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Buckeridge E, Caballero CC, Smith DH, Stott MB, Carere CR. Substrate and nutrient manipulation during continuous cultivation of extremophilic algae, Galdieria spp. RTK 37.1, substantially impacts biomass productivity and composition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:3428-3439. [PMID: 39032007 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The extremophilic nature and metabolic flexibility of Galdieria spp. highlights their potential for biotechnological application. However, limited research into continuous cultivation of Galdieria spp. has slowed progress towards the commercialization of these algae. The objective of this research was to investigate biomass productivity and growth yields during continuous photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation of Galdieria sp. RTK371; a strain recently isolated from within the Taupō Volcanic Zone in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Results indicate Galdieria sp. RTK371 grows optimally at pH 2.5 under warm white LED illumination. Photosynthetic O2 production was dependent on lighting intensity with a maximal value of (133.5 ± 12.1 nmol O2 mgbiomass -1 h-1) achieved under 100 μmol m-2 s-1 illumination. O2 production rates slowed significantly to 42 ± 1 and <0.01 nmol O2 mgbiomass -1 h-1 during mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth regimes respectively. Stable, long-term chemostat growth of Galdieria sp. RTK371 was achieved during photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth regimes. During periods of ammonium limitation, Galdieria sp. RTK371 increased its intracellular carbohydrate content (up to 37% w/w). In contrast, biomass grown in ammonium excess was composed of up to 65% protein (w/w). Results from this study demonstrate that the growth of Galdieria sp. RTK371 can be manipulated during continuous cultivation to obtain desired biomass and product yields over long cultivation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Buckeridge
- Te Tari Pūhanga Tukanga Matū, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Carlos C Caballero
- Te Tari Pūhanga Tukanga Matū, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
- Scion Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, Aotearoa, New Zealand
- Laboratorio de Biorefinería, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel H Smith
- Te Tari Pūhanga Tukanga Matū, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B Stott
- Te Kura Pūtaiao Koiora-School of Biological Sciences, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Carlo R Carere
- Te Tari Pūhanga Tukanga Matū, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
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Carbone DA, Melkonian M. Potential of Porous Substrate Bioreactors for Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater Using Microalgae. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1173. [PMID: 37892903 PMCID: PMC10604345 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous substrate bioreactors (PSBRs) are a new technology to grow microalgae immobilized in a dense culture and solve some problems linked to suspended cultivation. During recent years, this technology has been used in laboratory and pilot setups in different fields of environmental biotechnology, such as wastewater treatment. The aim of this short review is to introduce the PSBR technology, summarize the results obtained in removing some pollutants from wastewater, provide an assessment of the potential of PSBRs for wastewater treatment, and the subsequent use of the algal biomass for other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Allegra Carbone
- Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Stazione Zoologica “A. Dohrn”, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Integrative Bioinformatics, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Ji L, Qiu S, Wang Z, Zhao C, Tang B, Gao Z, Fan J. Phycobiliproteins from algae: Current updates in sustainable production and applications in food and health. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112737. [PMID: 37087221 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are light-harvesting complexes found mainly in cyanobacteria and red algae, playing a key role in photosynthesis. They are extensively applied in food, cosmetics, and biomedical industry due to bright color, unique fluorescence characteristics and diverse physiological activities. They have received much attention in the past few decades because of their green and sustainable production, safe application, and functional diversity. This work aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of parameters affecting the whole bioprocess with a special focus on the extraction and purification, which directly determines the application of phycobiliproteins. Food grade phycobiliproteins are easy to prepare, whereas analytical grade phycobiliproteins are extremely complex and costly to produce. Most phycobiliproteins are denatured and inactivated at high temperatures, severely limiting their application. Inspired by recent advances, future perspectives are put forward, including (1) the mutagenesis and screening of algal strains for higher phycobiliprotein productivity, (2) the application of omics and genetic engineering for stronger phycobiliprotein stability, and (3) the utilization of synthetic biology and heterologous expression systems for easier phycobiliprotein isolation. This review will give a reference for exploring more phycobiliproteins for food and health application development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Chenni Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Bo Tang
- Nantong Focusee Biotechnology Company Ltd., Nantong, Jiangsu 226133, PR China
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
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Han M, Zhang C, Ho SH. Immobilized microalgal system: An achievable idea for upgrading current microalgal wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:100227. [PMID: 36560958 PMCID: PMC9763361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient wastewater treatment accompanied by sustainable "nutrients/pollutants waste-wastewater-resources/energy nexus" management is acting as a prominent and urgent global issue since severe pollution has occurred increasingly. Diverting wastes from wastewater into the value-added microalgal-biomass stream is a promising goal using biological wastewater treatment technologies. This review proposed an idea of upgrading the current microalgal wastewater treatment by using immobilized microalgal system. Firstly, a systematic analysis of microalgal immobilization technology is displayed through an in-depth discussion on why using immobilized microalgae for wastewater treatment. Subsequently, the main technical approaches employed for microalgal immobilization and pollutant removal mechanisms by immobilized microalgae are summarized. Furthermore, from high-tech technologies to promote large-scale production and application potentials in diverse wastewater and bioreactors to downstream applications lead upgradation closer, the feasibility of upgrading existing microalgal wastewater treatment into immobilized microalgal systems is thoroughly discussed. Eventually, several research directions are proposed toward the future immobilized microalgal system for microalgal wastewater treatment upgrading. Together, it appears that using immobilization for further upgrading the microalgae-based wastewater treatment can be recognized as an achievable alternative to make microalgal wastewater treatment more realistic. The information and perspectives provided in this review also offer a feasible reference for upgrading conventional microalgae-based wastewater treatment.
