid-derived monolayer to study bacteriophage translocation. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2331520. [PMID: 38517357 PMCID: PMC10962583 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2331520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are estimated to be the most abundant microorganisms on Earth. Their presence in human blood suggests that they can translocate from non-sterile sites such as the gastrointestinal tract where they are concentrated. To examine phage translocation ex vivo, we adapted a primary colonoid monolayer model possessing cell diversity and architecture, and a thick layer of mucus akin to the colonic environment in vivo. We show that the colonoid monolayer is superior to the Caco-2 cell-line model, possessing intact and organized tight junctions and generating a physiologically relevant mucus layer. We showed, using two different phages, that translocation across the colonoid monolayer was largely absent in differentiated monolayers that express mucus, unlike Caco-2 cultures that expressed little to no mucus. By stimulating mucus production or removing mucus, we further demonstrated the importance of colonic mucus in preventing phage translocation. Finally, we used etiological drivers of gut permeability (alcohol, fat, and inflammatory cytokines) to measure their effects on phage translocation, demonstrating that all three stimuli have the capacity to amplify phage translocation. These findings suggest that phage translocation does occur in vivo but may be largely dependent on colonic mucus, an important insight to consider in future phage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Thanh Le
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alicia Fajardo Lubian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bethany Bowring
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - David van der Poorten
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jonathan Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carola Venturini
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Blacktown Mt Druitt Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Read
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Blacktown Mt Druitt Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Li L, Han K, Mao X, Wang L, Cao Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Tan Y, Shi Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Li Y, Peng H, Li X, Hu C, Wang X. Oral phages prophylaxis against mixed Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium infections in weaned piglets. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109923. [PMID: 38061277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium are the main pathogens of diarrhea in weaned piglets. The prevention of bacterial diarrhea in weaned piglets by phage is rarely reported. We conducted this study to evaluate the preventive effect of phages on mixed Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium infections in weaned piglets. A novel phage named NJ12 was isolated by using Salmonella Typhimurium SM022 as host bacteria and characterized by electron microscopy, genomic analysis and in vitro bacteriostatic activity. Phage NJ12 and a previously reported phage EP01 were microencapsulated with sodium alginate to make phage cocktail. Microencapsulated phage cocktail and PBS (Phosphate buffer solution) were used to piglets the phage and phage-free group through oral administration before bacterial infection 2 h, respectively. Piglets of the phage and phage-free group were consumed with feed contaminated with 6 mL (108CFU/mL) Escherichia coli O157:H7 GN07 (GXEC-N07) and 6 mL (108CFU/mL) SM022 every day for seven consecutive days. The results showed that piglets in the phage-free group had more severe diarrhea, larger decreased average weight gain and higher levels of neutrophils compared with piglets in phage group. Meanwhile, piglets in the phage-free group had higher load of SM022 and GN07 in jejunal tissue and more severe intestinal damage compared with piglets in group phage in vivo. In addition, oral administration phage can significant decreased the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae but hardly repaired the changes of diversity and composition of gut microbiota caused by the mixed infection of SM022 and GN07. This implies that phage used as a feed additive have a marvelous preventive effect on bacterial diarrhea during weaning of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Kaiou Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xinyu Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Leping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yinan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Chuanhuo Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China.
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Śliwka P, Skaradziński G, Dusza I, Grzywacz A, Skaradzińska A. Freeze-Drying of Encapsulated Bacteriophage T4 to Obtain Shelf-Stable Dry Preparations for Oral Application. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2792. [PMID: 38140132 PMCID: PMC10747124 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic application of bacterial viruses (phage therapy) has in recent years been rediscovered by many scientists, as a method which may potentially replace conventional antibacterial strategies. However, one of the main problems related to phage application is the stability of bacterial viruses. Though many techniques have been used to sustain phage activity, novel tools are needed to allow long-term phage storage and application in versatile forms. In this study, we combined two well-known methods for bacteriophage immobilization. First, encapsulated phages were obtained by means of extrusion-ionic gelation, and then alginate microspheres were dried using the lyophilization process (freeze-drying). To overcome the risk of phage instability upon dehydration, the microspheres were prepared with the addition of 0.3 M mannitol. Bacteriophage-loaded microspheres were stored at room temperature for 30 days and subsequently exposed to simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The survival of encapsulated phages after drying was significantly higher in the presence of mannitol. The highest number of viable bacteriophages exceeding 4.8 log10 pfu/mL in SGF were recovered from encapsulated and freeze-dried microspheres, while phages in lyophilized lysate were completely inactivated. Although the method requires optimization, it may be a promising approach for the immobilization of bacteriophages in terms of practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aneta Skaradzińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland (G.S.)
