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Jandl B, Dighe S, Gasche C, Makristathis A, Muttenthaler M. Intestinal biofilms: pathophysiological relevance, host defense, and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0013323. [PMID: 38995034 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00133-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe human intestinal tract harbors a profound variety of microorganisms that live in symbiosis with the host and each other. It is a complex and highly dynamic environment whose homeostasis directly relates to human health. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and polymicrobial biofilms have been associated with gastrointestinal diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colorectal cancers. This review covers the molecular composition and organization of intestinal biofilms, mechanistic aspects of biofilm signaling networks for bacterial communication and behavior, and synergistic effects in polymicrobial biofilms. It further describes the clinical relevance and diseases associated with gut biofilms, the role of biofilms in antimicrobial resistance, and the intestinal host defense system and therapeutic strategies counteracting biofilms. Taken together, this review summarizes the latest knowledge and research on intestinal biofilms and their role in gut disorders and provides directions toward the development of biofilm-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Jandl
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Satish Dighe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Loha for Life, Center for Gastroenterology and Iron Deficiency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Athanasios Makristathis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Wang Q, Yang Y, Dong X, Wang H, Ding L, Wang X. Design of a Novel Lysine Isopeptide 1018KI11 with Potent Antimicrobial Activity as a Safe and Stable Food Preservative Candidate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7894-7905. [PMID: 38551085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are potent food additive candidates, but most of them are sensitive to proteases, which limits their application. Therefore, we substituted arginine for lysine and introduced a lysine isopeptide bond to peptide IDR-1018 in order to improve its enzymatic stability. Subsequently, the protease stability and antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity of the novel peptides (1018K2-1018KI11) were investigated. The data revealed that the antienzymatic potential of 1018KI11 to bromelain and papain increased by 2-8 folds and 16 folds, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1018KI11 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC43300 and Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC25922 was reduced 2-fold compared to 1018K11. Mechanism exploration suggested that 1018KI11 was more effective than 1018K11 in disrupting the cell barrier and damaging genomic DNA. Additionally, 1018KI11 at certain concentration conditions (2-64 μg/mL) reduced biofilm development of MRSA ATCC43300 by 4.9-85.9%. These data indicated that novel peptide 1018KI11 is a potential food preservative candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xunxi Dong
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Lijian Ding
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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3
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Fontanot A, Ellinger I, Unger WWJ, Hays JP. A Comprehensive Review of Recent Research into the Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides on Biofilms-January 2020 to September 2023. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:343. [PMID: 38667019 PMCID: PMC11047476 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilm formation creates a persistent and resistant environment in which microorganisms can survive, contributing to antibiotic resistance and chronic inflammatory diseases. Increasingly, biofilms are caused by multi-drug resistant microorganisms, which, coupled with a diminishing supply of effective antibiotics, is driving the search for new antibiotic therapies. In this respect, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, hydrophobic, and amphipathic peptides that show activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria and biofilm formation. They also possess broad-spectrum activity and diverse mechanisms of action. In this comprehensive review, 150 publications (from January 2020 to September 2023) were collected and categorized using the search terms 'polypeptide antibiotic agent', 'antimicrobial peptide', and 'biofilm'. During this period, a wide range of natural and synthetic AMPs were studied, of which LL-37, polymyxin B, GH12, and Nisin were the most frequently cited. Furthermore, although many microbes were studied, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most popular. Publications also considered AMP combinations and the potential role of AMP delivery systems in increasing the efficacy of AMPs, including nanoparticle delivery. Relatively few publications focused on AMP resistance. This comprehensive review informs and guides researchers about the latest developments in AMP research, presenting promising evidence of the role of AMPs as effective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fontanot
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.F.); (W.W.J.U.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Wendy W. J. Unger
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.F.); (W.W.J.U.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P. Hays
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.F.); (W.W.J.U.)
