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Hussein ZA. Assessment of heavy radionuclides in blood samples for workers of a cement factory by X-ray fluorescence. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2023.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Xu P, Lai S, Wu L, Chen W, Chen Y, Xu D, Xiang J, Cheng P, Chen Z, Wang X, Lou X, Tang J. Insights into the health status of the general population living near an electroplating industry zone: metal elevations and renal impairment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:31905-31915. [PMID: 36459323 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 in Zhejiang Province, China, to evaluate the body burdens of metals and metalloids associated with renal dysfunction in populations living near electroplating industries. We recruited 236 subjects and performed physical examinations, determined the blood and urinary levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and selenium (Se) by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), and measured three renal impairment biomarkers, namely nacetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), retinol-binding protein (RBP), and β2-microglobulin (BMG). The proportion of abnormal nasal symptoms in the exposure group (10.1%) was much higher than in the control group (0; p < 0.05). The blood and urinary levels of As, Cd, and Se in the exposure group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The blood levels of Mn and Pb, as well as the urinary levels of Cr and Ni, were significantly higher in the exposure group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The exposure group demonstrated higher levels of NAG, RBP, and BMG than the control group (0.51 vs. 0.14 mg/g creatinine, 12.79 vs. 9.26 IU/g creatinine, and 1.39 vs. 0.78 mg/g creatinine, respectively; p < 0.05). Urinary BMG was positively correlated with urinary Cd levels (r = 0.223, p < 0.05), while urinary RBP was correlated with blood Cd levels (r = 0.151, p < 0.05) and urinary Cd, Cr, Ni, and Se levels (r = 0.220, 0.303, 0.162, and 0.306, respectively; p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study indicated that a population living in the vicinity of electroplating industries had high body burdens of certain metals and metalloids associated with non-negligible renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Shiming Lai
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 154 Xi'an Road, Xin'an District, Quzhou, 324003, China
| | - Lizhi Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiaoming Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
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Petit JCJ, Maggi P, Pirard C, Charlier C, Ruttens A, Liénard A, Colinet G, Remy S. Human biomonitoring survey (Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn, Mo) for urban gardeners exposed to metal contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120028. [PMID: 36030963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eighty eight adult gardeners and their relatives volunteered to provide urine and blood samples for a human biomonitoring survey among users of one of the biggest allotment garden from Wallonia, showing high trace metal(oid) concentrations in soils. The purpose was to determine if environmental levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) led to concentrations of potential health concern in the study population. Blood and urine biomarkers were compared to reference and intervention cut-off values selected from the literature. The study population exhibited (i) moderately high blood lead levels with median value of 23.1 μg/L, (ii) high urinary concentrations of speciated As (inorganic arsenic and its metabolites) with a median value of 7.17 μg/g.cr., i.e. twice the median values usually observed in general populations, and (iii) very high Cd levels in urine with a median value of 1.23 μg/L, in the range of 95th-97.5th percentiles measured in general adult populations. Biomarker levels in the study population were also mostly above those measured in adults from local populations living on contaminated soils, as reported in the current literature. All biomarkers of Pb, Cd and As showed weak to strong statistically significant correlations, pointing towards a joint environmental source to these three contaminants as being at least partially responsible for the high exposure levels observed. Urine and blood biomarkers show statistically significant associations with variables related to individual characteristics (age, smoking status, …) and Pb domestic sources (Pb pipes, cosmetics, …) but involves also behavioral and consuming habits related to gardening activities on the contaminated allotment garden. At such levels, owing to co-exposure and additive effects of Cd, As and Pb regarding renal toxicity known from literature, the study strongly suggests that this population of gardeners is at risk with respect to chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme C J Petit
- Scientific Institute of Public Service, Environmental-Health Unit, Rue du Chéra 200, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Maggi
- FPS Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Ecotoxicology Unit from Service Plant Protection and Fertilising Products, 5/2 Avenue Galilée, B-1210, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Ann Ruttens
- Sciensano, Elements-Trace Unit, Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Amandine Liénard
- Soil-Water-Plant Exchanges, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Deportes, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Gilles Colinet
- Soil-Water-Plant Exchanges, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Deportes, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Remy