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8
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Dlamini SB, Gigante AM, Hooton SPT, Atterbury RJ. Efficacy of Different Encapsulation Techniques on the Viability and Stability of Diverse Phage under Simulated Gastric Conditions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2389. [PMID: 37894046 PMCID: PMC10608910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes a range of diseases in humans and livestock of considerable public health and economic importance. Widespread antimicrobial use, particularly in intensively produced livestock (e.g., poultry and pigs) may contribute to the rise of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. Alternative treatments such as bacteriophages have shown promise when used to reduce the intestinal carriage of Salmonella in livestock. However, the digestive enzymes and low pH encountered in the monogastric GI tract can significantly reduce phage viability and impact therapeutic outcomes. This study deployed alginate-carrageenan microcapsules with and without CaCO3 to protect a genomically diverse set of five Salmonella bacteriophages from simulated gastrointestinal conditions. None of the unprotected phage could be recovered following exposure to pH < 3 for 10 min. Alginate-carrageenan encapsulation improved phage viability at pH 2-2.5 after exposure for 10 min, but not at pH 2 after 1 h. Including 1% (w/v) CaCO3 in the formulation further reduced phage loss to <0.5 log10 PFU/mL, even after 1 h at pH 2. In all cases, phage were efficiently released from the microcapsules following a shift to a neutral pH (7.5), simulating passage to the duodenum. In summary, alginate-carrageenan-CaCO3 encapsulation is a promising approach for targeted intestinal delivery of genomically diverse Salmonella bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicelo B Dlamini
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Adriano M Gigante
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Steven P T Hooton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Robert J Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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9
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Montoro-Dasi L, Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Marco-Fuertes A, Vega S, Marin C. Holistic Strategies to Control Salmonella Infantis: An Emerging Challenge in the European Broiler Sector. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1765. [PMID: 37512937 PMCID: PMC10386103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. has been globally recognized as one of the leading causes of acute human bacterial gastroenteritis resulting from the consumption of animal-derived products. Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and its monophasic variant are the main serovars responsible for human disease. However, a serovar known as S. Infantis has emerged as the fourth most prevalent serovar associated with human disease. A total of 95% of isolated S. Infantis serovars originate from broilers and their derived products. This serovar is strongly associated with an elevated antimicrobial (AMR) and multidrug resistance, a resistance to disinfectants, an increased tolerance to environmental mercury, a heightened virulence, and an enhanced ability to form biofilms and attach to host cells. Furthermore, this serovar harbors genes that confer resistance to colistin, a last-resort antibiotic in human medicine, and it has the potential to acquire additional transferable AMR against other critically important antimicrobials, posing a new and significant challenge to global public health. This review provides an overview of the current status of the S. Infantis serovar in the poultry sector, focusing on its key virulence factors, including its virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation. Additionally, novel holistic strategies for controlling S. Infantis along the entire food chain are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montoro-Dasi
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Marco-Fuertes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Xiao S, Cao C, Ming T, Cao Y, Yu Z, Gan N. Simultaneous and rapid screening of live and dead E. coli O157:H7 with three signal outputs: An all-in-one biosensor using phage-apoferritin@CuO 2 signal tags on MXenes-modified electrode platform. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131875. [PMID: 37343409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of live and dead bacteria is a huge challenge for food safety. To solve this issue, an all-in-one biosensor for bacteria was developed using the phage-apoferritin@CuO2 (phage-Apo@CP) probe on an antimicrobial peptide (AMP)/MXenes-modified detection platform. With the specific recognition of AMP and phage-Apo@CP, the biosensor for the target Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) presented multi-mode (bioluminescent, colorimetric, and electrochemical) signals to simultaneously measure live and dead bacteria. The bioluminescent signal caused by the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the bacteria was used to quantify live bacteria. The colorimetric and voltammetric signals triggered by ·OH and Cu2+ from the probe with the assistance of acid could rapidly screen and quantitative determination of total E. coli O157:H7 concentration. Thus, the dead one was obtained according to the total and live ones. All three signals could be mutually corrected to improve the accuracy. The biosensor was successfully used for on-site measurement of live and dead E. coli O157:H7 in food samples with the limit of detection of 30 CFU/mL for live ones and 6 CFU/mL for total bacteria within 50 min. This work presents a novel pathway for rapid and simultaneous quantification of both live and dead bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tinghong Ming