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4
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Zhao J, Qian D, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang J. Improved antioxidative and antibacterial activity of epigallocatechin gallate derivative complexed by zinc cations and chitosan. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10410-10415. [PMID: 38567321 PMCID: PMC10985466 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has attracted increasing attention thanks to its multi-bioactivities, and people are keen on improving the antioxidative and antibacterial performance of EGCG. Based on the favorable biofunctionality of Zn2+ and chitosan (CS), an EGCG derivative with a novel formula, i.e., EGCG-Zn-CS, is presented in this study. The structure of EGCG-Zn-CS was characterized by FT-IR, UV-vis, TGA, XPS, and SEM-EDS. The radical elimination results indicate that 0.1 mg mL-1 of EGCG-Zn-CS demonstrates DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of 94.8% and 92.3%, while 0.1 mg mL-1 of EGCG exhibits only 78.5% and 75.6%, respectively, which means improved antioxidative activity of EGCG-Zn-CS was obtained. Inhibitory experiments against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reveal that the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of EGCG-Zn-CS were 15.625 μg mL-1 and 187.5 μg mL-1, whereas the minimal bactericide concentrations (MBCs) were 46.875 μg mL-1 and 750 μg mL-1, respectively, which indicate that EGCG-Zn-CS exerts much higher antibacterial activity than EGCG. It can be concluded that the complexing of zinc cations and CS could amazingly improve both the antioxidative and antibacterial activity of EGCG, and it is expected that an exploration of EGCG-Zn-CS may inspire the development of simultaneous effective antioxidant and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University 315211 Ningbo Zhejiang Province China
| | - Dou Qian
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University 315211 Ningbo Zhejiang Province China
| | - Luyang Zhang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University 315211 Ningbo Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University 315211 Ningbo Zhejiang Province China
- Ningbo Fondxy New Materials Limited Corporation 315210 Ningbo Zhejiang Province China
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5
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Chen X, Yang J, Qu C, Zhang Q, Sun S, Liu L. Anti- Staphylococcus aureus effects of natural antimicrobial peptides and the underlying mechanisms. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:355-372. [PMID: 38440873 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can cause localized infections such as abscesses and pneumonia, as well as systemic infections such as bacteremia and sepsis. Especially, methicillin-resistant S. aureus often presents multidrug resistance, which becomes a major clinical challenge. One of the most common reasons for methicillin-resistant S. aureus antibiotic resistance is the presence of biofilms. Natural antimicrobial peptides derived from different species have shown effectiveness in combating S. aureus biofilms. In this review, we summarize the inhibitory activity of antimicrobial peptides against S. aureus planktonic cells and biofilms. We also summarize the possible inhibitory mechanisms, involving cell adhesion inhibition, membrane fracture, biofilm disruption and DNA disruption. We believe this can provide the basis for further research against S. aureus biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuli Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine & Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Daxing District Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine. Beijing, 102600, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital. Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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6
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Deusenbery C, Carneiro O, Oberkfell C, Shukla A. Synergy of Antibiotics and Antibiofilm Agents against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1949-1963. [PMID: 37646612 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are some of the most common antibiotic-resistant infections, often exacerbated by the formation of biofilms. Here, we evaluated six compounds, three common antibiotics used against MRSA and three antibiofilm compounds, in nine combinations to investigate the mechanisms of synergistic eradication of MRSA biofilms. Using metabolic assessment, colony enumeration, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, we identified two promising combinations of antibiotics with antibiofilm agents against preformed MRSA biofilms. The broad-spectrum protease, proteinase K, and membrane-targeting antibiotic, daptomycin, worked in synergy against MRSA biofilms by manipulating the protein content, increasing access to the cell membrane of biofilm bacteria. We also found that the combination of cationic peptide, IDR-1018, with the cell wall cross-linking inhibitor, vancomycin, exhibited synergy against MRSA biofilms by causing bacterial damage and preventing repair. Our findings identify synergistic combinations of antibiotics and antibiofilm agents, providing insight into mechanisms that may be explored further for the development of effective treatments against MRSA biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Deusenbery
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Olivia Carneiro
- Therapeutic Sciences Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Carleigh Oberkfell
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Anita Shukla
