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Rahman MS, Rahman MM, Acharya K, Haruyama R, Shah R, Matsuda T, Inoue M, Abe SK. Disparities and Determinants of Testing for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer among Nepalese Women: Evidence from a Population-Based Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:1046-1056. [PMID: 38820125 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-24-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer presents a considerable challenge in South Asia, notably in Nepal, where screening remains limited. Past research in Nepal lacked national representation and a thorough exploration of factors influencing cervical cancer screening, such as educational and socioeconomic disparities. This study aims to measure these gaps and identify associated factors in testing for early detection of cervical cancer among Nepalese women. METHODS Data from the 2019 Nepal Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors survey (World Health Organization STEPwise approach to noncommunicable risk factor surveillance), involving 2,332 women aged 30 to 69 years, were used. Respondents were asked if they had undergone cervical cancer testing through visual inspection with acetic acid, Pap smear, or human papillomavirus test ever or in the past 5 years. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative concentration index were used to measure socioeconomic and education-based disparities in cervical cancer test uptake. RESULTS Only 7.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.1-9.9] Nepalese women had ever undergone cervical cancer testing, whereas 5.1% (95% CI: 3.4-7.5) tested within the last 5 years. The ever uptake of cervical cancer testing was 5.1 percentage points higher (SII: 5.1, 95% CI: -0.1 to 10.2) among women from the richest compared with the poorest households. Education-based disparities were particularly pronounced, with a 13.9 percentage point difference between highly educated urban residents and their uneducated counterparts (SII: 13.9, 95% CI: 5.8-21.9). CONCLUSIONS Less than one in ten women in Nepal had a cervical cancer testing, primarily favoring higher educated and wealthier individuals. IMPACT Targeted early detection and cervical cancer screening interventions are necessary to address these disparities and improve access and uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafiur Rahman
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Centre for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Md Mahfuzur Rahman
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Rei Haruyama
- Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richa Shah
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Tomohiro Matsuda
- Division of International Health Policy Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarah K Abe
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
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Dangal G, Dhital R, Dwa YP, Poudel S, Pariyar J, Subedi K. Implementation of cervical cancer prevention and screening across five tertiary hospitals in Nepal and its policy implications: A mixed-methods study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002832. [PMID: 38236836 PMCID: PMC10796028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In Nepal, cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women despite the existing policies. This study intends to assess the implementation of cervical cancer prevention and screening through service utilization by women, knowledge and attitude among health professionals, and the perceptions of stakeholders in Nepal. This mixed-methods study was conducted in 2022 across five tertiary hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal. The quantitative study comprised the health professionals and women attending gynecology outpatient clinics from the selected hospitals. The qualitative study comprised stakeholders including service providers and experts on cervical cancer from selected hospitals, civil societies, and the Ministry of Health and Population. The utilization of screening through pap smear among 657 women across five hospitals was 22.2% and HPV vaccination was 1.5%. The utilization of cervical cancer screening was associated with older age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.09, CI: 1.07, 8.19], married (AOR = 3.024, CI: 1.12, 8.19), higher education (AOR = 3.024, CI:1.12, 8.42), oral contraceptives use (AOR = 2.49, CI: 1.36, 4.39), and ever heard of cervical cancer screening (AOR = 13.28, CI: 6.85, 25.73). Among 254 health professionals, the knowledge score was positively associated with them ever having a training [Standardized Beta (β) = 0.20, CI: 0.44, 2.43)] and having outreach activities in their hospital (β = 0.19 CI: 0.89, 9.53) regarding cervical cancer screening. The female as compared to male health professionals (β = 0.16, CI: 0.41, 8.16, P = 0.03) and having a cervical cancer screening guideline as compared to none (β = 0.19 CI: 0.89, 9.53, P = 0.026) were more likely to have a better attitude for screening. The qualitative findings among 23 stakeholders reflected implementation challenges in policy, supply, service delivery, providers, and community. This study showed low utilization of prevention and services by women and implementation gaps on cervical cancer prevention and screening services across five tertiary hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal. The findings could help designing more focused interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Dangal
- Nepal Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Yam Prasad Dwa
- Nepal Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Kathmandu, Nepal
- KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sandesh Poudel
- Nepal Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jitendra Pariyar
- Nepal Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Civil Service Hospital of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kirtipal Subedi
- Nepal Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Kussia B, Shewangizaw M, Abebe S, Alemu H, Simon T. Health care seeking behaviour towards cervical cancer screening among women aged 30-49 years in Arbaminch town, Southern Ethiopia, 2023. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:38. [PMID: 38183018 PMCID: PMC10768214 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is a preventable disease. However, it remains the commonest and deadly cancer in women worldwide. Health care seeking behaviour is not well studied in Ethiopia even though it is crucial in averting cervical cancer by maximizing cervical cancer screening utilization. Therefore, this study amid to assess health care seeking behaviour towards cervical cancer screening and its associated factors among women aged 30-49 years in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia, 2023. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 414 women who are in the age range of 30-49 in Arba Minch town from January 2-February20, 2023. Study participants were selected by a simple random sampling technique from all kebeles and data were collected using pretested interviewer administered questionnaires. SPSS version 27 was used to conduct binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents were described using descriptive statistics. Furthermore, binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were made to find the factors associated with health care seeking behaviour. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 on binary logistic regression were selected for multivariable logistic regression. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The reliability and internal consistency of the constructs of health belief model were calculated independently using Cronbach's alpha. RESULT The prevalence of health care seeking behaviour towards cervical cancer screening was 197(47.6%) [95%CI: 42.7-52.5%]. Respondents' good knowledge [AOR = 1.55, 95%CI: 1.01-2.39], positive perceived susceptibility [AOR = 3.63, 95%CI: 2.06-6.42], positive perceived severity [AOR = 2.65, 95%CI: 1.71-4.09], positive perceived benefits [AOR = 4.85, 95%CI: 2.92-7.87] were significantly associated with health seeking behaviour. CONCLUSION The prevalence of health care seeking behaviour towards cervical cancer screening is low in this study. To maximize the health care seeking behavior of women, further acting on perceived susceptibility, respondents' knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived benefit of the woman are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begetayinoral Kussia
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, P.O. Box 21, Ethiopia.
