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Noman ZA, Anika TT, Safa UH, Alam S, Dey SS, Bhuiyan MNH, Siddique MP, sikder MMH. Antibiotic resistance risk assessment in Mymensingh, Bangladesh: Current scenario from human-animal-environmental interfaces viewpoint. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35878. [PMID: 39170164 PMCID: PMC11337057 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The imprudent use of antibiotics increases the environmental microflora's resistance to various drugs, particularly antibiotics. Prescription data is crucial for understanding antibiotic usage frequency and dosage. This health-focused study aims to analyze antibiotic prescription patterns in human and veterinary practices to identify emerging trends in environmental antibiotic resistance. For this survey, A total of 6550 prescriptions were randomly collected from hospitals and pharmacies in Mymensingh sadar upazila, Bangladesh, between August and October 2022. Of these, 5123 (78 %) were for human cases and 1427 (22 %) for veterinary purposes. Photos of the prescriptions were taken and analyzed to understand prescribing habits. Additionally, 30 water samples from rivers, ponds, sewage, and households in Mymensingh City Corporation were collected to assess environmental antibiotic levels and resistance patterns of microorganisms. The analysis showed that Cephalosporins were the most prescribed antibiotics, found in 570 (56.27 %) of human prescriptions and 230 (42.99 %) of veterinary prescriptions. Aminoglycosides had the lowest frequency, with 13 (1.2 %) for humans and 46 (8.6 %) for animals. Macrolides (12.24 %), carboxylic acids (1.87 %), and rifamycins (1.28 %) were only found in human prescriptions, while sulfa drugs (10.84 %), tetracyclines (5.42 %), and combinations of antibiotics (14.77 %) were only in animal prescriptions. Quinolones were prescribed 4.06 times more for humans, while aminoglycosides were used 3.54 times more for animals. Environmental samples showed E. coli had the highest resistance (MAR Value: 0.625) against eight antibiotics. This study illuminates the human-animal prescription patterns that are influenced by environmental factors which drive antibiotic stewardship in Bangladesh. It is imperative for practitioners to exercise caution and adhere to guidelines when prescribing antibiotics, both in human and veterinary practices, given the alarming trend of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, measures must be taken to restrict the influx of antibiotics residue into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al Noman
- Fruits and Food Processing and Preservation Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnia Tabassum Anika
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ummay Humaira Safa
- Department of Media Studies and Journalism, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh, Dhak, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Safaet Alam
- Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Subarna Sandhani Dey
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nurul Huda Bhuiyan
- Fruits and Food Processing and Preservation Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Pratik Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hasan sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Bangladesh
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Saeed H, Padmesh S, Singh A, Nandy A, Singh SP, Deshwal RK. Impact of veterinary pharmaceuticals on environment and their mitigation through microbial bioremediation. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396116. [PMID: 39040911 PMCID: PMC11262132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Veterinary medications are constantly being used for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in livestock. However, untreated veterinary drug active compounds are interminably discharged into numerous water bodies and terrestrial ecosystems, during production procedures, improper disposal of empty containers, unused medication or animal feed, and treatment procedures. This exhaustive review describes the different pathways through which veterinary medications enter the environment, discussing the role of agricultural practices and improper disposal methods. The detrimental effects of veterinary drug compounds on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are elaborated with examples of specific veterinary drugs and their known impacts. This review also aims to detail the mechanisms by which microbes degrade veterinary drug compounds as well as highlighting successful case studies and recent advancements in microbe-based bioremediation. It also elaborates on microbial electrochemical technologies as an eco-friendly solution for removing pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater. Lastly, we have summarized potential innovations and challenges in implementing bioremediation on a large scale under the section prospects and advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Saeed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sudhakar Padmesh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek Nandy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sujit Pratap Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi K. Deshwal
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
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Prakashan D, Kolhe P, Gandhi S. Design and fabrication of a competitive lateral flow assay using gold nanoparticle as capture probe for the rapid and on-site detection of penicillin antibiotic in food samples. Food Chem 2024; 439:138120. [PMID: 38064831 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are among the utmost cost-efficient, paper-based point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices. Herein, we have reported the fabrication of a competitive LFA for on-site detection of penicillin. Various parameters such as Ab concentration for conjugation, Pen-BSA conjugate concentration, pore size of membrane, and blocking buffer were standardised for the fabrication of LFA. Different concentrations of penicillin (1 pM-1 mM) were added to the sample pad to observe the color intensity. The visual detection limit (LOD) achieved from the LFA was 10 nM for Penicillin that correlated with the LOD calculated from the 'ColorGrab' colorimeter application. Additionally, LFA showed insignificant cross reactivity with other β-lactam antibiotics and were also validated with spiked food samples such as milk, meat and egg. Hence, the fabricated LFA can be successfully utilised for the POC detection of penicillin in food samples on large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya Prakashan
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India; DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Pratik Kolhe
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India; DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
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Dhayal VS, Rehman BU, Krishnan A, Singh VP. Accessing the behavior and awareness of veterinary professionals towards antimicrobials use and antimicrobial resistance in Indian district. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1342089. [PMID: 38528873 PMCID: PMC10962261 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1342089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant public health threat, and understanding the awareness and practices of healthcare professionals is crucial for its mitigation. Since the animal sector plays a key role in India's economy, we decided to explore the understanding of Antimicrobial Use (AMU) and AMR among veterinary professionals. Methods The study aimed to evaluate the awareness and behavior of veterinarians and para-veterinarians working in the Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan, India, concerning AMU and AMR. Questionnaire surveys were administered to them with closed-ended questions. The data was collected and subjected to statistical analysis to derive meaningful insights. The key findings highlight notable differences in certain behavioral aspects of antibiotic prescription among the two groups. Results and Discussion It appears that 53.8% of veterinarians as compared to 25.8% para-veterinarians do not surely inform farmers about the importance of adhering to antibiotic withdrawal periods, thereby failing to raise awareness about proper antibiotic use. Moreover, para-veterinarians (46.6%) tend to engage less in evidence-based antibiotic prescription than veterinarians (81%). Furthermore, both groups exhibit a lower frequency of advice on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (ABST), essential for informed prescribing decisions. Most significantly, both groups show a tendency to prefer critically important antibiotics for prescription, raising concerns about the escalating threat of AMR. This study thus emphasizes the areas that need targeted interventions to enhance responsible antimicrobial usage and curb the growth of AMR in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra S. Dhayal
- Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala (JJT) University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bilal Ur Rehman
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ayana Krishnan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vijay Pal Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Liu X, Li S, Feng Y, Chen X, Ma Y, Xiao H, Zhao Y, Liu S, Zheng G, Yang X, Wu F, Xie J. Traditional knowledge of animal-derived medicines used by Gelao community in Northern Guizhou, China. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2024; 20:31. [PMID: 38429640 PMCID: PMC10908119 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-024-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to document and preserve the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Gelao community in Northern Guizhou, China, providing valuable insights for modern pharmacological research and the development of these traditional remedies. METHODS Our methodology encompassed a blend of literature review, community interviews, and participatory observation to delve into the traditional knowledge of animal-derived medicines among the Gelao community. We employed quantitative ethnological and ecological assessment techniques to evaluate the significance of these practices. Informed consent was secured before conducting interviews, with a focus on ascertaining the types of medicines familiar to the informants, including their local names, sources, methods of preparation, application techniques, diseases treated, frequency of use, and safety considerations. RESULTS Our research cataloged 55 varieties of animal-derived medicines utilized by the Gelao people. Out of these, 34 originate from wild animals, mainly encompassing small insects, reptiles, and aquatic species; the remaining 21 are derived from domesticated animals, largely involving their tissues, organs, and various physiological or pathological by-products. These medicines are primarily applied in treating pediatric ailments (13 types), internal disorders (11 types), gynecological issues (3 types), dermatological problems (7 types), ENT conditions (3 types), trauma-related injuries (5 types), joint and bone ailments (5 types), infections (2 types), dental issues (2 types), and urolithiasis (1 type), with three types being used for other miscellaneous conditions. Commonly utilized medicines, such as honey, Blaps beetle, chicken gallstones, and snake-based products, are preferred for their availability, edibility, and safety within the Gelao communities. CONCLUSION The Gelao community's traditional medicines represent a rich diversity of animal sources, showcasing extensive expertise and knowledge in their processing and clinical applications. This wealth of traditional knowledge offers novel perspectives for the contemporary pharmacological study and development of these remedies. Additionally, our research plays a crucial role in aiding the preservation and continuation of this invaluable cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730101, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yongxia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Sha Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Guishen Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730101, Gansu, China