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Ogunsile A, Songnaka N, Sawatdee S, Lertcanawanichakul M, Krobthong S, Yingchutrakul Y, Uchiyama J, Atipairin A. Anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and antibiofilm activity of new peptides produced by a Brevibacillus strain. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16143. [PMID: 37810790 PMCID: PMC10552749 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is listed as a highly prioritized pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) to search for effective antimicrobial agents. Previously, we isolated a soil Brevibacillus sp. strain SPR19 from a botanical garden, which showed anti-MRSA activity. However, the active substances were still unknown. Methods The cell-free supernatant of this bacterium was subjected to salt precipitation, cation exchange, and reversed-phase chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of pure substances was determined by broth microdilution assay. The peptide sequences and secondary structures were characterized by tandem mass spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD), respectively. The most active anti-MRSA peptide underwent a stability study, and its mechanism was determined through scanning electron microscopy, cell permeability assay, time-killing kinetics, and biofilm inhibition and eradication. Hemolysis was used to evaluate the peptide toxicity. Results The pure substances (BrSPR19-P1 to BrSPR19-P5) were identified as new peptides. Their minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against S. aureus and MRSA isolates ranged from 2.00 to 32.00 and 2.00 to 64.00 µg/mL, respectively. The sequence analysis of anti-MRSA peptides revealed a length ranging from 12 to 16 residues accompanied by an amphipathic structure. The physicochemical properties of peptides were predicted such as pI (4.25 to 10.18), net charge at pH 7.4 (-3 to +4), and hydrophobicity (0.12 to 0.96). The CD spectra revealed that all peptides in the water mainly contained random coil structures. The increased proportion of α-helix structure was observed in P2-P5 when incubated with SDS. P2 (NH2-MFLVVKVLKYVV-COOH) showed the highest antimicrobial activity and high stability under stressed conditions such as temperatures up to 100 °C, solution of pH 3 to 10, and proteolytic enzymes. P2 disrupted the cell membrane and caused bacteriolysis, in which its action was dependent on the incubation time and peptide concentration. Antibiofilm activity of P2 was determined by which the half-maximal inhibition of biofilm formation was observed at 2.92 and 4.84 µg/mL for S. aureus TISTR 517 and MRSA isolate 2468, respectively. Biofilm eradication of tested pathogens was found at the P2 concentration of 128 µg/mL. Furthermore, P2 hemolytic activity was less than 10% at concentrations up to 64 µg/mL, which reflected the hemolysis index thresholds of 32. Conclusion Five novel anti-MRSA peptides were identified from SPR19. P2 was the most active peptide and was demonstrated to cause membrane disruption and cell lysis. The P2 activity was dependent on the peptide concentration and exposure time. This peptide had antibiofilm activity against tested pathogens and was compatible with human erythrocytes, supporting its potential use as an anti-MRSA agent in this post-antibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Ogunsile
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Nuttapon Songnaka
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Drug and Cosmetic Excellence Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sawatdee
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Drug and Cosmetic Excellence Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | | | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry (CENP), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Apichart Atipairin
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Drug and Cosmetic Excellence Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Tuo Y, Tang Y, Yang R, Zhao X, Luo M, Zhou X, Wang Y. Virtual screening and biological activity evaluation of novel efflux pump inhibitors targeting AdeB. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126109. [PMID: 37544561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The AdeABC efflux pump is an important mechanism causing multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, and its main component AdeB can recognize carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and other multi-class antibiotics and efflux them intracellularly, which is an ideal target for the development of anti-multidrug resistant bacteria drugs. Here, we combined multiple computer-aided drug design methods to target AdeB to identify promising novel structural inhibitors. Virtual screening was performed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) and 12 potential compounds were identified from the databases. Meanwhile, their biological activities were validated by in vitro activity assays, and ChemDiv L676-2179 (γ-IFN), ChemDiv L676-1461, and Chembridge 53717615 were confirmed to suppress efflux effects and restore antibiotic susceptibility of resistant bacteria, which are expected to be developed as adjuvant drugs for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tuo
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yuelu Tang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ran Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - XueMin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Minghe Luo
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yuanqiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Target Based Drug Screening and Activity Evaluation, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.