- Scientific Institute of Public Service, Environmental-Health Unit, Rue du Chéra 200, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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Shaabani Z, Esmaili-Sari A, Moradi AM, Taghavi L, Farsad F. Possible health risk assessment for heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, and fish species and Turkmen pregnant women's biomonitoring in Miankaleh Peninsula, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:37187-37203. [PMID: 35032266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the human biomonitoring of heavy metals in the water, sediments, and tissues of mostly consumed fish species using Turkmen pregnant women's biomarkers in winter 2019, at the Miankaleh Peninsula, north of Iran. Metal concentrations were measured in various fish organs as well as pregnant women's blood, hair, and nail as biological indicators. For this purpose, a total of 20 water and sediment, 14 fish, and 16 human samples were collected. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to evaluate the concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, As, Hg, and Pb. Results showed metals with the highest concentrations as Cu and Cr in water (93.35 and 80.91 µg/l, respectively), Hg and Pb in sediment (7.40 µg/g for both), Cu and Pb in the liver (27.00 and 18.9 µg/g for C. carpio; 1414 and 31.7 µg/g for L. auratus), muscle (10.00 and 18.80 for C. carpio; 37.20 and 8.27 µg/g for L. auratus), and skin (26.40 and 9.90 for C. carpio; 10.80 and 11.74 µg/g for L. auratus). In addition, Cu, in pregnant women samples, had the highest values at 2.53 mg/l, 8.87, 36.46, and 29.04 µg/g for blood, hair, fingernail, and toenail, respectively. However, Co showed the lowest concentration in all studied samples. Fish liver and fingernail of pregnant women did reveal the highest heavy metal accumulation, whereas fish muscle and blood of pregnant women had the lowest accumulated heavy metals. The concentration of Hg in water, sediment, fish muscle, and women's blood and hair exceeded the limits suggested by various organizations. Therefore, this study highlighted that heavy metal concentration, in particular Hg, in water, sediments, and fish is a serious risk to the health of local inhabitants who rely on fisheries products and recommended that necessary information should be provided to warn Turkmen pregnant women in consumption of Hg-contaminated fish in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shaabani
- Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Esmaili-Sari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Mashinchian Moradi
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lobat Taghavi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Farsad
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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González-Alzaga B, Hernández AF, Kim Pack L, Iavicoli I, Tolonen H, Santonen T, Vinceti M, Filippini T, Moshammer H, Probst-Hensch N, Kolossa-Gehring M, Lacasaña M. The questionnaire design process in the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107071. [PMID: 34979351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Designing questionnaires is a key point of epidemiological studies assessing human exposure to chemicals. The lack of validated questionnaires can lead to the use of previously developed and sub-optimally adapted questionnaires, which may result in information biases that affect the study's validity. On this ground, a multidisciplinary group of researchers developed a series of tools to support data collection within the HBM4EU initiative. The objective of this paper is to share the process of developing HBM4EU questionnaires, as well as to provide researchers with harmonized procedures that could help them to design future questionnaires to assess environmental exposures. METHODS In the frame of the work package on survey design and fieldwork of the HBM4EU, researchers carried out procedures necessary for the development of quality questionnaires and related data collection tools. These procedures consisted of a systematic search to identify questionnaires used in previous human biomonitoring (HBM) studies, as well as the development of a checklist and evaluation sheet to assess the questionnaires identified. The results of these evaluations were taken into consideration for the development of the final questionnaires. RESULTS The main points covered by each of the sections included in HBM4EU questionnaires are described and discussed in detail. Additional tools developed for data collection in the HBM4EU (e.g. non-responder questionnaire, satisfaction questionnaire, matrix-specific questionnaire) are also addressed. Special attention is paid to the limitations faced and hurdles overcome during the process of questionnaire development. CONCLUSIONS Designing questionnaires for use in HBM studies requires substantial effort by a multidisciplinary team to guarantee that the quality of the information collected meets the study's objectives. The process of questionnaire development described herein will contribute to improve the harmonization of HBM studies within the social and environmental context of the EU countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz González-Alzaga
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada (UGR) School of Medicine, Spain
| | - L Kim Pack
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health (DPH), University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Hanna Tolonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hanns Moshammer
- Department of Environmental Health, Centre for Public Health, Medical University Vienna (MUW), Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Andalusian Health and Environment Observatory (OSMAN), Granada, Spain.