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730101, Gansu, China
| | - Faming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Jian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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Singh S, Sharma P, Pal N, Sarma DK, Kumar M. Antibiotic disposal challenges in India: investigating causes and effects. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:325. [PMID: 38421517 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a global problem and India emerges as a key battlefield in the fight against it. While inappropriate use of antibiotics is well known, the review article deliberates a less recognized yet equally perilous facet of the crisis i.e. improper antibiotic disposal. An investigation of the sources of antibiotic pollution in Indian water bodies identifies discharge of pharmaceutical effluents, hospital waste, and agricultural runoff as major contributing factors. Furthermore, it discusses the repercussions of antibiotic pollution including those relating to human health, aquatic ecosystems, and antibiotic resistance. Reviewing the causes and consequences of improper antibiotic disposal practices emphasizes the necessity of rethinking antibiotic waste management practices. The review highlights the need for stringent rules and increased awareness, while also discussing the emerging technologies and strategies to mitigate the risks of antibiotic disposal in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samradhi Singh
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Pal
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devojit Kumar Sarma
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Panchal J, Patel A, Patel S, Goswami D. Understanding mastitis: Microbiome, control strategies, and prevalence - A comprehensive review. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106533. [PMID: 38171428 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis significantly affects the udder tissue in dairy cattle, leading to inflammation, discomfort, and a decline in both milk yield and quality. The condition can be attributed to an array of microbial agents that access the mammary gland through multiple pathways. The ramifications of this ailment are not merely confined to animal welfare but extend to the financial viability of the livestock industry. This review offers a historical lens on mastitis, tracing its documentation back to 1851, and examines its global distribution with a focus on regional differences in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. Specific microbial genes and communities implicated in both mastitis and AMR are explored, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae,Streptococcus dysagalactiae, Streptococcus uberis Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma bovis, Corynebacterium bovis, among others. These microorganisms have evolved diverse strategies to elude host immune responses and neutralize commonly administered antibiotics, complicating management efforts. The review aims a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and research gaps on mastitis and AMR, and to highlight the need for a One Health approach to address this global health issue. Such an approach entails multi-disciplinary cooperation to foster judicious antibiotic use, enhance preventive measures against mastitis, and bolster surveillance and monitoring of AMR in pathogens responsible for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Panchal
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Arun Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar, 385505, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar, 385505, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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Sucena Afonso J, El Tholth M, Mcintyre KM, Carmo LP, Coyne L, Manriquez D, Raboisson D, Lhermie G, Rushton J. Strategies to reduce antimicrobials in livestock and aquaculture, and their impact under field conditions: a structured scoping literature review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:11-26. [PMID: 37950886 PMCID: PMC10761277 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a pandemic problem, causing substantial health and economic burdens. Antimicrobials are extensively used in livestock and aquaculture, exacerbating this global threat. Fostering the prudent use of antimicrobials will safeguard animal and human health. A lack of knowledge about alternatives to replace antimicrobials, and their effectiveness under field conditions, hampers changes in farming practices. This work aimed to understand the impact of strategies to reduce antimicrobial usage (AMU) in livestock and aquaculture, under field conditions, using a structured scoping literature review. The Extension for Scoping Reviews of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines (PRISMA-ScR) were followed and the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time and Setting (PICOTS) framework used. Articles were identified from CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE and Scopus. A total of 7505 unique research articles were identified, 926 of which were eligible for full-text assessment; 203 articles were included in data extraction. Given heterogeneity across articles in the way alternatives to antimicrobials or interventions against their usage were described, there was a need to standardize these by grouping them in categories. There were differences in the impacts of the strategies between and within species; this highlights the absence of a 'one-size-fits-all' solution. Nevertheless, some options seem more promising than others, as their impacts were consistently equivalent or positive when compared with animal performance using antimicrobials. This was particularly the case for bioactive protein and peptides, and feed/water management. The outcomes of this work provide data to inform cost-effectiveness assessments of strategies to reduce AMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sucena Afonso
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mahmoud El Tholth
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Health Studies, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-sheikh, Egypt
| | - K Marie Mcintyre
- Modelling, Evidence and Policy group, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Lucy Coyne
- National Office of Animal Health, Stevenage, UK
| | - Diego Manriquez
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France, ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Monpellier, Montpellier, Universite de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300, Toulouse, France
- AgNext, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Didier Raboisson
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France, ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Monpellier, Montpellier, Universite de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Lhermie
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France, ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Monpellier, Montpellier, Universite de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300, Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Dhayal VS, Krishnan A, Rehman BU, Singh VP. Understanding Knowledge and Attitude of Farmers towards Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Jhunjhunu District, Rajasthan India. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1718. [PMID: 38136752 PMCID: PMC10740745 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics in veterinary practices by farmers is harming livestock production and food safety and leading to the rise of antibiotic resistance (AMR). This can also transfer resistant bacteria from animals to humans, posing a serious public health threat. However, we have not paid enough attention to understanding how farmers behave in this regard. Our study aims to explore farmers' behaviors and identify the factors that influence their choices. To conduct this study, we used a questionnaire with 40 questions and surveyed 208 farmers in Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan. We analyzed the data using SPSS. Here are the key findings: About 58.3% of the farmers have some awareness of antibiotics, and 49.5% are aware of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Notably, as the level of education increases, so does awareness of antibiotics. Unfortunately, 63.9% of the farmers are not aware of the withdrawal time, and 64% have no idea about the presence of antibiotic residues during this period. Around 75% of farmers vaccinate their animals, but approximately 56.9% of individuals have never undergone an antibiotic sensitivity test (ABST) for milk. Around 48.6% of farmers are unaware of government testing centers. Several factors hinder farmers from implementing proper animal management practices, such as the high fees of veterinarians. When their animals become sick, their first choice is home remedies, followed by using old prescriptions. Additionally, 63.9% stop treatment once the animal looks better. A significant portion (83.8%) of farmers rely on local pharmacists for medicine. It has been determined that there is no significant correlation between education, experience, age, and the level of awareness concerning withdrawal periods, the existence of government antibiotic sensitivity test (ABST) centers, and entities responsible for sending samples for ABST. In our qualitative analysis, focus groups identified significant barriers to following best farm practices and spreading awareness about AMR. These findings suggest that addressing AMR in livestock requires a comprehensive approach. This should include targeted education and awareness programs for farmers, as well as improved access to veterinary services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Singh Dhayal
- Department of Biosciences, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala (JJT) University, Jhunjhunu 333001, India;
| | - Ayana Krishnan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi 110025, India; (A.K.); (B.U.R.)
