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Florance I, Cordani M, Pashootan P, Moosavi MA, Zarrabi A, Chandrasekaran N. The impact of nanomaterials on autophagy across health and disease conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:184. [PMID: 38630152 PMCID: PMC11024050 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic process integral to cellular homeostasis, is constitutively active under physiological and stress conditions. The role of autophagy as a cellular defense response becomes particularly evident upon exposure to nanomaterials (NMs), especially environmental nanoparticles (NPs) and nanoplastics (nPs). This has positioned autophagy modulation at the forefront of nanotechnology-based therapeutic interventions. While NMs can exploit autophagy to enhance therapeutic outcomes, they can also trigger it as a pro-survival response against NP-induced toxicity. Conversely, a heightened autophagy response may also lead to regulated cell death (RCD), in particular autophagic cell death, upon NP exposure. Thus, the relationship between NMs and autophagy exhibits a dual nature with therapeutic and environmental interventions. Recognizing and decoding these intricate patterns are essential for pioneering next-generation autophagy-regulating NMs. This review delves into the present-day therapeutic potential of autophagy-modulating NMs, shedding light on their status in clinical trials, intervention of autophagy in the therapeutic applications of NMs, discusses the potency of autophagy for application as early indicator of NM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Florance
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Parya Pashootan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O Box 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O Box 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, India
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Natarajan Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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2
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Cordani M, Strippoli R, Trionfetti F, Barzegar Behrooz A, Rumio C, Velasco G, Ghavami S, Marcucci F. Immune checkpoints between epithelial-mesenchymal transition and autophagy: A conflicting triangle. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216661. [PMID: 38309613 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitory immune checkpoint (ICP) molecules are pivotal in inhibiting innate and acquired antitumor immune responses, a mechanism frequently exploited by cancer cells to evade host immunity. These evasion strategies contribute to the complexity of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. For this reason, ICP molecules have become targets for antitumor drugs, particularly monoclonal antibodies, collectively referred to as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), that counteract such cancer-associated immune suppression and restore antitumor immune responses. Over the last decade, however, it has become clear that tumor cell-associated ICPs can also induce tumor cell-intrinsic effects, in particular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy). Both of these processes have profound implications for cancer metastasis and drug responsiveness. This article reviews the positive or negative cross-talk that tumor cell-associated ICPs undergo with autophagy and EMT. We discuss that tumor cell-associated ICPs are upregulated in response to the same stimuli that induce EMT. Moreover, ICPs themselves, when overexpressed, become an EMT-inducing stimulus. As regards the cross-talk with autophagy, ICPs have been shown to either stimulate or inhibit autophagy, while autophagy itself can either up- or downregulate the expression of ICPs. This dynamic equilibrium also extends to the autophagy-apoptosis axis, further emphasizing the complexities of cellular responses. Eventually, we delve into the intricate balance between autophagy and apoptosis, elucidating its role in the broader interplay of cellular dynamics influenced by ICPs. In the final part of this article, we speculate about the driving forces underlying the contradictory outcomes of the reciprocal, inhibitory, or stimulatory effects between ICPs, EMT, and autophagy. A conclusive identification of these driving forces may allow to achieve improved antitumor effects when using combinations of ICIs and compounds acting on EMT and/or autophagy. Prospectively, this may translate into increased and/or broadened therapeutic efficacy compared to what is currently achieved with ICI-based clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L., Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Trionfetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L., Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Cristiano Rumio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Guillermo Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
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3
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Li YX, Shu J, Kou NN, Chen HB, Guo LM, Yuan Y, He SX, Zhao G. FGF1 reduces cartilage injury in osteoarthritis via regulating AMPK/Nrf2 pathway. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:427-438. [PMID: 37659992 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a systemic joint degenerative disease involving a variety of cytokines and growth factors. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) knockdown on OA and its underlying mechanisms in vitro. In addition, we evaluated the effect of FGF1 knockout on the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) and examined the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament model in vivo. FGF1 affects OA cartilage destruction by increasing the protein expression of Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), which is associated with the phosphorylation of AMPK and its substrates. Our study showed that FGF1 knockdown could reverse the oxidative damage associated with osteoarthritis. Nrf2 knockdown eliminated the antioxidant effect of FGF1 knockdown on chondrocytes. Furthermore, AMPK knockdown could stop the impact of FGF1 knockdown on osteoarthritis. These findings suggested that FGF1 knockdown could effectively prevent and reverse osteoarthritis by activating AMPK and Nrf2 in articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xuan Li
- Department of Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Shu
- Department of Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Nan-Nan Kou
- Department of Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Han-Bo Chen
- Department of Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Min Guo
- Department of Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Shao-Xuan He
- Department of Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China.