| | - Misgun Shewangizaw
- School of public health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, P.O. Box 21, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Abebe
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, P.O. Box 21, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Alemu
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, P.O. Box 21, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfahun Simon
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, P.O. Box 21, Ethiopia
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Adhikari A, Kashyap B, Acharya S, Sharma S, Gurung S, Yadav RK, Budhathoki P. Knowledge and practice regarding cancer screening in Nepal: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:382-391. [PMID: 38222683 PMCID: PMC10783334 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer screening utilization can aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. However, the current scenario of the knowledge and practice regarding cancer screening remains unclear as the authors do not have sufficient studies. Hence, the authors conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the situation of cancer screening utilization and knowledge. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all studies on knowledge and practice regarding cancer screening in the Nepalese population. Data extraction and analysis were done with SPSS and CMA-3. Results The authors identified a total of 5238 studies after database searching, and 19 studies were included in a narrative synthesis. Lack of awareness and knowledge was the major barrier in cervical, breast, and testicular cancer screening. In cervical cancer screening, the most common reason for screening was the advice of health personnel in 85% of respondents, and the barrier was lack of awareness in 49.33% of participants. Conclusion The knowledge and practice of cancer screening is lacking in Nepal, as shown by our review. More educational and awareness programs, easy access to screening services, and elimination of sociocultural barriers are necessary to increase the utilization of screening services.
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Utilization of cervical cancer screening services and its associated factors in Iran: a case-control study. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:17. [PMID: 36906592 PMCID: PMC10008011 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the high incidence rate of cervical cancer (CC) in Iran, screening is an effective way of reducing the impact of the disease due to early detection. Thus, the recognition of the factors affecting the use of cervical cancer screening (CCS) services is essential.The present study aimed to determine the associated factors of CCS in women living in the suburbs of Bandar Abbas in the south of Iran. METHODS The present case-control study was conducted between January and March 2022 in the suburban areas of Bandar abbas. Two hundred participants were assigned to the case group and 400 participants were assigned to the control group. A self-constructed questionnaire was used to collect the data. This questionnaire contained demographic information, reproductive information, knowledge of CC, knowledge of CCS and access to the screening. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were run to analyze the data. The data were analyzed in STATA 14.2 at a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS The mean and standard deviation of participants' age in the case group was 30.33 ± 4.892, and in the control group was 31.35 ± 6.149. The mean and standard deviation of knowledge in the case group was 10.21 ± 1.815 and in the control group was 7.24 ± 2.447. The mean and standard deviation of access was 43.72 ± 6.339 in the case and 37.17 ± 4.828 in the control group. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed the following factors increased the odds of CCS: knowledge (OR medium = 18.697, OR high = 13.413), access (OR medium = 4.028, OR high = 8.126), being married (OR = 3.193), being educated (OR diploma = 2.587, OR university degree = 1.432), middle and high SES (OR Middle = 6.078, OR Upper = 6.608), and not smoking (OR = 1.144). Also, women's reproductive status, including history of sexually transmitted diseases (OR = 2.612), use of oral contraceptives (OR = 1.579), sexual hygiene (OR = 8.718). CONCLUSIONS In the light of the present findings, it can be concluded that besides increasing suburban women's knowledge, their access to screening facilities should be improved. The present findings showed the need to remove the barriers to CCS in women of low SES to increase the rate of CCS. The present findings contribute to a better understanding of factors involved in CCS.