| | - Bilal Ur Rehman
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi 110025, India; (A.K.); (B.U.R.)
| | - Vijay Pal Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi 110025, India; (A.K.); (B.U.R.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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10
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Ghosh S, Bhattacharya S, Goel G, Deshmukh RA, Javed R, Roychowdhury M, Sinha S, De MS, Nag A, Kumar J, Bhave SJ, Nair R, Chandy M. Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in a zoo of multidrug-resistant organisms: Data from a cancer center in eastern India. Transpl Infect Dis 2023; 25 Suppl 1:e14072. [PMID: 37260056 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are a major hurdle in hematopoietic stem-cell transplants (HSCTs). Conditioning regimens lead to mucosal barrier injury, which in-turn leads to transmigration of gut bacteria and sepsis. Pre-transplant stool and throat surveillance cultures can guide empirical antibiotic policy during the neutropenic period. In this paper, we document colonization with MDRO in pre-transplant surveillance cultures and the correlation with bloodstream infections in HSCT patients and analyze transplant outcomes with respect to these infections. METHODS A single-center, retrospective study on HSCT was performed between January 2021 and December 2021. The incidence of bacterial infections, percentage of MDROs, correlation with pre-transplant stool/throat surveillance cultures, and their impact on overall 100-day and post-100-day to 6-month post-transplant survival were analyzed. RESULTS Sixty-four patients were included in the study. Pre-transplant stool surveillance cultures were positive for MDRO in 85.9% of patients. Almost half (48.5%) of the isolates were positive for carbapenemase-producing genes (mainly New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 [NDM-1] and oxacillinase-48 [OXA-48]). Eighteen patients (18/64, 28%) had a positive blood culture for MDRO in the peri-engraftment neutropenic period. Correlation between surveillance and blood cultures was seen in 61% (11/18) of patients. All-cause mortality was 14.1% (9/64) and 25% (16/64) in patients at 100 days and 6 months post-HSCT, respectively. The 100-day and post-100-day all-cause mortality rates were higher in patients with Gram-negative MDRO bloodstream infections (p < .012 and <.008, respectively). CONCLUSION MDRO infections can adversely affect HSCT outcomes. Pre-transplant stool and throat surveillance cultures may guide empirical antibiotic policy and lead to favorable transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouriyo Ghosh
- Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjay Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurav Goel
- Department of Microbiology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Rizwan Javed
- Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mita Roychowdhury
- Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subir Sinha
- Department of Biostatistics, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Maitrayee Sarkar De
- Hospital Infection Control Committee, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arijit Nag
- Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jeevan Kumar
- Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Saurabh Jayant Bhave
- Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Reena Nair
- Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mammen Chandy
- Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Kubasari C, Adeapena W, Najjemba R, Hedidor GK, Adjei RL, Manu G, Timire C, Afari-Asiedu S, Asante KP. Quality of Data Recording and Antimicrobial Use in a Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:485. [PMID: 37999604 PMCID: PMC10675351 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The recording of antimicrobial use data is critical for the development of interventions for the containment of antimicrobial resistance. This cross-sectional study assessed whether dissemination activities and recommendations made after an operational research (OR) study in 2021 resulted in better data recording and improved the use of antimicrobials in a rural veterinary clinic. Routinely collected data from treatment record books were compared between 2013 and 2019 (pre-OR) and from July 2021 to April 2023 (post-OR). The most common animals presenting for care in the the pre - and post OR periods were dogs (369 and 206, respectively). Overall, antimicrobial use in animals increased from 53% to 77% between the two periods. Tetracycline was the most commonly used antimicrobial (99%) during the pre-OR period, while Penicillin-Streptomycin was the most commonly used antimicrobial (65%) during the post-OR period. All animals that received care at the clinic were documented in the register during both periods. Whereas the diagnosis was documented in 269 (90%) animals in the post-OR period compared to 242 (47%) in the pre-OR period, the routes and dosages were not adequately recorded during the both periods. Therefore, the quality of data recording was still deficient despite the dissemination and the recommendations made to some key stakeholders. Recommendations are made for a standardized antimicrobial reporting tool, refresher training, and continuous supervisory visits to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus Kubasari
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | - Wisdom Adeapena
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | | | | | - Raymond Lovelace Adjei
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Accra P.O Box 20, Ghana;
| | - Grace Manu
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | - Collins Timire
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Samuel Afari-Asiedu
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
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Roy Moulik N, Keerthivasagam S, Velagala SV, Gollamudi VRM, Agiwale J, Dhamne C, Chichra A, Srinivasan S, Shetty D, Jain H, Subramanian PG, Tembhare P, Chatterjee G, Patkar N, Narula G, Banavali S. Treating relapsed B cell-precursor ALL in children with a setting-adapted mitoxantrone-based intensive chemotherapy protocol (TMH rALL-18 PROTOCOL) - experience from Tata Memorial Hospital, India. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:2835-2844. [PMID: 37479890 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The outlook of relapsed ALL in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is dismal due to high treatment-related toxicities and inadequate resources. We report our experience of using a locally adapted mitoxantrone-based protocol for non-high risk (HR) relapsed B-ALL (rALL). A retrospective cum prospective study of standard and intermediate risk (SR and IR) rALL patients treated on TMH rALL-18 protocol (adapted from COG/UKALLR3/Int-Re-ALL protocols) between November 2018 and January 2021 was analyzed. The protocol comprising of 7 blocks of multi-agent chemotherapy including mitoxantrone in induction followed by local irradiation and maintenance, underwent serial modifications based on our experience with initial patients. Eighty-two patients (SR rALL, 3; IR rALL, 79) were treated on TMH rALL-18 protocol. Of 321 grade 3/4 reported toxicities, around 43% (138 toxicities) were noted during induction. Induction chemotherapy was outpatient-based; however, 68 patients (82.9%) required supportive care admissions. Twelve out of 19 patients with gram negative bacilli sepsis (included 7 MDRO) died during reinduction. Five remission deaths were seen during block 3 after which cytarabine was dose reduced (3 g to 2 g/m2). Post-reinduction minimal residual disease was negative in 54 (80.6%) out of 67 evaluable patients. At a median follow-up of 24 months (95% CI 22-27), the estimated 2-year event-free and overall survival of the entire cohort was 58% (95% CI 48.1-69.9) and 60.3% (95% CI 50.5-72). Until the time, targeted therapies are freely accessible in LMICs, strengthening supportive care as well as local adaptation of protocols that strike a fine balance between efficacy and tolerability are mandated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jayesh Agiwale
- Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, HBNI, Mumbai, India
| | - Chetan Dhamne
- Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, HBNI, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Dhanlaxmi Shetty
- Cancer Cytogenetics, Tata Memorial Hospital, HBNI, Mumbai, India
| | - Hemani Jain
- Cancer Cytogenetics, Tata Memorial Hospital, HBNI, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | - Nikhil Patkar
- Hematopathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, HBNI, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Narula
- Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, HBNI, Mumbai, India
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13
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Huang E, Yang X, Leighton E, Li X. Carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100108. [PMID: 37244353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenems are critically important antibiotic agents because they are considered the "last-resort" antibiotics for treating serious infections. However, resistance to carbapenems is increasing throughout the world and has become an urgent problem. Some carbapenem-resistant bacteria are considered urgent threats by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this review, we searched and summarized studies published mostly in the recent five years related to carbapenem resistance in three main areas in the food supply chain: livestock, aquaculture, and fresh produce. We have found that many studies have shown a direct or indirect correlation between carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain and human infections. Our review also revealed the worrisome incidences of the cooccurrence of resistance to carbapenem and other "last-resort" antibiotics, such as colistin and/or tigecycline, in the food supply chain. Antibiotic resistance is a global public health challenge, and more effort related to carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain for different food commodities is still needed in some countries and regions, including the United States. In addition, antibiotic resistance in the food supply chain is a complicated issue. Based on the knowledge from current studies, only restricting the use of antibiotics in food animal production might not be enough. Additional research is needed to determine factors contributing to the introduction and persistence of carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain. Through this review, we hope to provide a better understanding of the current state of carbapenem resistance, and the niches of knowledge that are needed for developing strategies to mitigate antibiotic resistance, especially carbapenem resistance in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, 3801 West Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Elizabeth Leighton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA.
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Kaur Rajput J. Nanosensors: A smart remedy for early detection of clenbuterol contamination in food. Food Chem 2023; 426:136569. [PMID: 37302312 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs which are primarily meant for livestock treatment have now been categorised under potential food contaminant due to its unregulated usage and abuse. Their over usage by animal workers lead to production of contaminated animal-based food products which contain veterinary drug residues. These drugs are also misused as growth promoters to enhance the muscle to fat ratio in human body. This review highlights the misuse of such a veterinary drug; Clenbuterol. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the usage of nanosensors to detect clenbuterol in food samples. Colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical, SERS and electrochemiluminescence are major categories of nanosensors that have been utilized for this purpose. The mechanism through which these nanosensors detect clenbuterol have been discussed in detail. The limit of detection and recovery percentage values of each nanosensor have been compared. This review will impart significant information on various nanosensors for clenbuterol detection in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, Punjab, India.
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15
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Shrivas VL, Choudhary AK, Hariprasad P, Sharma S. Nutrient concentrations affect the antimicrobial resistance profiles of cattle manures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25141-25147. [PMID: 34757556 PMCID: PMC8578531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in cattle is widespread because of the increased use of antibiotics to combat microbial diseases and enhance milk production. The cattle excreta released into the environment can be a potent source of contamination in spreading antibiotic resistance, especially upon its application in agriculture. However, the correlation of AMR profile of manure with other physico-chemical parameters is limited. Therefore, the study aimed to generate AMR profiles for manure samples collected from 25 different sites of two agriculturally important states in India, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Samples were tested for physico-chemical parameters, viz., electrical conductivity, pH, total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), and total potassium (K). Bacterial community analysis was done by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The influence of feeding practices, nutrient concentration, and bacterial abundance on antibiotic resistance profiles was observed in collected manure samples. Manures of intensive feeding animals harbored highly resistant profiles of bacteria as compared to natural grazing cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Laxmi Shrivas
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anil Kumar Choudhary
- Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Puttaswamy Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Satpathy MM, Sharma NS, Kaur P, Arora AK. Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from milk of indigenous Beetal goats of Punjab. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 24:37-41. [PMID: 37378388 PMCID: PMC10291518 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2023.43480.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a burning issue in the present era. Mastitis in dairy animals is one of the most important causes of huge production loss to dairy farmers. Aims: The study aims to find the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile, and resistance genes in the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in mastitic milk. Methods A total of 125 milk samples were collected from Beetal goats suffering from clinical mastitis from different districts of Punjab and processed for bacterial isolation and further identification. The drug resistance profile of ESBL-producing E. coli and its associations with molecular markers was analyzed using statistical analysis. Results The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in dairy goats of Punjab was recorded as 6.4%. The isolates showed the highest resistance to the beta-lactam group of antibiotics. The resistance percentages of streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clotrimazole, and colistin were 50%, 37.5%, 50%, 25%, 25%, and 50%, respectively. The isolates showed intermediate resistance to imipenem (12.5%) and tetracycline (25%). The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates harbored the resistance genes blaCTXM (100%), blaTEM (62.5%), blaSHV (25%), blaOXA (37.5%), tetA (37.5%), tetB (25%), aadA (37.5%), sul1 (25%), MOXM (12.5%), DHAM (25%), and blaCMY-2 (50%). Tetracycline and sulphonamide resistances were statistically associated with their respective resistance genes (P<0.05). Streptomycin resistance was not statistically associated with the presence of the aadA gene (P>0.05). The genes blaIMP and blaNDM were not recorded in any of the isolates. In this study, 12.5% of the isolates showed co-resistance to colistin and carbapenem. Conclusion Antimicrobial resistance is a hot topic and requires immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M Satpathy