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4
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Zheng L, Xia J, Ge P, Meng Y, Li W, Li M, Wang M, Song C, Fan Y, Zhou Y. The interrelation of galectins and autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110336. [PMID: 37262957 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital physiological process that maintains intracellular homeostasis by removing damaged organelles and senescent or misfolded molecules. However, excessive autophagy results in cell death and apoptosis, which will lead to a variety of diseases. Galectins are a type of animal lectin that binds to β-galactosides and can bind to the cell surface or extracellular matrix glycans, affecting a variety of immune processes in vivo and being linked to the development of many diseases. In many cases, galectins and autophagy both play important regulatory roles in the cellular life course, yet our understanding of the relationship between them is still incomplete. Galectins and autophagy may share common etiological cofactors for some diseases. Hence, we summarize the relationship between galectins and autophagy, aiming to draw attention to the existence of multiple associations between galectins and autophagy in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, which provide new ideas for etiological diagnosis, drug development, and therapeutic targets for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Jing Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Pengyu Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuhan Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Weili Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Mingming Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuying Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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5
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Chen Y, Xiao L, Xu J, Wang J, Yu Z, Zhao K, Zhang H, Cheng S, Sharma S, Liao A, Liu C. Recent insight into autophagy and immunity at the maternal-fetal interface. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 155:103781. [PMID: 36463798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that supports metabolic adaptation and energy cycling. It is essential for cell homeostasis, differentiation, development, and survival. Recent studies have shown that autophagy could influence immune responses by regulating immune cell functions. Reciprocally, immune cells strongly influence autophagy. Immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface are thought to play essential roles in pregnancy. Here, we review the induction of autophagy at the maternal-fetal interface and its role in decidualization and placental development. Additionally, we emphasize the role of autophagy in the immune microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface, including innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and immune tolerance molecules. It also suggests new research directions and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyao Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Jia Xu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Jingming Wang
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Zhiquan Yu
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Shibin Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030, PR China.
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6
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Huang D, Wang L, Wu Y, Qin X, Du G, Zhou Y. Metabolomics Based on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Dissect the Mechanisms of Chaigui Granules for Treating Depression. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8466-8482. [PMID: 35309492 PMCID: PMC8928523 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chaigui granules were a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation with antidepressant effects derived from a famous antidepressant prescription. It was of great significance to clarify the antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules for the clinical application of this drug. In this study, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model was successfully established, and behavioral indicators were used to evaluate the antidepressant effect. Second, the CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ levels were detected in peripheral blood. Meanwhile, the amount of inflammatory cytokines was determined in serum. Correspondingly, LC/MS-based peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) metabolomics was used to investigate vital metabolic pathways participating in the antidepressive effects of Chaigui granules. Finally, bioinformatics technology was further employed to discover the potential antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules regulating the immune system. The results suggested that the administration of Chaigui granules significantly improved CUMS-induced depressive symptoms. Chaigui granules could improve immune function by regulating T lymphocyte subsets, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-2 and IL-10, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In addition, metabolomics results of PBMCs showed that Chaigui granules improved 14 of the 25 potential biomarkers induced by CUMS. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that purine metabolism was the critical metabolic pathway regulated by Chaigui granules. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that 13 key biomarkers were related to immune-related indicators. The metabolite-gene network of 13 key biomarkers was investigated by using bioinformatics. The investigation showed that 10 targets (5'-nucleotidase ecto; 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IB; 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II; etc.), mainly belong to the purine metabolism, might be potential targets for Chaigui granules to exert their antidepressant effects by improving immune function impairment. Together, our results suggested that Chaigui granules might exert antidepressant effects by improving immune function and regulating the purine metabolic pathway in PBMCs. This work used PBMCs metabolomics as an entry point to study the antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules, which provided a new way to elucidate the mechanism of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Huang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Department