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Ganesan N, Mishra B, Felix L, Mylonakis E. Antimicrobial Peptides and Small Molecules Targeting the Cell Membrane of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0003722. [PMID: 37129495 PMCID: PMC10304793 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00037-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus infections presents a challenge due to the high incidence, considerable virulence, and emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. The treatment of drug-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is further complicated by the development of tolerance and persistence to antimicrobial agents in clinical use. To address these challenges, membrane disruptors, that are not generally considered during drug discovery for agents against S. aureus, should be explored. The cell membrane protects S. aureus from external stresses and antimicrobial agents, but membrane-targeting antimicrobial agents are probably less likely to promote bacterial resistance. Nontypical linear cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), highly modified AMPs such as daptomycin (lipopeptide), bacitracin (cyclic peptide), and gramicidin S (cyclic peptide), are currently in clinical use. Recent studies have demonstrated that AMPs and small molecules can penetrate the cell membrane of S. aureus, inhibit phospholipid biosynthesis, or block the passage of solutes between the periplasm and the exterior of the cell. In addition to their primary mechanism of action (MOA) that targets the bacterial membrane, AMPs and small molecules may also impact bacteria through secondary mechanisms such as targeting the biofilm, and downregulating virulence genes of S. aureus. In this review, we discuss the current state of research into cell membrane-targeting AMPs and small molecules and their potential mechanisms of action against drug-resistant physiological forms of S. aureus, including persister cells and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narchonai Ganesan
- Infectious Diseases Division, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Infectious Diseases Division, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - LewisOscar Felix
- Infectious Diseases Division, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Wang X, Wang J, Liu SY, Guo JS, Fang F, Chen YP, Yan P. Mechanisms of survival mediated by the stringent response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under environmental stress in drinking water systems: Nitrogen deficiency and bacterial competition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130941. [PMID: 36758433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes public health problems in drinking water systems. This study investigated the potential role of the stringent response in regulating the adaptive physiological metabolic behaviors of P. aeruginosa to low nitrogen stress and bacterial competition in drinking water systems. The results indicated that guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) concentrations in P. aeruginosa increased to 135.5 pmol/g SS under short-term nitrogen deficiency. Meanwhile, the expression levels of the ppGpp synthesis genes (ppx, relA) and degradation gene (spoT) were upregulated by 37.0% and downregulated by 26.8%, respectively, indicating that the stringent response was triggered. The triggered stringent response inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa and enhanced the metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa to adapt to nutrient deprivation. The interspecific competition significantly affected the regulation of the stringent response in P. aeruginosa. During short-term nitrogen deficiency, the extracellular polymeric substances concentration of P. aeruginosa decreased significantly, leading to desorption and diffusion of attached bacteria and increased ecological risks. The regulatory effect of stringent response on P. aeruginosa gradually weakened under long-term nitrogen deficiency. However, the expression of pathogenic genes (nalD/PA3310) and flagellar assembly genes (fliC) in P. aeruginosa was upregulated by the stringent response, which increased the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Jianzhu College, Chongqing 400072, China
| | - Shao-Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082, USA
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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Chaudhary S, Ali Z, Tehseen M, Haney EF, Pantoja-Angles A, Alshehri S, Wang T, Clancy GJ, Ayach M, Hauser C, Hong PY, Hamdan SM, Hancock REW, Mahfouz M. Efficient in planta production of amidated antimicrobial peptides that are active against drug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1464. [PMID: 36928189 PMCID: PMC10020429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising next-generation antibiotics that can be used to combat drug-resistant pathogens. However, the high cost involved in AMP synthesis and their short plasma half-life render their clinical translation a challenge. To address these shortcomings, we report efficient production of bioactive amidated AMPs by transient expression of glycine-extended AMPs in Nicotiana benthamiana line expressing the mammalian enzyme peptidylglycine α-amidating mono-oxygenase (PAM). Cationic AMPs accumulate to substantial levels in PAM transgenic plants compare to nontransgenic N. benthamiana. Moreover, AMPs purified from plants exhibit robust killing activity against six highly virulent and antibiotic resistant ESKAPE pathogens, prevent their biofilm formation, analogous to their synthetic counterparts and synergize with antibiotics. We also perform a base case techno-economic analysis of our platform, demonstrating the potential economic advantages and scalability for industrial use. Taken together, our experimental data and techno-economic analysis demonstrate the potential use of plant chassis for large-scale production of clinical-grade AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Chaudhary
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tehseen
- Laboratory of DNA Replication and Recombination, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evan F Haney
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aarón Pantoja-Angles
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Alshehri
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tiannyu Wang
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gerard J Clancy
- Analytical Chemistry Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maya Ayach
- Imaging & Characterization Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Charlotte Hauser
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir M Hamdan
