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Kumari A, Pabbi S, Tyagi A. Recent advances in enhancing the production of long chain omega-3 fatty acids in microalgae. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:10564-10582. [PMID: 37357914 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2226720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have gained attention due to numerous health benefits. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are long chain omega-3 fatty acids produced from precursor ALA (α-linolenic acid) in humans but their rate of biosynthesis is low, therefore, these must be present in diet or should be taken as supplements. The commercial sources of omega-3 fatty acids are limited to vegetable oils and marine sources. The rising concern about vegan source, fish aquaculture conservation and heavy metal contamination in fish has led to the search for their alternative source. Microalgae have gained importance due to the production of high-value EPA and DHA and can thus serve as a sustainable and promising source of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. Although the bottleneck lies in the optimization for enhanced production that involves strategies viz. strain selection, optimization of cultivation conditions, media, metabolic and genetic engineering approaches; while co-cultivation, use of nanoparticles and strategic blending have emerged as innovative approaches that have made microalgae as potential candidates for EPA and DHA production. This review highlights the possible strategies for the enhancement of EPA and DHA production in microalgae. This will pave the way for their large-scale production for human health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Kumari
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Pabbi
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Tyagi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Thurn AL, Stock A, Gerwald S, Weuster-Botz D. Simultaneous photoautotrophic production of DHA and EPA by Tisochrysis lutea and Microchloropsis salina in co-culture. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:130. [PMID: 38647795 PMCID: PMC10991112 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae have received much attention as a sustainable source of the two health beneficial omega-3-fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5). However, photoautotrophic monocultures of microalgae can only produce either DHA or EPA enriched biomass. An alternative may be the photoautotrophic co-cultivation of Tisochrysis lutea as DHA-producer with Microchloropsis salina for simultaneous EPA production to obtain EPA- and DHA-rich microalgae biomass in a nutritionally balanced ratio. Photoautotrophic co-cultivation processes of T. lutea and M. salina were studied, applying scalable and fully controlled lab-scale gas-lift flat-plate photobioreactors with LED illumination for dynamic climate simulation of a repeated sunny summer day in Australia [day-night cycles of incident light (PAR) and temperature]. Monocultures of both marine microalgae were used as reference batch processes. Differences in the autofluorescence of both microalgae enabled the individual measurement, of cell distributions in co-culture, by flow cytometry. The co-cultivation of T. lutea and M. salina in artificial sea water with an inoculation ratio of 1:3 resulted in a balanced biomass production of both microalgae simultaneously with a DHA:EPA ratio of almost 1:1 (26 mgDHA gCDW-1, and 23 mgEPA gCDW-1, respectively) at harvest after depletion of the initially added fertilizer. Surprisingly, more microalgae biomass was produced within 8 days in co-cultivation with an increase in the cell dry weight (CDW) concentration by 31%, compared to the monocultures with the same amount of light and fertilizer. What is more, DHA-content of the microalgae biomass was enhanced by 33% in the co-culture, whereas EPA-content remained unchanged compared to the monocultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Thurn
- School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anna Stock
- School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gerwald
- School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Ma X, Mi Y, Zhao C, Wei Q. A comprehensive review on carbon source effect of microalgae lipid accumulation for biofuel production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151387. [PMID: 34740661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Energy is a major driving force for the economic development. Due to the scarcity of fossil fuels and negative impact on the environment, it is important to develop renewable and sustainable energy sources for humankind. Microalgae as the primary feedstock for biodiesel has shown great application potential. However, lipid yield from microalgae is limited by the upstream cost, which restrain the realization of large-scale biofuel production. The modification of lipid-rich microalgae cell has become the focus over the last few decades to improve the lipid content and productivity of microalgae. Carbon is a vital nutrient that regulates the growth and metabolism of microalgae. Different carbon sources are assimilated by microalgae cells via different pathways. Inorganic carbon sources are mainly used through the CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), while organic carbon sources are absorbed by microalgae mainly through the Pentose Phosphate (PPP) Pathway and the Embden-Meyerhof-Pranas (EMP) pathway. Therefore, the addition of carbon source has a significant impact on the production of microalgae biomass and lipid accumulation. In this paper, mechanisms of lipid synthesis and carbon uptake of microalgae were introduced, and the effects of different carbon conditions (types, concentrations, and addition methods) on lipid accumulation in microalgal biomass production and biodiesel production were comprehensively discussed. This review also highlights the recent advances in microalgae lipid cultivation with large-scale commercialization and the development prospects of biodiesel production. Current challenges and constructive suggestions are proposed on cost-benefit concerns in large-scale production of microalgae biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmeng Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yuwei Mi
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- China Construction Fifth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd, 9 Kaixuan Rd, Liangqing District, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Qun Wei
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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Castillo T, Ramos D, García-Beltrán T, Brito-Bazan M, Galindo E. Mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae: An alternative to produce high-value metabolites. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Blasio M, Balzano S. Fatty Acids Derivatives From Eukaryotic Microalgae, Pathways and Potential Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:718933. [PMID: 34659147 PMCID: PMC8511707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.718933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of petrochemical hydrocarbons is compromising ecosystem and human health and biotechnological research is increasingly focusing on sustainable materials from plants and, to a lesser extent, microalgae. Fatty acid derivatives include, among others, oxylipins, hydroxy fatty acids, diols, alkenones, and wax esters. They can occur as storage lipids or cell wall components and possess, in some cases, striking cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical properties. In addition, long chain (>20) fatty acid derivatives mostly contain highly reduced methylenic carbons and exhibit a combustion enthalpy higher than that of C14 - 20 fatty acids, being potentially suitable as biofuel candidates. Finally, being the building blocks of cell wall components, some fatty acid derivatives might also be used as starters for the industrial synthesis of different polymers. Within this context, microalgae can be a promising source of fatty acid derivatives and, in contrast with terrestrial plants, do not require arable land neither clean water for their growth. Microalgal mass culturing for the extraction and the exploitation of fatty acid derivatives, along with products that are relevant in nutraceutics (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids), might contribute in increasing the viability of microalgal biotechnologies. This review explores fatty acids derivatives from microalgae with applications in the field of renewable energies, biomaterials and pharmaceuticals. Nannochloropsis spp. (Eustigmatophyceae, Heterokontophyta) are particularly interesting for biotechnological applications since they grow at faster rates than many other species and possess hydroxy fatty acids and aliphatic cell wall polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Blasio