- MVSc Student in Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
| | - N. S Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
| | - P Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
| | - A. K Arora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
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Samuel M, Fredrick Wabwire T, Tumwine G, Waiswa P. Antimicrobial Usage by Small-Scale Commercial Poultry Farmers in Mid-Western District of Masindi Uganda: Patterns, Public Health Implications, and Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:6644271. [PMID: 37122610 PMCID: PMC10139818 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6644271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poultry production in Uganda is growing at a fast rate due to increasing demand, notwithstanding, poor husbandry practices, and diseases, prompting farmers to rear healthy productive flocks with antimicrobials. The study evaluated the knowledge and practices as regards the use of antibiotics among poultry farmers in Masindi district and determined the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of E. coli strains from chickens. Methods A cross-sectional study using a closed-end questionnaire was conducted in 140 selected small-scale commercial poultry farms in Masindi district between June and December, 2020. Analyzed qualitative data were presented as frequencies, percentages, and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Fecal swabs from chickens were inoculated onto a MacConkey agar, and E. coli was confirmed by standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method for 7 antibiotics. Results Most farmers (74%) used antibiotics, mainly tetracycline (51.4%) and sulfonamides (28.6%), given to the chicks (45%), for both curative and prophylaxis purposes (80%), and via drinking water (67%). Farmers mainly used antibiotics recommended by the veterinarian (76.4%), more than relying on experience (10.7%), while 45% were involved in self-medicating the birds. On choosing the correct dosage, 45.7% read the instruction, and 42.9% consulted a veterinarian. Only 10.7% observed the drug withdrawal period, while 53.6% consumed eggs at home or sold eggs (35.7%) from birds under treatment. Of the 200 E. coli strains, 90 (45.0%) were resistant to one drug, 74 (37.0%) to two, and multidrug resistance to three classes of antibiotics was 36 (18.0%). Overall, E. coli resistance to tetracycline was (69.0%), ampicillin (37.0%), sulfonamides (36.0%), and to kanamycin (1.5%). Conclusions The small-scale poultry farmers frequently use antimicrobial drugs, mainly tetracycline and sulfonamides for curative and prophylaxis. Thus, enforcing measures against antibiotic use supported by a strong veterinary service sector and farmers' training on judicious use of antimicrobials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majalija Samuel
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tony Fredrick Wabwire
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Tumwine
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Waiswa
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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18
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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating from the gut may modulate the mucosal immune response during sepsis and septic shock. Drug Target Insights 2022; 16:81-87. [PMID: 36755640 PMCID: PMC9886009 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2022.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enrichment and diversity of gut microbiota play an important role in sepsis, but the role of gut microbiota composition and early-life colonization in sepsis and septic shock has not yet been characterized. The impact of gut microbiota diversity on host immunological disorders and future treatments of inflammatory diseases are not yet fully elucidated. Further, the association between the microbiota and immune development in sepsis remains unknown, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The altered composition of gut microbiota during sepsis is profoundly associated with a loss of commensal bacteria and an overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria, especially AMR bacteria. Disruptions of gut microbiota diversity are directly associated with susceptibility to sepsis and a higher risk of adverse outcomes. Several studies have confirmed that a mutual association between gut microbiota and the host is important for the metabolism of essential nutrients for the organism, for gut development, and for the maturation and development of a fully functional immune system. Therefore, understanding the gut microbiota diversity, composition, and function during various inflammatory conditions and sepsis may provide a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of gut-derived infection in diseases and the design of new treatment options (e.g., probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation). Emerging evidence displays an important role of gut microbiota and their derived metabolites in modulating the host mucosal immune response and determining the susceptibility to, as well as outcomes of sepsis.
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Sharma G, Leahy E, Deka RP, Shome BR, Bandyopadhyay S, Dey TK, Goyal NK, Lundkvist Å, Grace D, Lindahl JF. Antibiotic use, knowledge, and practices of milk vendors in India's informal dairy value chain. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1058384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMilk vendors play an important role in India's dairy value chain; however, their food safety practices are poorly understood. From a milk safety perspective, vendor behavior is significant because it has the potential to affect both consumer and producer behavior. This study describes the types of milk vendors in two Indian states, in an attempt to investigate vendors' hygienic knowledge and practices toward safety and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in the states of Assam and Haryana, India. In selected villages, all the milk vendors identified at the time of visit were interviewed. A questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and practices on antibiotics, milk safety and hygiene. The milk samples were tested for presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria using antibiotic susceptibility testing.ResultsIn total, 244 milk vendors were interviewed during the survey. Out of these, 146 (59.8%) of the vendors traded raw milk, while 40.2% traded pasteurized milk. Vendors were categorized depending on whom they supplied milk to. Five categories were identified: (a) those who sold at grocery shops; (b) those who sold on roadside (roadside vendors); (c) those who sold from door to door; (d) those who sold to sweet makers/tea stalls, and (e) those who sold from own home/other entity. The level of training among vendors on milk hygiene was non-existent and the knowledge related to antibiotics was low. Most of them [210/244 (86.07%)] agreed that boiled milk is always safer than raw milk but almost half [119 (48.77%)] of them admitted that sometimes they drink milk without boiling it. Most vendors believed that they could identify whether milk is safe or not for consumption just by its appearance and smell. Out of 124 milk samples collected from surveyed milk vendors and tested for the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 80 (64.52%) were tested positive.ConclusionThis study highlights the low levels of knowledge regarding food safety among milk vendors. It shows the predominance of informal milk vendors in the surveyed states and prevalence of AMR bacteria in milk traded by them. Training may be a beneficial strategy for addressing the issue.