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Bayebila Menanzambi T, Dufour P, Pirard C, Nsangu J, Mufusama JP, Mbinze Kindenge J, Marini Djang'eing'a R, Charlier C. Bio-surveillance of environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): a small pilot study. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:197. [PMID: 34782023 PMCID: PMC8591802 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental pollutants are known to be ubiquitous and may present toxic effects (endocrine-disruption properties, carcinogenicity …) and represent a real threat to human health. The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the content of environmental pollutants (inorganic, persistent, and non-persistent pollutants) in biological samples (urine, serum, and whole blood), collected from volunteers in Kinshasa, capital of Democratic Republic of Congo, in order to identify pollutants of interest and to design a protocol for a larger scale study. METHODS From randomly selected 15 volunteers living in Kinshasa, aged from 25 to 66 years, (mean age = 43.4 years), including 10 men and 5 women, urine, whole blood, and serum samples were used in this study to estimate the contents in these environmental pollutants, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS When compared to data nationally and internationally available, the preliminary outcomes of this study indicated a very high level of exposure to environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, especially for heavy metals, parabens and triclosan. To a lesser extent, contamination measured for glyphosate, phthalates, organochlorine pesticides, pyrethroids and dialkylphosphate pesticides was also significant. In contrast, the investigated population of Kinshasa was found to be weakly exposed to other persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, phenolic organohalogens, and perfluoroalkyl substances. CONCLUSION Although the biologic fluids were collected from a limited number of volunteers (n = 15), the results of the present report clearly indicate that the population of Kinshasa is not spared by the investigated environmental pollutants. Moreover, this study gives us important information to design a larger scale study protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean Nsangu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Pierre Mufusama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jérémie Mbinze Kindenge
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roland Marini Djang'eing'a
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Takyi SA, Basu N, Arko-Mensah J, Dwomoh D, Houessionon KG, Fobil JN. Biomonitoring of metals in blood and urine of electronic waste (E-waste) recyclers at Agbogbloshie, Ghana. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130677. [PMID: 33964762 PMCID: PMC8287752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that e-waste recyclers may be exposed to potentially high levels of metals though associations between such exposures and specific work activities is not well established. In addition, studies have focused on metals traditionally biomonitored and there is no data on the exposure of recyclers to elements increasingly being used in new technologies. In the current study, levels of metals were measured in blood and urine of e-waste recyclers at Agbogbloshie (Ghana) and a control group. Blood and urine samples (from 100 e-waste recyclers and 51 controls) were analyzed for 17 elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Ce, Cr, Eu, La, Mn, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Tb, Tl, Y) using the ICP-MS. Most e-waste recyclers reported performing at least 4 different tasks in decreasing order as e-waste dismantling (54%), trading/selling of e-waste (45%), burning wires only (40%), and collecting wires after burning (34%). Mean levels of blood Pb, Sr, Tl, and urinary Pb, Eu, La, Tb, and Tl were significantly higher in recyclers versus controls. In general, the collectors and sorters tended to have higher elemental levels than other work groups. Blood Pb levels (mean 92.4 μg/L) exceeded the U.S. CDC reference level in 84% of the e-waste recyclers. Likewise, blood Cd, Mn, and urinary As levels in recyclers and controls were higher than in reference populations elsewhere. E-waste recyclers are exposed to metals traditionally studied (e.g., Pb, Cd, As) and several other technology-critical and rare earth elements which previously have not been characterized through human biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia A Takyi
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana.