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Tadesse F, Megerso A, Mohammed E, Nigatu D, Bayana E. Cervical Cancer Screening Practice Among Women: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study Design. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2023; 60:469580231159743. [PMID: 36905321 PMCID: PMC10009050 DOI: 10.1177/00469580231159743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of cervical cancer through screening practice in developing countries is still low. The study is aimed to determine cervical cancer screening practice and associated factors among women of age 25 to 59 years old. Community-based study design was employed and systematic sampling was used to get 458 samples. The data were entered into Epi info version 7.2.1.0 and exported to SPSS version 20 for cleaning and analysis. Binary and Multivariable Logistic regression was used and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI at P-value <.05 was reported as significant value. Cervical screening practice among the study participants was 15.5%. Women's age 40 to 49 (AOR = 2.95, 95% CI = 0.94, 9.28), educational status (AOR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.31, 13.37), employed women (AOR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.01, 6.68), parity above 4 (AOR = 3.09, CI = 1.03, 9.31), sexual partners 2 to 3 (AOR = 5.32, CI = 2.33, 12.14), good knowledge about cervical cancer (AOR = 3.88; 95% CI = 1.83, 8.23) and positive attitude toward cervical cancer (AOR = 5.92, CI = 2.53, 13.87) were independently associated with cervical cancer screening practices. The study revealed that the utilization of cervical cancer screening was very low. Educational status, Women's age, number of sexual partners, knowledge, and attitude were significantly associated with cervical cancer screening practice. Therefore, intervention programs intended at improving cervical cancer screening practice among women should focus on the significant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frew Tadesse
- Negelle Health Science College, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Alie MS, Negesse Y, Ayenew M. Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Aged 30-49 Years Old in Four African Countries: A Cross-Sectional Secondary Data Analysis. Cancer Control 2023; 30:10732748231195681. [PMID: 37656980 PMCID: PMC10475266 DOI: 10.1177/10732748231195681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-stage cervical cancer screening is essential for providing women with a better chance of receiving effective treatment for precancerous and cancer stages. Delay in cervical cancer screening results in late presentation and cancer metastasis. National-level cervical cancer screening in resource-limited countries was scarce and not well studied in Africa based on national data specifically in Kenya, Cameroon, Nambia, and Zimbabwe. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and determinants of cervical cancer screening among eligible women in Kenya, Cameroon, Nambia, and Zimbabwe. METHODS This study analyzed demographic and health survey data from Kenya, Cameroon, Nambia, and Zimbabwe. The data were extracted and analyzed by STATA version 15 and further analysis was done. Intraclass correlation coefficient, median odds ratio, and proportional change in variance were calculated to check the appropriateness of multilevel analysis. Variables with P-value < .25 were selected for multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis. Finally, statistical significance between dependent and independent variables was assessed by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The prevalence of cervical cancer screening in 4 African countries (Nambia, Kenya, Cameroon, and Zimbabwe) was 23.4 [95%CI: 22.8-24.1]. The determinants identified in this study were women of age 41-50 years [AOR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.24, 1.73], rural residence [AOR = .67; 95% CI .55, .81], women who have their own work [AOR = 1.1; 95% CI 1.0, 1.37], smoking status [AOR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.17, 3.0], age at first birth >=35 [AOR = 5.27; 95% CI 1.29-21.52], condom use [AOR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.46,2.19], husbands having worked [AOR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.08,2.11], rich household wealth [AOR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.13,1.8], and having health insurance [AOR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.8,2.7]. CONCLUSION The prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Kenya, Cameroon, Nambia, and Zimbabwe was low as compared to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Age, residence, work status, smoking status, women's age at first birth, condom use, husbands having work, wealth status, and health insurance were the identified determinants of cervical cancer screening. Programme and policy interventions could address younger, rural residence women, poor wealth status women, women without work, and those who never use health insurance for the uptake of cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melsew Setegn Alie
- Department of Public health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Yilkal Negesse
- Department Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Gojjam, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Ayenew
- Department of Public health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
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Baral G. Cervical Cancer Screening and HPV Vaccination in Nepal. South Asian J Cancer 2023; 12:53-54. [PMID: 36851932 PMCID: PMC9966170 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
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Suhaila K, Mukherjee A, Maharjan B, Dhakal A, Lama M, Junkins A, Khakurel U, Jha AN, Jolly PE, Lhaki P, Shrestha S. Human Papillomavirus, Related Diseases, and Vaccination: Knowledge and Awareness Among Health Care Students and Professionals in Nepal. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2022; 37:1727-1735. [PMID: 33939117 PMCID: PMC8563486 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-021-02018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted disease worldwide. While burden of HPV-associated cancers and mortality is higher in low-income countries, there is limited data about knowledge of it among health care students and professionals. We assessed awareness and knowledge of HPV, its related diseases, and HPV vaccine among 333 participants, composed of 146 medical students (MSs) and professionals (MPs) and 187 nursing students (NSs) and professionals (NPs) using a 40-question survey between July 2018 and February 2019. Surveys were conducted in English language using both paper and an online version. Most participants reported that they had heard of HPV and cervical cancer. However, 91.76% of MPs and 77.97% of MSs, but only 41.11% of NPs and 36.17% NSs reported knowing that HPV types 16 and 18 caused cervical cancer. Likewise, about two-thirds of MPs and MSs reported having the knowledge that HPV 6 and 11 caused genital warts versus only a little over one-fourth of NPs and NSs. Only 55.91% of NPs and 51.61% of NSs were aware that HPV could cause cancer in both men and women, whereas 42.35% of MPs, 64.41% of MSs, 41.76% of NPs, and 40.66% of NSs were aware that the vaccine could be given to both boys and girls. While medical professionals were relatively more knowledgeable about HPV and related diseases, overall, knowledge about the HPV vaccine was low among all groups. This knowledge gap is concerning and warrants further attention to fight HPV-related public health burden in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Suhaila
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022, USA
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022, USA
| | | | - Amrit Dhakal
- Nepal Fertility Care Center (NFCC), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Mingma Lama
- Nepal Fertility Care Center (NFCC), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Anna Junkins
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022, USA
| | | | | | - Pauline E Jolly
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022, USA
| | - Pema Lhaki
- Nepal Fertility Care Center (NFCC), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022, USA.
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Individual and intimate-partner factors associated with cervical cancer screening in Central Uganda. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274602. [PMID: 36108074 PMCID: PMC9477300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate-partner factors have a significant effect on the uptake of services that affect maternal reproductive health outcomes. There is limited research on intimate-partner factors associated with cervical cancer screening. Therefore, this article examines the intimate-partner correlates of cervical cancer screening among married women in Central Uganda. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Wakiso and Nakasongola districts in Central Uganda. A total of 656 married women aged 25–49 participated in the study. Frequency distributions for descriptive statistics and Pearson chi-squared tests were done to identify the association of selected individual explanatory variables and intimate-partner factors with cervical cancer screening. Finally, multivariable complementary log-log regressions were used to estimate intimate-partner factors associated with women’s cervical cancer screening uptake in Central Uganda. About 2 in 10 (20%) of the participants had been screened for cervical cancer. The following characteristics when examined separately in relation to the uptake of cervical cancer screening service and were significant: woman’s age, education attainment, occupation, wealth index, parity, male partner’s age, and male partner’s emotional support. After adjusting for independent factors, cervical cancer screening was significantly associated with women who had; attained secondary (AOR = 2.19; CI 1.18–4.06) compared to none/ primary education, and received partner’s emotional support (AOR = 30.06; CI 13.44–67.20) compared to those who did not receive partner’s emotional support. In Central Uganda, cervical cancer screening among married women was significantly associated with women’s education, and partner’s emotional support. These factors point to the importance of intimate-partner factors. Therefore, more effort should be directed at encouraging men’s participation. This should be supplemented with empowering women through education to increase uptake of screening services.