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Vijay D, Bedi JS, Dhaka P, Singh R, Singh J, Arora AK, Gill JPS. Qualitative Study on Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in the Dairy Chain: A Situation Analysis and Solutions by Stakeholders from Punjab, India. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091229. [PMID: 36140008 PMCID: PMC9495224 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in animal foods and injudicious antibiotic use in the dairy sector pose significant threats to public health. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with a strategic sample of four stakeholder groups (114 participants) associated with antibiotic usage in the dairy sector of Punjab. The FGDs were conducted among veterinarians (n = 56), para-veterinarians (n = 28), and KIIs were conducted among chemists (n = 18) and dairy quality managers (n = 12) during 2020-2021. FGDs and qualitative interviews of various stakeholders depict existing risk practices in the fields that may promote antimicrobial resistance. The present study revealed that widely prevalent quackery (treatment practices carried out by unauthorized persons without any recognized diploma/degree) and self-treatment by farmers, over-the-counter availability of antibiotics, low veterinarian per animal ratio, and lack of awareness among the society about the potential public health effects of antimicrobial resistance were the main risk factors for injudicious antibiotic use in the dairy sector. The present study involved a comprehensive approach targeting the stakeholders in the dairy sector and their reflections on judicious antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance adapted to the dairy farming of Punjab. There is an urgent need for the advocation of policies that consider the specific challenges faced by the dairy sector to simultaneously improve access to veterinary services as well as strengthen antibiotic stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Vijay
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-98-5542-5578
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Anil Kumar Arora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Jatinder Paul Singh Gill
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
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21
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Sharma G, Mutua F, Deka RP, Shome R, Bandyopadhyay S, Shome BR, Kumar NG, Grace D, Dey TK, Lindahl J. Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Raise Awareness About Antimicrobial Resistance in Farmers and Veterinarians of India. Front Public Health 2022; 10:837594. [PMID: 35784225 PMCID: PMC9244170 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.837594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the animal health sector contributes to increasing rates of AMR and studies involving dairy farmers in India have found knowledge levels regarding antibiotics and AMR to be very low. The purpose of this study was to assess different methods to raise awareness and knowledge about AMR and antibiotic use among dairy farmers, paravets (veterinary assistants), and veterinarians.Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted in September-December of 2018 in some parts of Haryana, Assam, Karnataka, and West Bengal. It had two parts: an intervention meeting (September–October 2018) which consisted of focus group discussions (FGD) with farmers, key informant interviews (KII) with veterinary professionals along with distribution of information packages, and then a follow-up survey (November–December 2018). The villages were randomly allocated to either one of the four intervention approaches (1-FGD/KII and information package on AMR; 2-FGD/KI and information on animal health; 3- FGD/KII and information package on animal health plus information on AMR; or 4- only the FGD/KII). A follow-up survey was done to assess the effect of interventions.ResultsIn total, 274 dairy farmers and 51 veterinary professionals (21 veterinarians and 30 paravets) participated in the follow-up survey. Many of the farmers and veterinary professionals who participated in the follow-up survey had been part of the intervention meetings. The average knowledge score of farmers was 7.8. It was found that the knowledge score was higher amongst farmers who had participated in the intervention meetings (p < 0.05), had received intervention approach 2 (p = 0.03) or approach 3 (p = 0.01), and amongst female farmers (p = 0.03) compared to male. The veterinary professionals had good knowledge but lacked interest in training the farmers about antimicrobial resistance.ConclusionOur research demonstrated that a higher percentage of farmers and veterinary professionals who attended the intervention meeting had improved knowledge. Dairy farmers should be regularly educated on antibiotic usage and how to avoid misusing them. Also, veterinary experts should be provided with tools and strategies to educate farmers on the use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Garima Sharma
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ram Pratim Deka
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rajeshwari Shome
- Bacteriology Lab 1, 2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- Bacteriology Lab 1, 2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Naresh Goyal Kumar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Food and Markets Department, Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Tushar Kumar Dey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Bacteriology Lab 1, 2, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Getnet K, Abera B, Getie H, Molla W, Mekonnen SA, Megistu BA, Abat AS, Dejene H, Birhan M, Ibrahim SM. Serotyping and Seroprevalence of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Bibersteinia trehalosi and Assessment of Determinants of Ovine Pasteurellosis in West Amhara Sub-region, Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:866206. [PMID: 35664854 PMCID: PMC9161746 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.866206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was undertaken in four (4) districts of the West Amhara sub-region of Ethiopia with the aim of assessing the diversity and distribution of serotypes of Pasteurella species, their seroprevalence, and associated risk factors, and knowledge, attitude, and practice of farmers toward ovine pasteurellosis. A total of 600 sheep sera were collected using multistage cluster sampling. Each sample was examined for the presence of six (6) serotype-specific antibodies using an indirect haemagglutination test. We are reporting a higher seroprevalence of 90.17% (541/600) in which all seropositive animals were shown to have been co-infected with multiple serotypes. Individual serotype prevalence showed that serotype A7 has the highest prevalence of 77.83% followed by A2 (74.33%), T15 (64%), T4 (62%), PA (60%), and A1 (39.17%). In this study, being female [odds ratio (OR): 2.45, 95% CI (1.09–5.52), p = 0.031] and living in high altitude areas [OR: 20.29, 95% CI (2.54–161.95), p = 0.004] were found to be significantly associated with sero-positivity. A questionnaire survey (n = 384) employed in a face-to-face interview was used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of farmers related to ovine pasteurellosis. Accordingly, the majority (72.4%) of respondents had an inadequate knowledge level of the disease. The proportion of farmers with a favorable attitude and good practices toward the disease was 50.26 and 77.6%, respectively. This study is highly indicative that ovine pasteurellosis is a ubiquitous disease in the study area challenging the sheep production sector. The existence of diverse serotypes reported to lack cross-protective immunity is likely to explain why the current vaccination practice with the mono-serotype Pasteurella multocida biotype A vaccine is not providing adequate protection against outbreaks of the disease. Prioritization of one or more serotypes for inclusion in a multivalent vaccine should be dictated by the abundance and distribution of a particular serotype, its clinical importance, and its resultant economic impact. Furthermore, training farmers on key aspects of the disease is vital in the implementation of effective disease management strategies through a participatory approach. Data from the remaining regions of the country could help realize the development of an effective vaccine that works best at the national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalkidan Getnet
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bezawit Abera
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haymanot Getie
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sefinew Alemu Mekonnen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Anmaw Shite Abat
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Birhan
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Saddam Mohammed Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Saddam Mohammed Ibrahim
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23
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Mandal SK, Rahaman CH. Inventorization and Consensus Analysis of Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Knowledge Among the Local People in Eastern India: Perception, Cultural Significance, and Resilience. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:861577. [PMID: 35571138 PMCID: PMC9099233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.861577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock is the main backbone of the rural economy of an agriculture-based country like India. To mitigate the economic loss due to livestock’s poor performance and illness, folk phytotherapy for livestock healthcare is still actively practiced in India. Literature survey revealed that the laterite region of eastern India, characterized by its cultural, ethnic, and biological diversities, as well as topographical uniqueness, lacks comprehensive information on ethnoveterinary medicinal knowledge. The objective of the present study includes documentation of traditional knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) from the northern laterite region in eastern India. Ethnoveterinary medicinal data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, free listing, and focus group discussions. The factor for informants’ consensus (Fic), fidelity level (FL), and cultural value (CV) index have been employed for quantitative analyses. Jaccard index (JI) was used to check the knowledge similarity. Altogether, 1,234 citations were made by 132 participants. In total, 232 recorded ethnomedicinal species are used for preparing 306 remedies to treat 79 health disorders of livestock. Recorded species are distributed in 92 families, and Fabaceae is identified as the most medicinally diversified. Uses of 24 angiospermic taxa, one pteridophyte, and two fungal species were exclusively new to the existing inventory of Indian traditional ethnoveterinary medicine. In 20 disease categories, the informant consensus (Fic) value ranges from 0.4 to 0.83. According to the FL value and use-mention factor, 23 EVM plants have been identified as the most important species in the respective disease categories. Value of CV index highlighted nine species as culturally most significant (CV ≥ 0.0025 and frequency of citation ≥20) in the laterite region of eastern India. A large extent of recorded data are quite worthy for the Indian folk veterinary medicinal repository. A handful of new data reported here and statistically justified culturally most significant species will provide the golden opportunity for bioprospecting research.