- Department of Marine Biotechnologies, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli (SZN), Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Balzano
- Department of Marine Biotechnologies, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli (SZN), Naples, Italy
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Den Burg (Texel), Netherlands
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Pereira H, Sá M, Maia I, Rodrigues A, Teles I, Wijffels RH, Navalho J, Barbosa M. Fucoxanthin production from Tisochrysis lutea and Phaeodactylum tricornutum at industrial scale. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gao F, Woolschot S, Cabanelas ITD, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ. Light spectra as triggers for sorting improved strains of Tisochrysis lutea. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124434. [PMID: 33257166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is known that microalgae respond to different light colors, but not at single-cell level. This work aimed to assess if different light colors could be used as triggers to sort over-producing cells. Six light spectra were used: red + green + blue (RGBL), blue (BL), red (RL), green (GL), blue + red (BRL) and blue + green (BGL). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting method was used to analyse single-cell fluorescence and sort cells. BGL and RGBL lead to the highest fucoxanthin production, while RL showed the lowest. Therefore, it was hypothesized that hyper-producing cells can be isolated efficiently under the adverse condition (RL). After exposure to all light colors for 14 days, the top 1% fucoxanthin producing cells were sorted. A sorted strain from RL showed higher (16-19%) growth rate and fucoxanthin productivity. This study showed how light spectra affected single-cell fucoxanthin and lipid contents and productivities. Also, it supplied an approach to sort for high-fucoxanthin or high-lipid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzheng Gao
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Sep Woolschot
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - René H Wijffels
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Faculty Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Maria J Barbosa
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
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Hu H, Li JY, Zhai SW, Wu DD, Zhu SG, Zeng RJ. Effect of inorganic carbon limitation on the conversion of organic carbon to total fatty acids by Monodus subterraneus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:140275. [PMID: 32783858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional autotrophic microalgae exhibit low rates of organic carbon assimilation and conversion to useful compounds when switching to mixotrophic or heterotrophic growth. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of inorganic carbon limitation on the efficiency of organic carbon (glycerol) assimilation and conversion to total fatty acids (TFAs) or the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). An oleaginous Monodus subterraneus was selected and six cultivation conditions were set, including Autotrophy-no aeration, Autotrophy-aeration, Mixotrophy-no aeration, Mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3, Mixotrophy-aeration, and Heterotrophy. The results showed M. subterraneus could utilize glycerol and grow under mixotrophic condition, while it was not occurred under heterotrophy. Superiority of mixotrophy to autotrophy on biomass productivity was more obvious under inorganic carbon limitation (no aeration or no Na2CO3) than inorganic carbon supply (aeration and existing Na2CO3 in the medium). CO2 limitation (no aeration) decreased content (of dry weight) and production (in medium) of TFAs, which was not evident in mixotrophy. CO2 limitation and inorganic carbon substrate stress largely improved the COD yield of TFAs and EPA under mixotrophic condition. TFA yield (%COD) under Mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3 was maximum (22.82%), and was almost two-fold higher than that under Mixotrophy-no aeration and nearly three-fold higher than that with Mixotrophy-aeration. EPA yield (% COD) under mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3 was maximum (6.58%). These results suggested that inorganic carbon limitation is a potentially useful method to enhance conversion of organic carbon to TFAs. Furthermore, the results suggest an application to obtain high value compounds (TFAs or EPA) combined with a high assimilation rate of waste glycerol from biodiesel and epichlorohydrin production by microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jia-Yun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Su-Wan Zhai
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Wu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Shu-Guang Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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Hu H, Li JY, Pan XR, Zhang F, Ma LL, Wang HJ, Zeng RJ. Different DHA or EPA production responses to nutrient stress in the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea and the freshwater microalga Monodus subterraneus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:140-149. [PMID: 30504016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) stress on the production of DHA or EPA and total fatty acids (TFAs) in the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea and the freshwater microalga Monodus subterraneus. Five N or P starvation/limitation conditions (N sufficient and P limited, N sufficient and P starved, N starved and P sufficient, N starved and P limited, and N and P starved) and one N and P sufficient condition (control) were studied. The results demonstrated that the proportion of DHA or EPA among TFAs and production in the microalgae suspensions decreased (57%, 73% for N stress and 18%, 51% for P stress, respectively) under N or P stress in both microalgae compared with the N and P sufficient group. Differently, DHA dry weight content of T. lutea decreased significantly, and EPA dry weight content of M. subterraneus decreased slightly under N starved conditions. Clear differences in TFA content/production and the relationship between TFA and DHA or EPA production/content and CO2 fixation were observed between the two microalgae. These results give a new sight on the difference between marine microalgae and freshwater microalgae. Meanwhile, it gave a potential application to produce DHA or EPA and TFA combining with CO2 fixation by these microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; Anhui Water Conservancy College, Hefei 231603, PR China
| | - Jia-Yun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Xin-Rong Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Centre of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Lin-Lin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hua-Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Vocational and Technical College, Hefei 230011, PR China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; Centre of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
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