- Laboratory of DNA Replication and Recombination, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Magdy Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Ebrahimi Tarki F, Zarrabi M, Abdiali A, Sharbatdar M. Integration of Machine Learning and Structural Analysis for Predicting Peptide Antibiofilm Effects: Advancements in Drug Discovery for Biofilm-Related Infections. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2023; 22:e138704. [PMID: 38450220 PMCID: PMC10916117 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-138704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Background The rise of antibiotic resistance has become a major concern, signaling the end of the golden age of antibiotics. Bacterial biofilms, which exhibit high resistance to antibiotics, significantly contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new therapeutic agents with specific characteristics to effectively combat biofilm-related infections. Studies have shown the promising potential of peptides as antimicrobial agents. Objectives This study aimed to establish a cost-effective and streamlined computational method for predicting the antibiofilm effects of peptides. This method can assist in addressing the intricate challenge of designing peptides with strong antibiofilm properties, a task that can be both challenging and costly. Methods A positive library, consisting of peptide sequences with antibiofilm activity exceeding 50%, was assembled, along with a negative library containing quorum-sensing peptides. For each peptide sequence, feature vectors were calculated, while considering the primary structure, the order of amino acids, their physicochemical properties, and their distributions. Multiple supervised learning algorithms were used to classify peptides with significant antibiofilm effects for subsequent experimental evaluations. Results The computational approach exhibited high accuracy in predicting the antibiofilm effects of peptides, with accuracy, precision, Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC), and F1 score of 99%, 99%, 0.97, and 0.99, respectively. The performance level of this computational approach was comparable to that of previous methods. This study introduced a novel approach by combining the feature space with high antibiofilm activity. Conclusions In this study, a reliable and cost-effective method was developed for predicting the antibiofilm effects of peptides using a computational approach. This approach allows for the identification of peptide sequences with substantial antibiofilm activities for further experimental investigations. Accessible source codes and raw data of this study can be found online (hiABF), providing easy access and enabling future updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ebrahimi Tarki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Zarrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahya Abdiali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahkame Sharbatdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Wu R, Dong X, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang X. D1018 with higher stability and excellent lipopolysaccharide binding affinity has potent anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1010017. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection and LPS-induced inflammation are still of severe threat to human health. With the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, there is a desperate need to develop new approaches to solve the problem. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) IDR-1018 exhibited potential antimicrobial and immunoregulation activity. However, moderate antimicrobial efficiency and susceptibility to protease cleavage limited its therapeutic application. Therefore, the derived 1018M which has better activity against MRSA and whole sequence D-amino acids substitution peptides (D1018 and D1018M) were synthesized in this study. The resistance of D1018 and D1018M against tested proteases increased (2–4 times), particularly in D1018. The antibacterial activity of D1018 was the same as that of the parent peptide IDR-1018, but the antimicrobial activity of D1018M was slightly increased (2-fold). Though the hemolysis of IDR-1018 and D1018 was about 2%, at the concentration of 8×MIC, the cytotoxicity of IDR-1018, D1018, and 1018M was negligible. The peptides could interact with E. coli cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, penetrate the membrane, cause leakage of contents, and disrupt genomic DNA. Among them, D1018 is the most prominent one. In addition, IDR-1018 and D1018 showed potent binding ability to LPS, thus leading to excellent inhibition capacity to LPS-induced proinflammation response. Taken together, these data demonstrate that D1018 is a promising peptide candidate for the treatment of E. coli infection.
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14
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Haji Hossein Tabrizi A, Habibi M, Foroohi F, Mohammadian T, Asadi Karam MR. Investigation of the effects of antimicrobial and anti-biofilm peptide IDR1018 and chitosan nanoparticles on ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1229-1240. [PMID: 35729017 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptide IDR1018 and chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) showed antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against bacteria. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of peptide IDR1018 and CNs were evaluated on 50 clinical isolates of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) resistant to ciprofloxacin. Ion gelation method was applied for CNs synthesis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were utilized to evaluate the nanoparticles. Antimicrobial and synergistic activity of peptide IDR1018 and CNs with ciprofloxacin were evaluated by microtiter broth dilution method. The checkerboard test was used to investigate the antimicrobial effects of IDR1018 and CNS in combination with ciprofloxacin. Anti-biofilm effect of ciprofloxacin, peptide IDR1018, and CNs was evaluated using crystal violet method. Fourteen (28%), 21 (42%), and 15 (30%) of clinical isolates produced strong, moderate, and weak biofilm, respectively. The CNs were spherical and uniform under electron microscopy with an average diameter of 246 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 16-128, 20-40, and 375-750 (µg/ml) for ciprofloxacin, peptide IDR1018, and CNs, respectively. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) analysis indicated a synergistic effect of ciprofloxacin in combination with peptide IDR1018, but in combination with CNs, this antibiotic showed an additive effect. Our results revealed that peptide IDR1018 and CNs have antimicrobial properties on UPEC isolates. Biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication of clinical isolate were shown by peptide IDR1018 and CNs in a concentration-dependent manner. The antimicrobial agents alone and in combination decreased the number of viable bacteria in the biofilms. Therefore, these components seem to be a treating approach against biofilm-forming UPEC isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehri Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Foroohi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Mohammadian