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhenzhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Ning Gan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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11
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Řepka D, Kurillová A, Murtaja Y, Lapčík L. Application of Physical-Chemical Approaches for Encapsulation of Active Substances in Pharmaceutical and Food Industries. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112189. [PMID: 37297434 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encapsulation is a valuable method used to protect active substances and enhance their physico-chemical properties. It can also be used as protection from unpleasant scents and flavors or adverse environmental conditions. METHODS In this comprehensive review, we highlight the methods commonly utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries, along with recent applications of these methods. RESULTS Through an analysis of numerous articles published in the last decade, we summarize the key methods and physico-chemical properties that are frequently considered with encapsulation techniques. CONCLUSION Encapsulation has demonstrated effectiveness and versatility in multiple industries, such as food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the selection of appropriate encapsulation methods is critical for the effective encapsulation of specific active compounds. Therefore, constant efforts are being made to develop novel encapsulation methods and coating materials for better encapsulation efficiency and to improve properties for specific use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Řepka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Antónia Kurillová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yousef Murtaja
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Lapčík
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Foodstuff Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nam. T.G. Masaryka 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic
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12
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Zhang B, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhang Y, Hao H, Lv X, Hao L, Shi Y. Microencapsulated phage composites with increased gastrointestinal stability for the oral treatment of Salmonella colonization in chicken. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1101872. [PMID: 36713855 PMCID: PMC9875011 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection, one of the common epidemics in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, causes great economic losses worldwide. At present, antibiotics are the most commonly used treatment for Salmonella infection, but the widespread use of antibiotics has increased drug resistance to Salmonella. Phage therapy has gradually become an alternative method to control Salmonella infection. However, phage, a specific virus that can infect bacteria, has poor stability and is prone to inactivation during treatment. Microencapsulated phage microspheres can effectively solve this problem. Accordingly, in this study, Salmonella phages were microencapsulated, using the xanthan gum/sodium alginate/CaCl2/chitooligosaccharides method, to improve their gastrointestinal stability. Furthermore, microencapsulated phages were evaluated for in vitro temperature and storage stability and in vivo therapeutic effect. Phage microspheres prepared with 1 g/100 mL xanthan gum, 2 g/100 mL sodium alginate, 2 g/100 mL CaCl2, and 0.6 g/100 mL chitooligosaccharides were regular in shape and stable in the temperature range of 10-30°C. Also, microencapsulated phages showed significantly improved stability in the simulated gastric juice environment than the free phages (p < 0.05). In the simulated intestinal fluid, microencapsulated phages were completely released after 4 h. Moreover, microencapsulated phages showed good storage stability at 4°C. In the in vivo experiments detecting Salmonella colonization in the intestinal tract of chicks, microencapsulated phages showed a better therapeutic effect than the free phages. In conclusion, microencapsulated phages exhibited significantly improved stability, gastric acid resistance, and thereby efficacy than the free phages. Microencapsulated phages can be potentially used as biological control agents against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yongxia Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yongying Zhang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - He Hao
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Xingbang Lv
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Liuhang Hao
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China,Engineering Research Center for Poultry Diseases of Hebei Province, Handan, Hebei, China,*Correspondence: Yuxiang Shi ✉
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13
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Sriprasong P, Imklin N, Nasanit R. Selection and characterization of bacteriophages specific to Salmonella Choleraesuis in swine. Vet World 2022; 15:2856-2869. [PMID: 36718326 PMCID: PMC9880823 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2856-2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Salmonella Choleraesuis is the most common serotype that causes salmonellosis in swine. Recently, the use of bacteriophages as a potential biocontrol strategy has increased. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriophages specific to S. Choleraesuis associated with swine infection and to evaluate the efficacy of individual phages and a phage cocktail against S. Choleraesuis strains in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Materials and Methods Three strains of S. Choleraesuis isolated from pig intestines served as host strains for phage isolation. The other 10 Salmonella serovars were also used for the phage host range test. The antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial strains was investigated. Water samples from natural sources and drain liquid from slaughterhouses were collected for phage isolation. The isolated phages were characterized by determining the efficiency of plating against all Salmonella strains and the stability at a temperature range (4°C-65°C) and at low pH (2.5-4.0) in simulated gastric fluids (SGFs). Furthermore, morphology and genomic restriction analyses were performed for phage classification phages. Finally, S. Choleraesuis reduction in the SIF by the selected individual phages and a phage cocktail was investigated. Results The antibiotic susceptibility results revealed that most Salmonella strains were sensitive to all tested drugs. Salmonella Choleraesuis KPS615 was multidrug-resistant, showing resistance to three antibiotics. Nine phages were isolated. Most of them could infect four Salmonella strains. Phages vB_SCh-RP5i3B and vB_SCh-RP61i4 showed high efficiency in infecting S. Choleraesuis and Salmonella Rissen. The phages were stable for 1 h at 4°C-45°C. However, their viability decreased when the temperature increased to 65°C. In addition, most phages remained viable at a low pH (pH 2.5-4.0) for 2 h in SGF. The efficiency of phage treatment against S. Choleraesuis in SIF showed that individual phages and a phage cocktail with three phages effectively reduced S. Choleraesuis in SIF. However, the phage cocktails were more effective than the individual phages. Conclusion These results suggest that the newly isolated phages could be promising biocontrol agents against S. Choleraesuis infection in pigs and could be orally administered. However, further in vivo studies should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattaraporn Sriprasong
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Napakhwan Imklin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Rujikan Nasanit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand,Corresponding author: Rujikan Nasanit, e-mail: Co-authors: PS: , NI:
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14
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Balcão VM, Belline BG, Silva EC, Almeida PFFB, Baldo DÂ, Amorim LRP, Oliveira Júnior JM, Vila MMDC, Del Fiol FS. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Two Novel Lytic Bacteriophages for the Biocontrol of Escherichia coli in Uterine Infections: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Preliminary Studies in Veterinary Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2344. [PMID: 36365162 PMCID: PMC9692438 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
E. coli is one of the etiological agents responsible for pyometra in female dogs, with conventional treatment involving ovariohysterectomy. Here, we report the isolation and full characterization of two novel lytic phages, viz. vB_EcoM_Uniso11 (ph0011) and vB_EcoM_Uniso21 (ph0021). Both phages belong to the order Caudovirales and present myovirus-like morphotypes, with phage ph0011 being classified as Myoviridae genus Asteriusvirus and phage ph0021 being classified as Myoviridae genus Tequatrovirus, based on their complete genome sequences. The 348,288 bp phage ph0011 and 165,222 bp phage ph0021 genomes do not encode toxins, integrases or antimicrobial resistance genes neither depolymerases related sequences. Both phages were shown to be effective against at least twelve E. coli clinical isolates in in vitro antibacterial activity assays. Based on their features, both phages have potential for controlling pyometra infections caused by E. coli. Phage ph0011 (reduction of 4.24 log CFU/mL) was more effective than phage ph0021 (reduction of 1.90 log CFU/mL) after 12 h of incubation at MOI 1000. As a cocktail, the two phages were highly effective in reducing the bacterial load (reduction of 5.57 log CFU/mL) at MOI 100, after 12 h of treatment. Both phages were structurally and functionally stabilized in vaginal egg formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Balcão
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
- Department of Biology and CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bianca G. Belline
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Erica C. Silva
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Pablo F. F. B. Almeida
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Denicezar Â. Baldo
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Lara R. P. Amorim
- Department of Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M. Oliveira Júnior
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Marta M. D. C. Vila
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando S. Del Fiol
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
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15
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Wdowiak M, Paczesny J, Raza S. Enhancing the Stability of Bacteriophages Using Physical, Chemical, and Nano-Based Approaches: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091936. [PMID: 36145682 PMCID: PMC9502844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages are efficient in diagnosing, treating, and preventing various diseases, and as sensing elements in biosensors. Phage display alone has gained attention over the past decade, especially in pharmaceuticals. Bacteriophages have also found importance in research aiming to fight viruses and in the consequent formulation of antiviral agents and vaccines. All these applications require control over the stability of virions. Phages are considered resistant to various harsh conditions. However, stability-determining parameters are usually the only additional factors in phage-related applications. Phages face instability and activity loss when preserved for extended periods. Sudden environmental changes, including exposure to UV light, temperature, pH, and salt concentration, also lead to a phage titer fall. This review describes various formulations that impart stability to phage stocks, mainly focusing on polymer-based stabilization, encapsulation, lyophilization, and nano-assisted solutions.