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Eltholth M, Govindaraj G, Das B, Shanabhoga MB, Swamy HM, Thomas A, Cole J, Shome BR, Holmes MA, Moran D. Factors Influencing Antibiotic Prescribing Behavior and Understanding of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Veterinarians in Assam, India. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:864813. [PMID: 35558894 PMCID: PMC9087579 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.864813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates factors influencing veterinarians' antibiotic prescribing behaviors and their understanding of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The study used a telephone survey of 50 veterinarians conducted in five districts in Assam state, India. The survey sought information on the most prevalent animal diseases, veterinarians' awareness of potential preventive measures, including factors determining antimicrobial prescribing; the types of antimicrobials used for different health conditions in different species, and possible options to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). The majority (86%) of respondents worked for the government, 98% reported having no written policy for the use of veterinary health products, and 58% have no on-site diagnostic facilities. Ceftriaxone, Enrofloxacin, and Oxytetracycline were the antibiotics (ABX) most frequently prescribed, by 76, 68, and 54% of veterinarians, respectively. These ABX were prescribed mainly for respiratory health problems and mastitis in cattle, and gastrointestinal infections in buffaloes, sheep, goat, and pigs. Severity of clinical symptoms, economic status of the livestock owner, and withdrawal period for ABX were ranked as very important factors for giving ABX. Less than two thirds (64%) were aware of the government ban for Colistin and only 2% were aware of a national plan for AMR. This study highlighted that ABX prescription is mostly based on tentative diagnosis given the lack of diagnostic facilities in most veterinary clinics. There is a need to enhance veterinary healthcare and to improve communication between policy makers and field veterinarians and, importantly, a need to disseminate clear prescribing guidelines on prudent AMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Eltholth
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mahmoud Eltholth
| | - Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Banani Das
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - M. B. Shanabhoga
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - H. M. Swamy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Abin Thomas
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Department of Health Studies, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Bibek R. Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Mark A. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Moran
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Bazzi R, Alaboudi A, Rácz G. The role of veterinarians in the One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance perspectives in Jordan. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the role of Jordanian veterinarians in terms of their knowledge, attitudes and common practices in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and summarize the registered veterinary drugs between 2017 2020. Descriptive study data were collected using a standardized questionnaire that focused on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Jordanian veterinarians. The findings were analyzed descriptively; 84% of the participants agreed with the statement on the definition of AMR. The majority (95.65%) of participants agreed that AMR is a challenge for the veterinary sector in Jordan and that it should be prioritized over other zoonotic diseases. Approximately 69% of the participants believed that the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials by unqualified, fraudulent, or unauthorized practitioners is the primary reason for the rise of cases associated with AMR and the challenges that accompany these. The most common practice among the respondents in this study was to recommend clients (e.g., farmers and owners) to practice good animal husbandry (80.00%). The study also revealed that there was a significant difference (p = 0.015) between attendance at AMR training sessions and the professional sector (private, public, and academic) of the veterinarians. This study underscores the importance of implementing a continuous education program on AMR so as to enhance the all-round knowledge of veterinarians and improve their advisory skills. In addition, laws should be enacted to ensure that veterinarians prescribe the correct antimicrobials and to improve surveillance systems for monitoring the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine.
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26
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Determination of antibiotic residues in bovine milk by HPLC-DAD and assessment of human health risks in Northwestern Himalayan region, India. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:95-104. [PMID: 35068555 PMCID: PMC8758827 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-04988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues in milk affects economics of dairy industry and poses health risks to consumers. This study aimed to assess health risks associated with presence of antibiotics in 173 raw and pasteurized milk sampled from northwestern Himalayan state of India. The oxytetracycline and amoxicillin were quantitatively analyzed using validated HPLC-DAD. Methods were selective and linear (R2 > 0.99) with decision limit and detection capability of 1.4 and 0.9 µg/kg and 2.5 and 1.5 µg/kg for oxytetracycline and amoxicillin, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 88-98% with relative standard deviation < 10%. Oxytetracycline and amoxicillin were detected in 8.1% and 1.2% samples, with 1.7% and 1.2% samples exceeding the tolerance limits, respectively. Health risk assessment revealed that estimated daily intakes of antibiotics through milk were lower than acceptable daily intakes (ADI). However, children might receive 9-21% of determined ADI through milk consumption only. Therefore, continuous, sub-therapeutic and long term exposures of antibiotics can pose health risk to consumers. Hence, current findings elucidate the need for vigilant monitoring of antibiotics accompanied by educational programs to farmers for adopting good husbandry practices and adherence to withdrawal periods to meet the expectations of food safety and safeguarding human health. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s13197-021-04988-8).