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Duah Dwomoh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Karel G Houessionon
- Regional Institute of Public Health, Comlan Alfred Quenum, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana
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Li Y, Zhang J. Exposure to lead and cadmium of the Belgian consumers from ceramic food contact articles. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:548-556. [PMID: 33777701 PMCID: PMC7985700 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at estimating the intake of lead and cadmium by the Belgian consumers due to the use of ceramic ware. We adopted refined exposure scenarios with respect to migrant concentration, ceramic ware usage, and metal release characteristics. A deterministic estimation was initially performed, followed by probabilistic estimation, if the deterministic estimate exceeds toxicological reference values. Based on the reference doses established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the risk of lead and cadmium exposure was characterized by the margin of exposure (MOE) and the tolerable weekly intake (TWI), respectively. The probabilistic median and 95th percentile intake of lead were 0.02 and 5.77 μg/kg b.w. per day for adults, and 0.07 and 17.3 μg/kg b.w. per day for children. The MOEs for neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and cardiovascular effects were 7.1, 27 and 64 for average consumers, and 0.02, 0.1 and 0.3 for high consumers. The deterministic mean and 95th percentile intake of cadmium were 0.026 (7% TWI) and 0.03 (8% TWI) μg/kg b.w. per day for adults, and 0.08 (22 % TWI) and 0.09 (25 % TWI) μg/kg b.w. per day for children. Considering the exposure of the Belgian population from foodstuffs resulted in the exceedance of the TWI by as much as 20-fold. The risk of exposure to lead and cadmium of the Belgian consumers suggests measures, such as lowering the migration limits for ceramic ware, should be taken to minimize the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre De Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Luzardo OP, Boada LD, Carranza C, Pérez Arellano JL, González-Antuña A, Almeida-González M, Barry-Rodríguez C, Zumbado M, Camacho M. Study of the influencing factors of the blood levels of toxic elements in Africans from 16 countries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:817-828. [PMID: 28734263 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Africa's economy is growing faster than any other continent and it has been estimated that the middle class in Africa now exceeds 350 million people. This has meant a parallel increase in the importation of consumer goods and in the implementation of communication and information technologies (ICT), but also in the generation of large quantities of e-waste. However, inadequate infrastructure development remains a major constraint to the continent's economic growth and these highly toxic residues are not always adequately managed. Few studies have been conducted to date assessing the possible association between socioeconomic development factors, including e-waste generation, and blood levels of inorganic elements in African population. To disclose the role of geographical, anthropogenic, and socioeconomic development determinants on the blood levels of Ag, Al, As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, and V -all of them frequently found in e-waste-, an immigrant population-based study was made including a total of 245 subjects from 16 countries recently arrived to the Canary Islands (Spain). Women presented higher levels of blood elements than men, and Northern Africans (Moroccans) were the most contaminated. People from low-income countries exhibited significantly lower blood levels of inorganic elements than those from middle-income countries. We found a significant association between the use of motor vehicles and the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the level of contamination. Immigrants from the countries with a high volume of imports of second-hand electronic equipment, telephone and internet use had higher levels of inorganic elements. In general terms, the higher level of economic development the higher the blood levels of inorganic pollutants, suggesting that the economic development of Africa, in parallel to e-waste generation and the existence of informal recycling sites, have directly affected the level of contamination of the population of the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Cristina Carranza
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Medical Sciences and Surgery Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Arellano
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Medical Sciences and Surgery Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana González-Antuña
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Maira Almeida-González
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Carlos Barry-Rodríguez
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
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