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16
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Phage Cocktail Targeting STEC O157:H7 Has Comparable Efficacy and Superior Recovery Compared with Enrofloxacin in an Enteric Murine Model. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0023222. [PMID: 35536028 PMCID: PMC9241756 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00232-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O157:H7 is the most important Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype in relation to public health. Given that antibiotics may contribute to the exacerbation of STEC-related disease and an increased frequency of antibiotic-resistant strains, bacteriophage (phage) therapy is considered a promising alternative. However, phage therapy targeting enteric pathogens is still underdeveloped with many confounding effects from the microbiota. Here we comprehensively compared the therapeutic efficacy of a phage cocktail with the antibiotic enrofloxacin in a mouse model of STEC O157:H7 EDL933 infection. Enrofloxacin treatment provided 100% survival and the phage cocktail treatment provided 90% survival. However, in terms of mouse recovery, the phage cocktail outperformed enrofloxacin in all measured outcomes. Compared with enrofloxacin treatment, phage treatment led to a faster elimination of enteric pathogens, decreased expression levels of inflammatory markers, increased weight gain, maintenance of a stable relative organ weight, and improved homeostasis of the gut microbiota. These results provide support for the potential of phage therapy to combat enteric pathogens and suggest that phage treatment leads to enhanced recovery of infected mice compared with antibiotics. IMPORTANCE With the increasing severity of antibiotic resistance and other adverse consequences, animal experiments and clinical trials investigating the use of phages for the control and prevention of enteric bacterial infections are growing. However, the effects of phages and antibiotics on organisms when treating intestinal infections have not been precisely studied. Here, we comprehensively compared the therapeutic efficacy of a phage cocktail to the antibiotic enrofloxacin in a mouse model of STEC O157:H7 EDL933 infection. We found that, despite a slightly lower protection rate, phage treatment contributed to a faster recovery of infected mice compared with enrofloxacin. These results highlight the potential benefits of phage therapy to combat enteric infections.
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17
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Lee C, Kim H, Ryu S. Bacteriophage and endolysin engineering for biocontrol of food pathogens/pathogens in the food: recent advances and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8919-8938. [PMID: 35400249 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2059442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in modern technologies, various foodborne outbreaks have continuously threatened the food safety. The overuse of and abuse/misuse of antibiotics have escalated this threat due to the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Therefore, the development of new methodologies for controlling microbial contamination is extremely important to ensure the food safety. As an alternative to antibiotics, bacteriophages(phages) and derived endolysins have been proposed as novel, effective, and safe antimicrobial agents and applied for the prevention and/or eradication of bacterial contaminants even in foods and food processing facilities. In this review, we describe recent genetic and protein engineering tools for phages and endolysins. The major aim of engineering is to overcome limitations such as a narrow host range, low antimicrobial activity, and low stability of phages and endolysins. Phage engineering also aims to deter the emergence of phage resistance. In the case of endolysin engineering, enhanced antibacterial ability against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria is another important goal. Here, we summarize the successful studies of phages and endolysins treatment in different types of food. Moreover, this review highlights the recent advances in engineering techniques for phages and endolysins, discusses existing challenges, and suggests technical opportunities for further development, especially in terms of antimicrobial agents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongsoon Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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El Haddad L, Mendoza JF, Jobin C. Bacteriophage-mediated manipulations of microbiota in gastrointestinal diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1055427. [PMID: 36466675 PMCID: PMC9714271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1055427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some gastrointestinal diseases could be managed using various antibiotics regimen, this therapeutic approach lacks precision and damages the microbiota. Emerging literature suggests that phages may play a key role in restoring the gut microbiome balance and controlling disease progression either with exogenous phage intervention or filtered fecal transplantation or even engineered phages. In this review, we will discuss the current phage applications aiming at controlling the bacterial population and preventing infection, inflammation, and cancer progression in the context of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn El Haddad
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jesus F Mendoza
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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