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Abdelrazek NA, Saleh SE, Raafat MM, Ali AE, Aboulwafa MM. Production of highly cytotoxic and low immunogenic L-asparaginase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia EMCC2297. AMB Express 2024; 14:51. [PMID: 38704453 PMCID: PMC11069494 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an important therapeutic enzyme that is frequently utilized in the chemotherapy regimens of adults as well as pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, a high rate of hypersensitivity with prolonged use has limited its utilization. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) EMCC2297 isolate was reported as a novel and promising source for L- asparaginase. The present study aimed at the production, purification, and characterization of L- asparaginase from S. maltophilia EMCC2297 isolate. The microbial production of L-asparaginase by the test isolate could be increased by pre-exposure to chloramphenicol at 200 µg/ml concentration. S. maltophilia EMCC2297 L-asparaginase could be purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation and the purified form obtained by gel exclusion chromatography showed total activity of 96.4375 IU/ml and specific activity of 36.251 IU/mg protein. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the purified form of the enzyme is separated at an apparent molecular weight of 17 KDa. Michaelis-Menten constant analysis showed a Km value of 4.16 × 10- 2 M with L-asparagine as substrate and Vmax of 10.67 IU/ml. The antitumor activity of the purified enzyme was evaluated on different cell lines and revealed low IC50 of 2.2 IU/ml and 2.83 IU/ml for Hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG-2), human leukemia cancer cell line (K-562), respectively whereas no cytotoxic effect could be detected on normal human lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). However, mice treated with native L-asparaginase showed lower IgG titre compared to commercial L-asparaginase. This study highlights the promising characteristics of this enzyme making it a valuable candidate for further research and development to be an adduct in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Abdelrazek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Al Khalifa Al Maamoun St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Sarra E Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Raafat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Al Khalifa Al Maamoun St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Amal E Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Al Khalifa Al Maamoun St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M Aboulwafa
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Ras-Sudr, Egypt.
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Osama S, El-Sherei MM, Al-Mahdy DA, Bishr M, Salama O, Raafat MM. Optimization and characterization of antileukemic L-asparaginase produced by Fusarium solani endophyte. AMB Express 2023; 13:96. [PMID: 37702815 PMCID: PMC10499768 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an antileukemic enzyme that hydrolyzes L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia, causing cell starvation and apoptosis in susceptible leukemic cell populations. Currently, L-asparaginase obtained from bacterial sources is constrained by several issues, including lesser productivity, stability, selectivity, and higher toxicity. The goal of this study is to provide fungal L-asparaginase with in-vitro effectiveness towards different human carcinomas. L-asparaginase from endophytic Fusarium solani (Gene Bank accession number MW209717) isolated from the roots of the medicinal plant Hedera helix L. was characterized and optimized experimentally for maximum L-asparaginase production in addition to evaluating its subsequent cytotoxicity towards acute monocytic leukemia and human skin fibroblast cell lines. The enzyme production was maximized using potato dextrose media (15.44 IU/ml/hr) at the 5th and 6th days of fermentation with incubation temperature 30 °C, 3% asparagine, 150-180 rpm agitation rate and a 250 ml flask. Enzyme characterization studies revealed that the enzyme maintained its thermal stability with temperatures up to 60 °C. However, its optimal activity was achieved at 35 °C. On measuring the enzymatic activity at various temperatures and different pH, maximum enzyme activity was recorded at 40 °C and pH 8 using 0.1 M asparagine concentration. Results also revealed promising cytotoxic activity against acute monocytic leukemia with IC50 = 3.66 µg/ml and low cytotoxicity against tested normal human skin fibroblast cell line which suggested that it might have selective toxicity, and consequently it could be used as a less toxic alternative to the current formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Osama
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moshera M El-Sherei
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Al-Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Mokhtar Bishr
- Arab Company for Pharmaceuticals and Medicinal Plants (Mepaco), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama Salama
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Raafat
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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Chauviat A, Meyer T, Favre-Bonté S. Versatility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Ecological roles of RND efflux pumps. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14639. [PMID: 37089375 PMCID: PMC10113797 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
S. maltophilia is a widely distributed bacterium found in natural, anthropized and clinical environments. The genome of this opportunistic pathogen of environmental origin includes a large number of genes encoding RND efflux pumps independently of the clinical or environmental origin of the strains. These pumps have been historically associated with the uptake of antibiotics and clinically relevant molecules because they confer resistance to many antibiotics. However, considering the environmental origin of S. maltophilia, the ecological role of these pumps needs to be clarified. RND efflux systems are highly conserved within bacteria and encountered both in pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Moreover, their evolutionary origin, conservation and multiple copies in bacterial genomes suggest a primordial role in cellular functions and environmental adaptation. This review is aimed at elucidating the ecological role of S. maltophilia RND efflux pumps in the environmental context and providing an exhaustive description of the environmental niches of S. maltophilia. By looking at the substrates and functions of the pumps, we propose different involvements and roles according to the adaptation of the bacterium to various niches. We highlight that i°) regulatory mechanisms and inducer molecules help to understand the conditions leading to their expression, and ii°) association and functional redundancy of RND pumps and other efflux systems demonstrate their complex role within S. maltophilia cells. These observations emphasize that RND efflux pumps play a role in the versatility of S. maltophilia.