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Hospital
of Shanxi Medical University, Yingze District, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Zhou
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
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Bailly C, Thuru X, Quesnel B. Modulation of the Gal-9/TIM-3 Immune Checkpoint with α-Lactose. Does Anomery of Lactose Matter? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246365. [PMID: 34944985 PMCID: PMC8699133 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The disaccharide lactose is a common excipient in pharmaceutical products. In addition, the two anomers α- and β-lactose can exert immuno-modulatory effects. α-Lactose functions as a major regulator of the T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3)/Galectin-9 (Gal-9) immune checkpoint, through direct binding to the β-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-9. The blockade of TIM-3 with monoclonal antibodies or small molecules represents a promising approach to combat onco-hematological diseases, in particular myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute myeloid leukemia. Alternatively, the activity of the checkpoint can be modulated via targeting of Gal-9 with both α- and β-lactose. In fact, lactose is a quasi-pan-galectin ligand, capable of modulating the functions of most of the 16 galectin molecules. This review discusses the capacity of lactose and Gal-9 to modulate the TIM-3/Gal-9 and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in oncology. The immuno-regulatory roles of lactose and Gal-9 are highlighted. Abstract The disaccharide lactose is an excipient commonly used in pharmaceutical products. The two anomers, α- and β-lactose (α-L/β-L), differ by the orientation of the C-1 hydroxyl group on the glucose unit. In aqueous solution, a mutarotation process leads to an equilibrium of about 40% α-L and 60% β-L at room temperature. Beyond a pharmaceutical excipient in solid products, α-L has immuno-modulatory effects and functions as a major regulator of TIM-3/Gal-9 immune checkpoint, through direct binding to the β-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-9. The blockade of the co-inhibitory checkpoint TIM-3 expressed on T cells with anti-TIM-3 antibodies represents a promising approach to combat different onco-hematological diseases, in particular myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. In parallel, the discovery and development of anti-TIM-3 small molecule ligands is emerging, including peptides, RNA aptamers and a few specifically designed heterocyclic molecules. An alternative option consists of targeting the different ligands of TIM-3, notably Gal-9 recognized by α-lactose. Modulation of the TIM-3/Gal-9 checkpoint can be achieved with both α- and β-lactose. Moreover, lactose is a quasi-pan-galectin ligand, capable of modulating the functions of most of the 16 galectin molecules. The present review provides a complete analysis of the pharmaceutical and galectin-related biological functions of (α/β)-lactose. A focus is made on the capacity of lactose and Gal-9 to modulate both the TIM-3/Gal-9 and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in oncology. Modulation of the TIM-3/Gal-9 checkpoint is a promising approach for the treatment of cancers and the role of lactose in this context is discussed. The review highlights the immuno-regulatory functions of lactose, and the benefit of the molecule well beyond its use as a pharmaceutical excipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, 59290 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Xavier Thuru
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020—UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020—UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
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Blois SM, Prince PD, Borowski S, Galleano M, Barrientos G. Placental Glycoredox Dysregulation Associated with Disease Progression in an Animal Model of Superimposed Preeclampsia. Cells 2021; 10:800. [PMID: 33916770 PMCID: PMC8066545 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancies carried by women with chronic hypertension are at increased risk of superimposed preeclampsia, but the placental pathways involved in disease progression remain poorly understood. In this study, we used the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) model to investigate the placental mechanisms promoting superimposed preeclampsia, with focus on cellular stress and its influence on galectin-glycan circuits. Our analysis revealed that SHRSP placentas are characterized by a sustained activation of the cellular stress response, displaying significantly increased levels of markers of lipid peroxidation (i.e., thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) and protein nitration and defective antioxidant enzyme expression as early as gestation day 14 (which marks disease onset). Further, lectin profiling showed that such redox imbalance was associated with marked alterations of the placental glycocode, including a prominent decrease of core 1 O-glycan expression in trophoblasts and increased decidual levels of sialylation in SHRSP placentas. We also observed significant changes in the expression of galectins 1, 3 and 9 with pregnancy progression, highlighting the important role of the galectin signature as dynamic interpreters of placental microenvironmental challenges. Collectively, our findings uncover a new role for the glycoredox balance in the pathogenesis of superimposed preeclampsia representing a promising target for interventions in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Blois
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Paula D. Prince
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (P.D.P.); (M.G.)