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Okyere J, Aboagye RG, Seidu AA, Asare BYA, Mwamba B, Ahinkorah BO. Towards a cervical cancer-free future: women's healthcare decision making and cervical cancer screening uptake in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058026. [PMID: 35906053 PMCID: PMC9345091 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between women's healthcare decision making and cervical cancer screening uptake in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN Secondary data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of six countries in sub-Saharan Africa were used. We employed multilevel binary logistic regression modelling. SETTING Sub-Saharan Africa. PARTICIPANTS Women aged 15-49 years in Benin (n=5282), Côte d'Ivoire (n=1925), Cameroon (n=7558), Kenya (n=6696), Namibia (n=1990) and Zimbabwe (n=5006). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Cervical cancer screening uptake. RESULTS The overall prevalence of cervical cancer screening across the six sub-Saharan African countries was 13.4%. Compared with women whose healthcare decisions were made solely by husbands/partners/someone else, the likelihood of cervical cancer screening uptake was significantly higher among women who took healthcare decisions in consultation with their husbands/partners (aOR=1.38; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.59), but highest among those who made healthcare decisions alone (aOR=1.66; 95% CI 1.44 to 1.91). Women aged between 40 and 45 years (aOR=5.18; 95% CI 3.15 to 8.52), those with higher education (aOR=2.13; 95% CI 1.57 to 2.88), those who had ever heard of cervical cancer (aOR=32.74; 95% CI 20.02 to 53.55), read newspaper or magazine at least once a week (aOR=2.11; 95% CI 1.83 to 2.44), listened to the radio at least once a week (aOR=1.35; 95% CI1.18 to 1.52) and those in households with richest wealth index (aOR=1.55; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.00) had significantly higher odds of screening for cervical cancer compared to their counterparts. CONCLUSION Women who are able to make autonomous healthcare decisions and those who practice shared decision making are more likely to uptake cervical cancer screening. Therefore, policy interventions should focus on empowering women to be able to take autonomous healthcare decisions or shared decision making while targeting subpopulations (ie, multiparous and rural-dwelling women, as well as those in other religious affiliations aside from Christianity) that are less likely to uptake cervical cancer screening. Also, the radio and print media could be leveraged in raising awareness about cervical cancer screening to accelerate cervical cancer screening uptake in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Okyere
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Nursing, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Gyan Aboagye
- Department of Family and Community Health, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Gender and Advocacy, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Western Region, Ghana
| | - Bernard Yeboah-Asiamah Asare
- Health Psychology, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bupe Mwamba
- Centre for Midwifery, Family and Child Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Isabirye A, Elwange BC, Singh K, De Allegri M. Individual and community-level determinants of cervical cancer screening in Zimbabwe: a multi-level analyses of a nationwide survey. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:309. [PMID: 35879710 PMCID: PMC9310401 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the benefits of cervical cancer (CC) screening to reduce the disease burden, uptake remains limited in developing countries. This study aims to assess the individual and community-level determinants of cervical cancer screening among women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe. METHODS We analyzed data collected from 400 communities from the 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey with a sample size of 9955 women aged 15-49 years. The descriptive statistics and multi-level regression models adjusted for potential covariates were performed to examine the association between individual, household and community-level factors and the uptake of cervical cancer screening in women. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of women in Zimbabwe using cervical cancer screening was 27.9 (9.9) years. A relatively small proportion of women, i.e., only 13.4% had ever screened for cervical cancer, with higher screening rates observed in the following sub-groups: middle aged women 31-49 years (odds ratio (OR) = 2.01; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.72-2.34), and currently working (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 1.17-1.55), those with health insurance (OR = 1.95; 95% CI 1.63-2.34), used modern contraceptives (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.22-1.86), exposed to multiple media (OR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.03-1.58), those living in communities that had a high predominance of women with favorable attitude towards Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) against women (OR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.04-1.41) and a non-poor wealth index (OR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.14-2.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data shows a significantly low prevalence of cervical cancer screening among reproductive age women in Zimbabwe. To increase the uptake of cervical cancer screening, there is an urgent need both to implement behavioral interventions targeted at women from low socio-economic groups and to advocate for universal health coverage that includes financial risk protection to help all women realize their right to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alone Isabirye
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Population Studies (Demography), Faculty of Social Sciences, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Bob Charlestine Elwange
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Population Studies (Demography), Faculty of Social Sciences, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kavita Singh
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Manuela De Allegri
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Shrestha AD, Andersen JG, Gyawali B, Shrestha A, Shrestha S, Neupane D, Ghimire S, Campbell C, Kallestrup P. Cervical cancer screening utilization, and associated factors, in Nepal: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2022; 210:16-25. [PMID: 35863158 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically appraise the existing published literature on cervical cancer screening utilization, and associated barriers and facilitators, in Nepal. STUDY DESIGN Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, and, Google Scholar were systematically searched using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guideline. All quantitative and qualitative studies reporting cervical cancer screening (using the Pap smear test or visual inspection with acetic acid or human papillomavirus test) utilization, barriers, and facilitators for screening were identified. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate Nepal's pooled cervical cancer screening utilization proportion. RESULTS The search yielded 97 records, of which 17 studies were included. Fifteen studies were quantitative and two were qualitative. Of the 17 studies, six were hospital-based and six were community-based. The pooled cervical cancer screening utilization proportion (using Pap smear test) among Nepalese women was 17% from the studies in the hospital settings, and 16% in the community. Six studies reported barriers to cervical cancer screening, of which four reported embarrassments related to the gynecological examination and a low level of knowledge on cervical cancer. Three (of four) studies reported health personnel, and two studies reported screening services-related facilitators for cervical cancer screening. CONCLUSION Our review reported that cervical cancer screening utilization (16%) is more than four times lower than the national target (70%) in Nepal. Multiple barriers such as low levels of knowledge and embarrassment are associated with cervical cancer screening utilization. Health personnel's gender, counseling, and privacy of screening services were commonly reported facilitators. These findings could help to inform future research, and policy efforts to increase cervical cancer screening utilization in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Shrestha
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark; COBIN, Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Nepal.