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Mukherjee R, Bera D. Effect of nutritional parameters on microbial production of L-Asparaginase by novel Brevibacillus borstelensis ML12. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:995-1003. [PMID: 36628451 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2164592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase owes considerable significance in food and pharmaceutical applications. L-Asparaginase is an antineoplastic enzyme that finds application in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and in mitigating acrylamide (a potent carcinogen) production during baking. In this study, we aimed to optimize nutritional parameters that are significant in initiating and regulating a bioprocess system in order to maximize enzyme production from a novel isolated bacterial species Brevibacillus borstelensis ML12 so the high-yielding enzyme producers can be selected and utilized for better efficacy of this commercially viable enzyme in pharmaceutical field, food industry, in biosensors and as an antioxidant growth kinetics study of the organism was performed and the maximum specific growth rate µo (min-1) and Monod half saturation constant Ks for L-Asparagine came out to be µo = 0.0189 min-1 and Ks = 2.44 mM, respectively at 0.04 M asparagine concentration and 37 °C. Effect of different nutritional parameters like carbohydrates, organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, L-Asparagine, minerals, surfactants and bile were performed. Maximum L-Asparaginase production occurred at 0.01% dextrose, 20 g L-1 L-Asparagine, 10 mM cobalt chloride, 0.1% Tween 80 and 1% bile concentrations (237.319 IU mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupkatha Mukherjee
- Department of Food Technology & Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Debabrata Bera
- Department of Food Technology & Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Patel PG, Panseriya HZ, Vala AK, Dave BP, Gosai HB. Exploring current scenario and developments in the field of microbial L-asparaginase production and applications: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu YY, Zhang SD, Xiao JJ, Feng WZ, Wei D, Deng YJ, Cao HQ, Shi YH. Gut microbiota-involved metabolism and intestinal absorption mechanisms in decreasing bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry and grape. Food Chem 2022; 373:131575. [PMID: 34801285 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota-involved metabolism and intestinal absorption affecting bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry and grape were investigated for the first time by coupling the in vitro digestion model with the Caco-2 cell model. Results showed that the gut microbiota decreased the bioaccessibility of triadimefon in strawberry by 31.00% but failed in grape, probably due to a negative modulation of the colon bacterial activity by dietary components in grapes. A strain of triadimefon-degrading bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, was isolated from the gut microbiota and its degradation products were profiled. This study also clarified a significant reduction in transepithelial transport (up to 32.81%) of triadimefon as a result of the barrier effect of gut microbiota. These findings provide new insights on the function of the gut microbiota in pesticide bioaccessibility and highlight the importance of including gut microbiota in pesticide residue risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Liu
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Si-Dong Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Jing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Feng
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Ya-Jing Deng
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Hong Shi
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China.
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Dhingani RM, Shah GS, Joshi BH. Sequential optimization of bioprocess nutritional parameters for maximum l-asparaginase production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BGR1I1. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.2018420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Dhingani
- Department of FQA, College of FPTBE, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - G. S. Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, India
| | - B. H. Joshi
- Department of FQA, College of FPTBE, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
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Jia R, Wan X, Geng X, Xue D, Xie Z, Chen C. Microbial L-asparaginase for Application in Acrylamide Mitigation from Food: Current Research Status and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081659. [PMID: 34442737 PMCID: PMC8400838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1) hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, which has been widely applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Microbes have advantages for L-asparaginase production, and there are several commercially available forms of L-asparaginase, all of which are derived from microbes. Generally, L-asparaginase has an optimum pH range of 5.0-9.0 and an optimum temperature of between 30 and 60 °C. However, the optimum temperature of L-asparaginase from hyperthermophilic archaea is considerable higher (between 85 and 100 °C). The native properties of the enzymes can be enhanced by using immobilization techniques. The stability and recyclability of immobilized enzymes makes them more suitable for food applications. This current work describes the classification, catalytic mechanism, production, purification, and immobilization of microbial L-asparaginase, focusing on its application as an effective reducer of acrylamide in fried potato products, bakery products, and coffee. This highlights the prospects of cost-effective L-asparaginase, thermostable L-asparaginase, and immobilized L-asparaginase as good candidates for food application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Jia
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiao Wan
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Xu Geng
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Deming Xue
- School of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;
| | - Zhenxing Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (C.C.)