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Sophia Borowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, and the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (P.D.P.); (M.G.)
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Hospital Alemán—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1118AAT, Argentina
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Tian J, Kou X, Wang R, Jing H, Chen C, Tang J, Mao X, Zhao B, Wei X, Shi S. Autophagy controls mesenchymal stem cell therapy in psychological stress colitis mice. Autophagy 2020; 17:2586-2603. [PMID: 32910719 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1821547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (MSCT) has been applied to treat a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Psychosocial stress can aggravate disease progression in chronic inflammatory patients. Whether psychological stress affects MSCT is largely unknown. In this study we show that psychological stress attenuates therapeutic effects of MSCT in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model by elevating the levels of exosomal Mir7k/mmu-let-7 k (microRNA 7 k) in circulation. Mechanistically, Mir7k inhibits STAT3 pathway in donor MSCs, leading to upregulated expression of BECN1 (beclin 1, autophagy related) and, thus, activation of macroautophagy/autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by blocking Mir7k or activating STAT3 signaling can restore MSCT-mediated therapy in psychologically stressed colitis mice. Our study identifies a previously unknown role of autophagy in regulating MSCT therapy via exosomal miRNA Mir7k.Abbreviations: BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; DAI: disease activity index; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HAI: histological activity index; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IL10: interleukin 10; IL1RN/IL-1Rra: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; KD: knockdown; miRNA: microRNA; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; MSCT: mesenchymal stem cell transplantation; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; SD: standard deviation; siRNA: small-interfering RNA; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TGFB1/TGF-β1: transforming growth factor, beta 1; Th17 cell: T helper cell 17; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; TNFAIP6/TSG6: tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 6; Tregs: regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Runci Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chider Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianxia Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xueli Mao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Bingjiao Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xi Wei
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Songtao Shi
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Yao B, Wan X, Zheng X, Zhong T, Hu J, Zhou Y, Qin A, Ma Y, Yin D. Critical roles of microRNA-141-3p and CHD8 in hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:20. [PMID: 32123560 PMCID: PMC7035710 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of death in humans. The high mortality of cardiac diseases is associated with myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Recent studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in cell apoptosis. However, it is not known yet whether miR-141-3p contributes to the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. It has been well established that in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model can follow in vivo myocardial I/R injury. This study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-141-3p and CHD8 on cardiomyocyte apoptosis following H/R. Results We found that H/R remarkably reduces the expression of miR-141-3p but enhances CHD8 expression both in mRNA and protein in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. We also found either overexpression of miR-141-3p by transfection of miR-141-3p mimics or inhibition of CHD8 by transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by H/R. Moreover, miR-141-3p interacts with CHD8. Furthermore, miR-141-3p and CHD8 reduce the expression of p21. Conclusion MiR-141-3p and CHD8 play critical roles in cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by H/R. These studies suggest that miR-141-3p and CHD8 mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis may offer a novel therapeutic strategy against myocardial I/R injury-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bifeng Yao
- 1Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Xiaoya Wan
- 1Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Xinbin Zheng
- 1Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Ting Zhong
- 1Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Jia Hu
- 1Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Yu Zhou
- 2Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Anna Qin
- 1Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Yeshuo Ma
- 1Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Deling Yin
- 1Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China.,3Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37604 USA
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11