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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16
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Topalova Y, Belouhova M, Velkova L, Dolashki A, Zheleva N, Daskalova E, Kaynarov D, Voelter W, Dolashka P. Effect and Mechanisms of Antibacterial Peptide Fraction from Mucus of C. aspersum against Escherichia coli NBIMCC 8785. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030672. [PMID: 35327474 PMCID: PMC8945727 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides isolated from the mucus of Cornu aspersum could be prototypes for antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. Information regarding the mechanisms, effective concentration, and methods of application is an important tool for therapeutic, financial, and ecological regulation and a holistic approach to medical treatment. A peptide fraction with MW < 10 kDa was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-TOF using Autoflex™ III. The strain Escherichia coli NBIMCC 8785 (18 h and 48 h culture) was used. The changes in bacterial structure and metabolic activity were investigated by SEM, fluorescent, and digital image analysis. This peptide fraction had high inhibitory effects in surface and deep inoculations of E. coli of 1990.00 and 136.13 mm2/mgPr/µMol, respectively, in the samples. Thus, it would be effective in the treatment of infections involving bacterial biofilms and homogenous cells. Various deformations of the bacteria and inhibition of its metabolism were discovered and illustrated. The data on the mechanisms of impact of the peptides permitted the formulation of an algorithm for the treatment of infections depending on the phase of their development. The decrease in the therapeutic concentrations will be more sparing to the environment and will lead to a decrease in the cost of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Topalova
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.B.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: or (Y.T.); or (P.D.); Tel.: +359-887193423 (P.D.)
| | - Mihaela Belouhova
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Lyudmila Velkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.V.); (A.D.); (D.K.)
| | - Aleksandar Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.V.); (A.D.); (D.K.)
| | - Nellie Zheleva
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 5 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Elmira Daskalova
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Dimitar Kaynarov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.V.); (A.D.); (D.K.)
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Pavlina Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.V.); (A.D.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: or (Y.T.); or (P.D.); Tel.: +359-887193423 (P.D.)
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17
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Guo HN, Tong YC, Wang HL, Zhang J, Li ZX, Abbas Z, Yang TT, Liu MY, Chen PY, Hua ZC, Yan XN, Cheng Q, Ahmat M, Wang JY, Zhang LL, Wei XB, Liao XD, Zhang RJ. Novel Hybrid Peptide Cathelicidin 2 (1-13)-Thymopentin (TP5) and Its Derived Peptides with Effective Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Adhesion Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11681. [PMID: 34769113 PMCID: PMC8583881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing numbers of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens highlight the urgent need for new alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides have the potential to be promising alternatives to antibiotics because of their effective bactericidal activity and highly selective toxicity. The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion activities of different CTP peptides (CTP: the original hybrid peptide cathelicidin 2 (1-13)-thymopentin (TP5); CTP-NH2: C-terminal amidated derivative of cathelicidin 2 (1-13)-TP5; CTPQ: glutamine added at the C-terminus of cathelicidin 2 (1-13)-TP5) by determining the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), propidium iodide uptake, and analysis by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy). The results showed that CTPs had broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with MICs against the tested strains varying from 2 to 64 μg/mL. CTPs at the MBC (2 × MIC 64 μg/mL) showed strong bactericidal effects on a standard methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 43300 after co-incubation for 6 h through disruption of the bacterial membrane. In addition, CTPs at 2 × MIC also displayed effective inhibition activity of several S. aureus strains with a 40-90% decrease in biofilm formation by killing the bacteria embedded in the biofilms. CTPs had low cytotoxicity on the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and could significantly decrease the rate of adhesion of S. aureus ATCC 43300 on IPEC-J2 cells. The current study proved that CTPs have effective antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion activities. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the possible antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms of CTPs, which might be an effective anti-MDR drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Nan Guo
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Yu-Cui Tong
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Zhong-Xuan Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China;
| | - Zaheer Abbas
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Tian-Tian Yang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Meng-Yao Liu
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Pei-Yao Chen
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Zheng-Chang Hua
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Xiao-Na Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Marhaba Ahmat
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Jun-Yong Wang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-B.W.)
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu-Biao Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-B.W.)
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiu-Dong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Ri-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.-N.G.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-L.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.A.); (T.-T.Y.); (M.-Y.L.); (P.-Y.C.); (Z.-C.H.); (Q.C.); (M.A.); (J.-Y.W.)
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