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Benner P, Meier L, Pfeffer A, Krüger K, Oropeza Vargas JE, Weuster-Botz D. Lab-scale photobioreactor systems: principles, applications, and scalability. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:791-813. [PMID: 35303143 PMCID: PMC9033726 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phototrophic microorganisms that convert carbon dioxide are being explored for their capacity to solve different environmental issues and produce bioactive compounds for human therapeutics and as food additives. Full-scale phototrophic cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria can be done in open ponds or closed photobioreactor systems, which have a broad range of volumes. This review focuses on laboratory-scale photobioreactors and their different designs. Illuminated microtiter plates and microfluidic devices offer an option for automated high-throughput studies with microalgae. Illuminated shake flasks are used for simple uncontrolled batch studies. The application of illuminated bubble column reactors strongly emphasizes homogenous gas distribution, while illuminated flat plate bioreactors offer high and uniform light input. Illuminated stirred-tank bioreactors facilitate the application of very well-defined reaction conditions. Closed tubular photobioreactors as well as open photobioreactors like small-scale raceway ponds and thin-layer cascades are applied as scale-down models of the respective large-scale bioreactors. A few other less common designs such as illuminated plastic bags or aquarium tanks are also used mainly because of their relatively low cost, but up-scaling of these designs is challenging with additional light-driven issues. Finally, this review covers recommendations on the criteria for photobioreactor selection and operation while up-scaling of phototrophic bioprocesses with microalgae or cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Benner
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lisa Meier
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Annika Pfeffer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Konstantin Krüger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - José Enrique Oropeza Vargas
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Technical University of Munich, TUM-AlgaeTec Center, 85521, Taufkirchen, Germany.
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di Cicco MR, Iovinella M, Palmieri M, Lubritto C, Ciniglia C. Extremophilic Microalgae Galdieria Gen. for Urban Wastewater Treatment: Current State, the Case of “POWER” System, and Future Prospects. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112343. [PMID: 34834705 PMCID: PMC8622319 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, wastewater research has increasingly focused on the use of microalgae as a tool to remove contaminants, entrapping nutrients, and whose biomass could provide both material and energy resources. This review covers the advances in the emerging research on the use in wastewater sector of thermoacidophilic, low-lipid microalgae of the genus Galdieria, which exhibit high content of protein, reserve carbohydrates, and other potentially extractable high-value compounds. The natural tolerance of Galdieria for high toxic environments and hot climates recently made it a key player in a single-step process for municipal wastewater treatment, biomass cultivation and production of energetic compounds using hydrothermal liquefaction. In this system developed in New Mexico, Galdieria proved to be a highly performing organism, able to restore the composition of the effluent to the standards required by the current legislation for the discharge of treated wastewater. Future research efforts should focus on the implementation, in the context of wastewater treatment, of more energetically efficient cultivation systems, potentially capable of generating water with increasingly higher purity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa di Cicco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Manuela Iovinella
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Palmieri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Carmine Lubritto
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
- INFN—Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, ed. 6, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
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Thielemann AK, Smetana S, Pleissner D. Life cycle assessment of hetero- and phototrophic as well as combined cultivations of Galdieria sulphuraria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 335:125227. [PMID: 33992913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cultivation for food purposes could have high environmental impacts. The study performed life cycle assessment (LCA) of hypothetical model combining phototrophic and heterotrophic cultivations, exchanging produced gases (carbon dioxide from heterotrophic and oxygen from autotrophic) as a potential strategy to reduce the environmental impact of microalgae cultivation. The LCA indicated that the production of Galdieria sulphuraria in a combined cultivation system has environmental benefits compared with the separate phototrophic cultivation and an almost twice lower carbon footprint than phototrophic cultivation. The benefits are based on the lower volume of culture broth and consequently reduced energy demand as well as less demanding wastewater treatment of the heterotrophic cultivation. Such combination of cultivation activities could be recommended to the producers dealing with phototrophic cultivation as a sustainable strategy for the environmental impact reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Karolin Thielemann
- Sustainable Chemistry (Resource Efficiency), Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, C13.203, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Institute for Food and Environmental Research e. V., Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany
| | - Sergiy Smetana
- German Institute of Food Technologies - DIL e.V., Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Daniel Pleissner
- Sustainable Chemistry (Resource Efficiency), Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, C13.203, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Institute for Food and Environmental Research e. V., Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany.
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Growth under Different Trophic Regimes and Synchronization of the Red Microalga Galdieria sulphuraria. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070939. [PMID: 34202768 PMCID: PMC8301940 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremophilic unicellular red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiophyceae) is able to grow autotrophically, or mixo- and heterotrophically with 1% glycerol as a carbon source. The alga divides by multiple fission into more than two cells within one cell cycle. The optimal conditions of light, temperature and pH (500 µmol photons m-2 s-1, 40 °C, and pH 3; respectively) for the strain Galdieria sulphuraria (Galdieri) Merola 002 were determined as a basis for synchronization experiments. For synchronization, the specific light/dark cycle, 16/8 h was identified as the precondition for investigating the cell cycle. The alga was successfully synchronized and the cell cycle was evaluated. G. sulphuraria attained two commitment points with midpoints at 10 and 13 h of the cell cycle, leading to two nuclear divisions, followed subsequently by division into four daughter cells. The daughter cells stayed in the mother cell wall until the beginning of the next light phase, when they were released. Accumulation of glycogen throughout the cell cycle was also described. The findings presented here bring a new contribution to our general understanding of the cell cycle in cyanidialean red algae, and specifically of the biotechnologically important species G. sulphuraria.
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