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9
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Castro D, Marques ASC, Almeida MR, de Paiva GB, Bento HBS, Pedrolli DB, Freire MG, Tavares APM, Santos-Ebinuma VC. L-asparaginase production review: bioprocess design and biochemical characteristics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4515-4534. [PMID: 34059941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, the production of biopharmaceuticals has gained high interest due to its great sensitivity, specificity, and lower risk of negative effects to patients. Biopharmaceuticals are mostly therapeutic recombinant proteins produced through biotechnological processes. In this context, L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, L-ASNase (E.C. 3.5.1.1)) is a therapeutic enzyme that has been abundantly studied by researchers due to its antineoplastic properties. As a biopharmaceutical, L-ASNase has been used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and other lymphoid malignancies, in combination with other drugs. Besides its application as a biopharmaceutical, this enzyme is widely used in food processing industries as an acrylamide mitigation agent and as a biosensor for the detection of L-asparagine in physiological fluids at nano-levels. The great demand for L-ASNase is supplied by recombinant enzymes from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, production processes are associated to low yields and proteins associated to immunogenicity problems, which leads to the search for a better enzyme source. Considering the L-ASNase pharmacological and food importance, this review provides an overview of the current biotechnological developments in L-ASNase production and biochemical characterization aiming to improve the knowledge about its production. KEY POINTS: • Microbial enzyme applications as biopharmaceutical and in food industry • Biosynthesis process: from the microorganism to bioreactor technology • Enzyme activity and kinetic properties: crucial for the final application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia C Marques
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mafalda R Almeida
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gabriela B de Paiva
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Heitor B S Bento
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Danielle B Pedrolli
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mara G Freire
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana P M Tavares
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Valéria C Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.
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Maquia IS, Fareleira P, Videira e Castro I, Brito DRA, Soares R, Chaúque A, Ferreira-Pinto MM, Lumini E, Berruti A, Ribeiro NS, Marques I, Ribeiro-Barros AI. Mining the Microbiome of Key Species from African Savanna Woodlands: Potential for Soil Health Improvement and Plant Growth Promotion. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1291. [PMID: 32846974 PMCID: PMC7563409 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Aims: Assessing bacterial diversity and plant-growth-promoting functions in the rhizosphere of the native African trees Colophospermum mopane and Combretum apiculatum in three landscapes of the Limpopo National Park (Mozambique), subjected to two fire regimes. (2) Methods: Bacterial communities were identified through Illumina Miseq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons, followed by culture dependent methods to isolate plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Plant growth-promoting traits of the cultivable bacterial fraction were further analyzed. To screen for the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the promiscuous tropical legume Vigna unguiculata was used as a trap host. The taxonomy of all purified isolates was genetically verified by 16S rRNA gene Sanger sequencing. (3) Results: Bacterial community results indicated that fire did not drive major changes in bacterial abundance. However, culture-dependent methods allowed the differentiation of bacterial communities between the sampled sites, which were particularly enriched in Proteobacteria with a wide range of plant-beneficial traits, such as plant protection, plant nutrition, and plant growth. Bradyrhizobium was the most frequent symbiotic bacteria trapped in cowpea nodules coexisting with other endophytic bacteria. (4) Conclusion: Although the global analysis did not show significant differences between landscapes or sites with different fire regimes, probably due to the fast recovery of bacterial communities, the isolation of PGPB suggests that the rhizosphere bacteria are driven by the plant species, soil type, and fire regime, and are potentially associated with a wide range of agricultural, environmental, and industrial applications. Thus, the rhizosphere of African savannah ecosystems seems to be an untapped source of bacterial species and strains that should be further exploited for bio-based solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivete Sandra Maquia
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab—Forest Research Center (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.S.M.); (M.M.F.-P.)
- TropiKMan Doctoral Program, Nova School of Business & Economics (Nova SBE), 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal
- Biotechnology Center, Eduardo Mondlane University, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique;
| | - Paula Fareleira
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal; (P.F.); (I.V.eC.); (R.S.)
| | - Isabel Videira e Castro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal; (P.F.); (I.V.eC.); (R.S.)
| | - Denise R. A. Brito
- Biotechnology Center, Eduardo Mondlane University, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique;
| | - Ricardo Soares
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal; (P.F.); (I.V.eC.); (R.S.)
| | - Aniceto Chaúque
- Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; (A.C.); (N.S.R.)
| | - M. Manuela Ferreira-Pinto
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab—Forest Research Center (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.S.M.); (M.M.F.-P.)
| | - Erica Lumini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, I-10135 Turin, Italy; (E.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Berruti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, I-10135 Turin, Italy; (E.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Natasha S. Ribeiro
- Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; (A.C.); (N.S.R.)
| | - Isabel Marques
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab—Forest Research Center (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.S.M.); (M.M.F.-P.)
| | - Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab—Forest Research Center (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.S.M.); (M.M.F.-P.)
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