| | - J G Andersen
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - B Gyawali
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal; Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Institute for Implementation Science, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Shrestha
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - D Neupane
- COBIN, Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Nepal; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Ghimire
- Nepal Cancer Care Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - C Campbell
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom
| | - P Kallestrup
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Zhou C, Chen F, Li L. A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17)-Modified Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Enhance Drug-Resistant Cervical Cancer Development. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ADAM-17 is a type I transmembrane protein, and its abnormal expression affects the body development and tumor growth. BMSCs act as a target gene carrier in tumor tissues. This study mainly aims to explore the role of ADAM-17 and BMSCs in drug-resistant cervical cancer (CC). BMSCs were
transfected with ADAM-17 or empty vectors and then co-cultured with cisplatin-resistant CC cells followed by analysis of cell morphology. The in vivo effect of ADAM-17-modified BMSC was evaluated using animal model of CC. The protein expression of ADAM-17, EGFR, PI3K, and Akt was detected
using Western blot and RT-qPCR. Transfection of ADAM-17 significantly facilitated tumor growth at different time points (4 d, 7 d, 10 d, 14 d), accompanied with the upregulation of ADAM-17, EGFR, PI3K, and Akt expression (p < 0.05) without differences between empty vector group and
blank group (p > 0.05). Mechanistically, ADAM-17 directly targets EGFR in CC. In conclusion, ADAM-17-modified BMSC enhances the growth of drug-resistant CC cell and tumor growth through EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which may contribute to a novel therapy for treating CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Jiangnan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, China
| | - Fengxia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Jiangnan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, China
| | - Liling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, China
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Gao L, Lv S, Zhu Y. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) with a Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) Overexpression Increase Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration Through Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)/Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Protein Kinase b (AKT) Signaling. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ADAM-17 is a membrane-bound protease and highly expressed in multiple tumors. BMSCs carrying target genes are delivered to damaged sites. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying BMSCs with ADAM-17 in cervical cancer (CC). BMSCs were transfected with ADAM-17 mimics and
co-cultured with CC cells followed by analysis of cell proliferation and migration by MTT assay and scratch assay, ADAM-17 and target genes (LAMB3, Robol) level by Western blot and RT-qPCR. As the effectiveness of ADAM-17 transfection was confirmed by its increased level, the presence of empty
vector rarely affected ADAM-17 expression and biological activities of CC cells compared to control group (p > 0.05). BMSCs with ADAM-17 overexpression increased CC cell proliferation and enhanced scratch healing rate (p < 0.05), accompanied with upregulated LAMB3 and Robol.
The difference in LAMB3 and Robol expression between empty vector group and control group did not reach a significance. In conclsuion, this study elucidates that BMSCs with ADAM-17 overexpression promotes CC cell progression through up-regulation of LAMB3 and Robol and activation EGFR/PI3K/Akt
signaling, providing a novel BMSC-based targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Gynaecology, Baoji Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, 721000, China
| | - Shulan Lv
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology, Baoji Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, 721000, China
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Shrestha AD, Gyawali B, Shrestha A, Shrestha S, Neupane D, Ghimire S, Campbell C, Kallestrup P. Knowledge, attitude, preventive practices and utilization of cervical cancer screening among women in Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2022; 31:73-81. [PMID: 34871200 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer continues to be a global public health concern and a leading cause of cancer deaths among Nepalese women. In spite of the availability of screening and treatment services in Nepal, the utilization of screening has been low. This study investigated knowledge, attitude, preventive practices and utilization of cervical cancer screening among women in a semi-urban area of Pokhara Metropolitan City of Nepal. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out among 729 women 30-60 years of age, between April and June 2019. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling, and a door-to-door home visit was conducted for data collection. A pretested interviewer-administered Nepali questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic variables, knowledge, attitude and preventive practices regarding cervical cancer screening. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 45.9 years (SD ±7.7); the majority were married (86.7%). Among the participants, 44.9% were ever screened for cervical cancer. However, only 10.4% of participants received timely repeated screening for cervical cancer. The median knowledge score achieved by participants was 2.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 1-4] on a scale of maximum score 36, the median attitude score was 31.0 (IQR 29-32) on a scale of 40 and the median preventive practice score was 3.0 (IQR 3-4) on a scale of five. CONCLUSION This study showed low knowledge and low utilization of cervical cancer screening among women in Nepal. We recommend a community-based educational intervention to educate and empower women to increase knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamod Dhoj Shrestha
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
- COBIN, Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Bishal Gyawali
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Archana Shrestha
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dinesh Neupane
- COBIN, Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Nepal
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Per Kallestrup
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Xiao R, Wang H, Yang B. MicroRNA-98-5p modulates cervical cancer progression via controlling PI3K/AKT pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:10596-10607. [PMID: 34895048 PMCID: PMC8810110 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To probe into the potential mechanism of microRNA (miR)-98-5p inhibiting the biological progress of cervical cancer (CC) cells via regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect miR-98-5p expression in CC tissues and cell lines; Cell counting kit-8 and Edu analysis were performed for checking cell proliferation, flow cytometry for cell apoptosis, transwell for cell invasion and migration, Western blot for proliferation-related proteins Ki67 and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax expression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins Snail, matrix metalloproteinase-3, E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression, as well as PI3K/Akt pathway-related proteins PTEN, PI3K as well as Akt expression levels, and the nude mouse tumor xenograft experiment was applied to verify in vivo. The result clarified, miR-98-5p was reduced in CC. Overexpression miR-98-5p could inhibit CC cell proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT, whereas promoted its apoptosis, but silencing miR-98-5p was opposite. Overexpression miR-98-5p could depress the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in CC in vivo and in vitro. MiR-98-5p targeted CBX5. In short, miR-98-5p is able to be used as a potential target for treating CC in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- RongXin Xiao