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Zhang S, Hu L, Jiang J, Li H, Wu Q, Ooi K, Wang J, Feng Y, Zhu D, Xia C. HMGB1/RAGE axis mediates stress-induced RVLM neuroinflammation in mice via impairing mitophagy flux in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:15. [PMID: 31924219 PMCID: PMC6953162 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial mediated neuroinflammation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) plays roles in the etiology of stress-induced hypertension (SIH). It was reported that autophagy influenced inflammation via immunophenotypic switching of microglia. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) acts as a regulator of autophagy and initiates the production of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods The stressed mice were subjected to intermittent electric foot shocks plus noises administered for 2 h twice daily for 15 consecutive days. In mice, blood pressure (BP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were monitored by noninvasive tail-cuff method and platinum-iridium electrodes placed respectively. Microinjection of siRNA-HMGB1 (siHMGB1) into the RVLM of mice to study the effect of HMGB1 on microglia M1 activation was done. mRFP-GFP-tandem fluorescent LC3 (tf-LC3) vectors were transfected into the RVLM to evaluate the process of autolysosome formation/autophagy flux. The expression of RAB7, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), and lysosomal pH change were used to evaluate lysosomal function in microglia. Mitophagy was identified by transmission electron microscopic observation or by checking LC3 and MitoTracker colocalization under a confocal microscope. Results We showed chronic stress increased cytoplasmic translocations of HMGB1 and upregulation of its receptor RAGE expression in microglia. The mitochondria injury, oxidative stress, and M1 polarization were attenuated in the RVLM of stressed Cre-CX3CR1/RAGEfl/fl mice. The HMGB1/RAGE axis increased at the early stage of stress-induced mitophagy flux while impairing the late stages of mitophagy flux in microglia, as revealed by decreased GFP fluorescence quenching of GFP-RFP-LC3-II puncta and decreased colocalization of lysosomes with mitochondria. The expressions of RAB7 and LAMP1 were decreased in the stressed microglia, while knockout of RAGE reversed these effects and caused an increase in acidity of lysosomes. siHMGB1 in the RVLM resulted in BP lowering and RSNA decreasing in SIH mice. When the autophagy inducer, rapamycin, is used to facilitate the mitophagy flux, this treatment results in attenuated NF-κB activation and reduced PIC release in exogenous disulfide HMGB1 (ds-HMGB1)-stimulated microglia. Conclusions Collectively, we demonstrated that inhibition of the HMGB1/RAGE axis activation led to increased stress-induced mitophagy flux, hence reducing the activity of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and consequently reduced the sympathetic vasoconstriction drive in the RVLM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1673-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Medicine (Eight-year Program), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hu
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialun Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongji Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kokwin Ooi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jijiang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Danian Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Jiang N, Zhang T, Chen R, Feng Y, Sang X, Yang N, Chen Q. Tim-3 signaling blockade with α-lactose induces compensatory TIGIT expression in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:534. [PMID: 31711531 PMCID: PMC6849286 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria, one of the largest health burdens worldwide, is caused by Plasmodium spp. infection. Upon infection, the host's immune system begins to clear the parasites. However, Plasmodium species have evolved to escape the host's immune clearance. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), a surface molecule on most immune cells, is often referred to as an exhaustion marker. Galectin (Gal)-9 is a Tim-3 ligand and the T helper (Th) 1 cell response is inhibited when Gal-9 binds to Tim-3. In the present study, dynamic expression of Tim-3 on key populations of lymphocytes during infection periods of Plasmodium berghei and its significance in disease resistance and pathogenesis were explored. METHODS Tim-3 expression on critical lymphocyte populations and the proportion of these cells, as well as the levels of cytokines in the sera of infected mice, were detected by flow cytometry. Further, in vitro anti-Tim-3 assay using an anti-Tim-3 antibody and in vivo Tim-3-Gal-9 signaling blockade assays using α-lactose (an antagonist of Gal-9) were conducted. An Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit with propidium iodide was used to detect apoptosis. In addition, proteins associated with apoptosis in lung and spleen tissues were confirmed by Western blotting assays. RESULTS Increased Tim-3 expression on splenic CD8+ and splenic CD4+, and circulatory CD4+ T cells was associated with a reduction in the proportion of these cells. Furthermore, the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-22, and interferon (IFN)-γ, but not that of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-9, increased to their highest levels at day 4 post-infection and decreased thereafter. Blocking Tim-3 signaling in vitro inhibited lymphocyte apoptosis. Tim-3-Gal-9 signaling blockade in vivo did not protect the mice, but induced the expression of the immunosuppressive molecule, T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Tim-3 on lymphocytes negatively regulates cell-mediated immunity against Plasmodium infection, and blocking Tim-3-galectin 9 signaling using α-lactose did not significantly protect the mice; however, it induced the compensatory expression of TIGIT. Further investigations are required to identify whether combined blockade of Tim-3 and TIGIT signaling could achieve a better protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China. .,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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