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Understanding Antibiotic Usage on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in the Indian States of Assam and Haryana Using a Mixed-Methods Approach-Outcomes and Challenges. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091124. [PMID: 34572706 PMCID: PMC8468593 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use and misuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals contributes to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, a threat to public health and infection control. Currently, India is the world’s leading milk producer but antibiotic usage within the dairy sector is poorly regulated. Little data exists reflecting how antibiotics are used on dairy farms, especially on small-scale dairy farms in India. To address this lack of data, a study was carried out on 491 small-scale dairy farms in two Indian states, Assam and Haryana, using a mixed method approach where farmers were interviewed, farms inspected for the presence of antibiotics and milk samples taken to determine antibiotic usage. Usage of antibiotics on farms appeared low only 10% (95% CI 8–13%) of farmers surveyed confirmed using antibiotics in their dairy herds during the last 12 months. Of the farms surveyed, only 8% (6–11%) had milk samples positive for antibiotic residues, namely from the novobiocin, macrolides, and sulphonamide classes of antibiotics. Of the farmers surveyed, only 2% (0.8–3%) had heard of the term “withdrawal period” and 53% (40–65%) failed to describe the term “antibiotic”. While this study clearly highlights a lack of understanding of antibiotics among small-scale dairy farmers, a potential factor in the emergence of AMR bacteria, it also shows that antibiotic usage on these farms is low and that the possible role these farmers play in AMR emergence may be overestimated.
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Poupaud M, Putthana V, Patriarchi A, Caro D, Agunos A, Tansakul N, Goutard F. Understanding the veterinary antibiotics supply chain to address antimicrobial resistance in Lao PDR: Roles and interactions of involved stakeholders. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105943. [PMID: 33965370 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to the global call to mitigate risks associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), new regulations on the access and use of veterinary antibiotics are currently being developed by the Lao government. This study aims to explore how the implementation of these new regulations might effectively reduce and adapt the sale, distribution and use of veterinary antibiotics in Lao PDR. To this end, we used the theory of change, framing the AMR issue within the context of the stakeholders involved in the veterinary antibiotics supply chain. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data, based on questionnaires (n=36 antibiotic suppliers, n=96 chicken farmers, n=96 pig farmers), and participatory tools such as a workshop (n=10 participants), semi-structured interviews (n=20), and focus group discussions (n=7 participants). The stakeholders' understanding of the AMR issue and potential challenges related to the implementation of new regulations regarding access and use of antibiotics, were also investigated. We mapped the veterinary antibiotic supply chain in Lao PDR, and analysed the roles and interactions of its stakeholders. Twenty-three stakeholders representing the private and the public sectors were identified. Many informal and formal links connected these stakeholder within this supply chain. The lack of veterinarian-farmer interaction and the evolving nature of the veterinary antibiotics supply chain accentuated the challenges of achieving behaviour change through regulations. Most of the antibiotics found on farms were categorized by the World Health Organisation's as critically important antibiotics used in human medicine. We argue that AMR risk mitigation strategy requires dialogue and engagement between private and public sectors stakeholders, involved in the importation, distribution, sale and use of veterinary antibiotics. This study further highlighted that AMR is a complex adaptive challenge requiring multi-sectoral approach. We believed that a sustainable approach to reduce and adapt veterinary antibiotics use should be prepared in collaboration with stakeholders from private and public sectors identified in this study, in addition to the new regulations. This collaboration should start with the co-construction of a common understanding of AMR issue and of the objectives of new regulations.
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Jindal P, Bedi J, Singh R, Aulakh R, Gill J. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella isolated from dairy farm milk, farm slurry and water in Punjab, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28556-28570. [PMID: 33544346 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a mushrooming pandemic at national and international levels which if not controlled at this very moment, can lead to global problems. Main reason for emerging bacterial resistance is repeated exposure of bacteria to antimicrobial agents and access of bacteria to increasingly large pools of antimicrobial resistance genes in mixed bacterial populations. A total of 51 villages were sampled in the current study contributing to a total of 153 farms. A total of 612 samples comprising 153 each of raw pooled milk samples, slurry, animal drinking water and human drinking water were gathered from small, medium and large farms located in all seven tehsils of Ludhiana district of Punjab. In addition to that, 37 samples of village pond water were also collected from the targeted villages. Out of total 153 slurry, raw pooled milk samples, animal drinking water and human drinking water samples (each), the prevalence of 24.8%, 60%, 26.7% and 16.3% was found for E. coli respectively. On the other hand, for Klebsiella, the overall prevalence of 19.6%, 51%, 20.2% and 5.8% was found from slurry, raw pooled milk samples, animal drinking water and human drinking water respectively. In all matrices, the comparative frequency of resistance genes in positive isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae was: tetA > tetB > tetC, qnrS > qnrB > qnrA, sulII > sulI > sulIII. The highest proportion of resistance genes was found in slurry (193 genes) followed by milk (71 genes). The overall pattern of resistant genes was tetA > sulII > qnrS. In conclusion, data from the present study suggested that commensal E. coli and Klebsiella may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial drug resistance genes which may be mobilised into human populations and untreated animal waste may be considered an important source of resistant bacteria leading to environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Jindal
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
| | - Jasbir Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rabinder Aulakh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jatinder Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
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Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Survey among Veterinarians, and Risk Factors Relating to Antimicrobial Use and Treatment Failure in Dairy Herds of India. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020216. [PMID: 33671483 PMCID: PMC7926553 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate usage of antimicrobials in the animal health sector contributes immensely to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The present study aims to assess the antimicrobial usage pattern and risk factors for AMR in animal husbandry sector of India. A cross-sectional survey about Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) among veterinarians was carried out using a questionnaire comprising of 52 parameters associated with antibiotic use and the emergence of AMR in dairy herds. Respondents’ KAP scores were estimated to rank their level of knowledge, attitude, and practice. Furthermore, risk factors associated with treatment failure were analyzed by univariable and multivariable analyses. Out of a total of 466 respondents, the majority had average knowledge (69.5%), neutral attitude (93.2%), and moderate practice (51.3%) scores toward judicious antibiotic usage. Veterinarians reported mastitis (88.0%), reproductive disorders (76.6%), and hemoprotozoan infections (49.6%) as the top three disease conditions that require antibiotic usage. Most of the veterinarians (90.6%) resorted to their “own experience” as the main criteria for antibiotic choice. The use of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIA) listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in animals, particularly quinolones (76.8%) and third-generation cephalosporins (47.8%), has been reported. On multivariable regression analysis of the risk factors, the lack of cooperation of the dairy farmers in the completion of a prescribed antibiotic course by the veterinarian and the demand for antibiotic use even in conditions not requiring antibiotic use were found to be significantly associated with the outcome variable “treatment failure” having respective odds of 1.8 (95%CI: 1.1–3.0) and 3.6 (95%CI: 2.3–5.8) (p < 0.05). The average KAP score of veterinarians, poor farm management practices, lack of awareness among farmers on prudent antibiotic use, and lack of antibiotic stewardship are the significant factors that need attention to combat the rising AMR in veterinary sector in India.
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