- Department of Gynaecology, Funing People’s Hospital, Yancheng City, JiangSu Province, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Funing People’s Hospital, Yancheng City, JiangSu Province, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Gynaecology, Funing People’s Hospital, Yancheng City, JiangSu Province, China
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18
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Al-Saadi AN, Al-Muqbali AH, Dawi E. Women's Knowledge of Cervical Cancer: A cross-sectional study in Al Buraimi Governorate, Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2021; 21:450-456. [PMID: 34522412 PMCID: PMC8407910 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.4.2021.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to assess knowledge of cervical cancer and its prevention among Omani women aged 20-65 years. Methods This cross-sectional study took place across eight primary healthcare institutions in Al Buraimi Governorate, Oman, between November 2018 and February 2019. It was carried out on the basis of a predesigned, validated and self-administered questionnaire containing 55 questions. Results Data from 791 completed questionnaires were included in the final analysis, which represents a response rate of 79.1%. The results indicated that 86.7% of surveyed women had previously heard of cervical cancer and 13.0% expected this disease to affect them in the future. The results also showed that women were less aware of the association between the human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer (24.7%). The participants considered the HPV infection and initiation of sexual intercourse below 17 years of age as the lowest risks associated with cervical cancer. Moreover, 63.8% of the participants were unaware of the availability of a vaccination 'against HPV-related cervical cancer' and many respondents were unaware of a Pap test. Those women aged over 30 years, married and with a high level of education were more likely to be aware of cervical cancer. Conclusion Generally, there was inadequate knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer among women aged 20-65 years. Young women aged 20-30 years showed relatively lesser knowledge of cervical cancer as compared to their older counterparts. Thus, concerted efforts are needed to promote such awareness among women in Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha N Al-Saadi
- Department of Studies and Research, Directorate General of Planning and Studies, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Aisha H Al-Muqbali
- Buraimi Polyclinic, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Eihab Dawi
- Department of Biostatistics, Arab Open University, Khaitan, Kuwait
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Hashemzehi A, Karimi-Zarchi M, Parsaeian SF, Asadian F, Golestanpour H, Setayesh S, Shaker SA, Zare-Shehneh M, Neamatzadeh H. Association of IL-6 -174G>C and -572G>C Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Cervical Cancer and Ovarian Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:2867-2871. [PMID: 34582655 PMCID: PMC8850876 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.9.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past decades, the expansion of molecular development has had a key role in understanding the basis of gynecological cancer. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of different cancers. Here, we evaluated the association of IL-6 -174G>C and -572 G>C polymorphisms with susceptibility to cervical and ovarian cancers in an Iranian population. METHODS A total of 131 cases with ovarian cancer, 124 cases with cervical cancer and 140 healthy subjects were enrolled to the study. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells of subjects to genotype the IL-6 -174G>C and -572 G>C polymorphisms by amplification refractory mutation system (RFLP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS There was a significant association of IL-6 -174G>C CC genotype (OR= 3.231, 95% CI: 1.130-9.239, p=0.029) and C allele (OR = 1.915; 95%CI: 1.266-2.896, p=0.002) with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Moreover, the IL-6 -174G>C CC genotype (OR= 3.162, 95% CI: 1.094-9.141, p=0.034) and C allele (OR = 1.724; 95%CI: 1.129-2.633, p=0.012) was associated with increased risk of cervical cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the IL-6 -174G>C polymorphism was associated with ovarian cancer and cervical cancer risk. However, IL-6 -572 G>C polymorphism was not associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hashemzehi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Karimi-Zarchi
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Parsaeian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Asadian
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Golestanpour
- Department of Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Setayesh
- Student of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Amir Shaker
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Zare-Shehneh
- Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Awareness of Screening Services Among Female Undergraduate Health Sciences Students in Brunei. INDIAN JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40944-021-00578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Koirala R, Gurung N, Dhakal S, Karki S. Role of cancer literacy in cancer screening behaviour among adults of Kaski district, Nepal. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254565. [PMID: 34255769 PMCID: PMC8277024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer Screening is a key approach to detect cancer at an early stage and help reduce cancer mortality globally. Inadequate Cancer Literacy may pose a barrier to patient engagement in getting screened for cancer. This study assessed Cancer Screening behavior and its association with Cancer Literacy and other factors among adults of Kaski district, Nepal. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 180 adults from March to August 2019, selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. Data on demographics, history of cancer, use of naturopathy, fatalism, family support, cancer literacy and cancer screening behaviour were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, with the aid of face-to-face interviews. Cancer Literacy was measured using a cancer health literacy tool (CHLT-6), and Cancer Screening behaviour was assessed on the basis of the self reported information about having gone through any type of cancer screening in the past. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was calculated to determine the strength of association using Multivariate Logistic Regression analysis. Only 43.4% of the respondents had Cancer Literacy scores more than the median and only 11.7% had ever gone through any Cancer Screening test in the past. In this study, Cancer Screening behaviour was significantly associated with Cancer Literacy [OR = 1.43, 95% CI (1.01–2.02)]. Similarly, significant association was found between Cancer Screening behaviour and other exposure variables such as age [OR = 1.06, 95% CI (1.02–1.11)] and gender [OR = 0.06, 95% CI (0.01–0.35)]. This study showed low cancer screening and cancer literacy scores amongst the respondents. This suggests that to tackle the ever increasing burden of cancer and hence, to increase cancer screening, we need to focus on improving knowledge and awareness about cancer, as well as, on targeting efforts towards people’s understanding of basic health and cancer terminologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reecha Koirala
- Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- * E-mail:
| | - Nisha Gurung
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre, Lekhnath, Gandaki Province, Nepal
| | - Sarita Dhakal
- Kathmandu Model Research Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sulata Karki
- Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
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Dsouza JP, Van den Broucke S, Pattanshetty S, Dhoore W. The application of health behavior theories to promote cervical cancer screening uptake. Public Health Nurs 2021; 38:1039-1079. [PMID: 34231254 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cervical cancer is a major cause of mortality, its progress and survival rate can be improved through screening. Yet despite their wide availability, women's participation in cervical cancer screening (CCS) programs is often suboptimal, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Besides demographic and organizational characteristics, screening uptake is influenced by psychological factors, most of which are included in health behavior theories. This systematic review compared different health behavior theories in terms of their capacity to explain CCS uptake and inform CCS promotion campaigns. METHODS A comprehensive search and analysis of published intervention and non-intervention (observational) studies that applied at least one health behavior theory to CCS participation. RESULTS After quality screening, 48 observational and 21 intervention studies were identified that applied the Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Transtheoretical model (TTM), Social-ecological Model (SEM), and/or Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI) to CCS. The HBM was most frequently used to explain behavior, whereas the TPB was better at explaining screening intentions. Tailored intervention studies focusing on all theoretical constructs were most effective in modifying perceptions and increasing CCS uptake. CONCLUSIONS Despite their inconsistent use, health behavior theories can explain CCS intentions and behavior and contribute to the development of targeted interventions to promote screening uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Van den Broucke
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Sanjay Pattanshetty
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - William Dhoore
- Faculty of Public Health, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium
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Samami E, Seyedi- Andi SJ, Bayat B, Shojaeizadeh D, Tori NA. The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: A randomized controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:22. [PMID: 33688531 PMCID: PMC7933686 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_33_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the effect of educational intervention using the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap test at health centers. METHODOLOGY This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 120 women who were allocated into two groups (intervention = 60 and control = 60). The sampling method was a multistage cluster. The training was provided in two sessions for 90 min. Data gathering tool was a 4-part researcher-made questionnaire including demographic characteristics, knowledge, health belief model structures, and function. Women were evaluated and completed the questionnaire in two stages (before and 2 months after training). Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilcoxon, linear regression, Mann-Whitney U-test, Fisher, Chi-square, and marginal homogeneity tests. RESULTS At baseline, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding the mean of knowledge and the structures of health belief model scores. The average scores of participants in terms of health belief model structures were increased significantly after the training sessions. Furthermore, the comparison of the performance of Pap smear before training showed that in the intervention group (23.3%) and in the control group (31.7%), there was no significant difference in terms of the history of performing the Pap smear test (P = 0.414). However, a significant difference (P = 0.001) was observed after training in the intervention group (31.7%) and in the control group (3.3%). CONCLUSION Educational intervention using the health belief model is effective in increasing knowledge, attitude, and function of women in terms of providing useful and required education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Samami
- Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalil Seyedi- Andi
- Assistant Professor of Health Education and Promotion, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Beyrambibi Bayat
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Shojaeizadeh
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Ahmadzadeh Tori
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Address for correspondence: Neda Ahmadzadeh Tori, Ph.D Student Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
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Isabirye A, Mbonye MK, Kwagala B. Predictors of cervical cancer screening uptake in two districts of Central Uganda. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243281. [PMID: 33270792 PMCID: PMC7714132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Uganda's cervical cancer age standardized incidence rate is four times the global estimate. Although Uganda's ministry of health recommends screening for women aged 25-49 years, the screening remains low even in the most developed region (Central Uganda) of the country. This study examined the demographic, social, and economic predictors of cervical cancer screening in Central Uganda with the aim of informing targeted interventions to improve screening. The cross-sectional survey was conducted in Wakiso and Nakasongola districts in Central Uganda. A total of 845 women age 25-49 years participated in the study. Data were analyzed at bivariate and multivariate levels to examine the predictors of CC (cervical cancer) screening. Only 1 in 5 women (20.6%) had ever screened for cervical cancer. Our multivariate logistic regression model indicated that wealth index, source of information, and knowledge about CC and CC screening were significantly associated with cervical cancer screening. The odds of cervical cancer screening were higher among rich women compared with poor women [AOR = 1.93 (95%CI: 1.06-3.42), p = 0.031)], receiving information from health providers compared with radios [AOR = 4.14 (95%CI: 2.65-6.48), p<0.001, and being more knowledgeable compared with being less knowledgeable about CC and CC screening [AOR = 2.46 (95%CI: 1.49-3.37), p<0.001)]. Overall cervical cancer screening uptake in central Uganda was found to be low. The findings of the study indicate that women from a wealthy background, who had been sensitized by health workers and with high knowledge about CC and CC screening had higher odds of having ever screened compared with their counterparts. Efforts to increase uptake of screening must address disparities in access to resources and knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alone Isabirye
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Kayitale Mbonye
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Betty Kwagala
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Experiences of cervical cancer survivors in Chitwan, Nepal: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234834. [PMID: 33151965 PMCID: PMC7644025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cervical cancer is a global leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The majority of cervical cancer deaths occur in developing countries including Nepal. Though knowledge of cervical cancer is an important determinant of women’s participation in prevention and screening for cervical cancer, little is known about this topic in Nepal. This study explores the experiences of cervical cancer survivors and assesses the attitude of family and community towards it and stigma related to this disease in Bharatpur, Nepal. Methods The study design was qualitative methods involving two focus-group discussions. A total of 17 cervical cancer survivors, who have completed two years of cancer treatment were selected purposively from Chitwan. All qualitative data were transcribed and translated into English and were thematically analyzed. Results The majority of the participants had scant knowledge about cervical cancer, its causative agent, showed less cervical cancer screening, delayed healthcare-seeking behavior despite having persistent symptoms before the diagnosis. The main reasons identified for not uptaking the cervical screening methods were an embarrassment and having no symptoms at all. Most of them endured social stigma related to cervical cancer in the form of physical isolation and verbal abuse. Conclusions There is an urgent need for interventions to make women and the public aware of cervical cancer and launch effective health education campaigns, policies for cervical cancer prevention programs. This implementation can save the lives of hundreds of women and help them avoid going through all the negative experiences related to cervical cancer. More studies are required to gain the perspectives, knowledge, experiences, and attitudes of cervical cancer survivors to add to the research.
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Mboineki JF, Wang P, Dhakal K, Getu MA, Millanzi WC, Chen C. Predictors of uptake of cervical cancer screening among women in Urban Tanzania: community-based cross-sectional study. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:1593-1602. [PMID: 33130908 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The proportion of women screened for cervical cancer in Tanzania remains small at 6-21%. Even though some studies have been conducted to address barriers, the screening uptake remains low, which denotes the presence of unidentified barriers. The main objective of this study is to assess the predictors in the uptake of cervical cancer screening (CCS) among women in Tanzania. METHODS This is a community-based cross-sectional study conducted to obtain quantitative data through validated questionnaires to assess predictors of CCS. RESULTS 1013 (91.8%) of the respondents had not been screened for cervical cancer. Three predictors of CCS were identified in this study; screening intention, health beliefs, and knowledge level. 600 (54.4%) of respondents had no screening intention. 552 (50%) had negative health beliefs, and 585 (53%) had inadequate knowledge of cervical cancer and CCS. Respondents who had no intention to screen were 0.482 (AOR) times less likely to uptake CCS (P = 0.002; 95% CI: 0.305, 0.761). CONCLUSIONS The ongoing community-awareness raising campaigns should be coupled with community knowledge-raising campaign, and there should be an establishing of peer-supporting screening programs in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanes Faustine Mboineki
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Panpan Wang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kamala Dhakal
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Walter Cleophance Millanzi
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Changying Chen
- The first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Lu, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan province, China.
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Gong L, Luo Z, Tang H, Tan X, Xie L, Lei Y, He C, Ma J, Han S. Integrative, genome-wide association study identifies chemicals associated with common women's malignancies. Genomics 2020; 112:5029-5036. [PMID: 32911025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer are three of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in women, and more cancer prevention research is urgently needed. METHODS Summary data of a large genome-wide association study of female cancers were derived from the UK biobank. We performed a transcriptome-wide association study and a gene set enrichment analysis to identify correlations between chemical exposure and aberrant expression, repression, or mutation of genes related to cancer using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. RESULTS We identified five chemicals (NSC668394, glafenine, methylnitronitrosoguanidine, fenofibrate, and methylparaben) that were associated with the incidence of both breast cancer and cervical cancer. CONCLUSION Using a transcriptome-wide association study and gene set enrichment analysis we identified environmental chemicals that are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyun Gong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Hanmin Tang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xinyue Tan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lina Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yutiantian Lei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Chenchen He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Jinlu Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Suxia Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China.
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Poudel K, Sumi N. Analyzing Awareness on Risk Factors, Barriers and Prevention of Cervical Cancer among Pairs of Nepali High School Students and Their Mothers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4382. [PMID: 31717567 PMCID: PMC6888144 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Providing information on increased cancer risks associated with certain behaviors might encourage adolescents to initiate protective behaviors. This study firstly determined the knowledge of risk factors and prevention of cervical cancer. Secondly, it checked an association between mothers' screening practice and student's knowledge. A descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted among 253 pairs of high school students and their mothers. Knowledge on cervical cancer was significantly lower among students and mothers. While cancer screening tests, maintenance of hygiene were considered as major preventive measures for cervical cancer, human papilloma vaccine was the least considered preventive measure. Students who were female, attended discussions on cancer and had a healthy diet had better awareness of cancer. Mothers of female students had better knowledge about cervical cancer than mothers of male students. Less perceived susceptibility and lack of knowledge were major obstacles among mothers, limiting cervical cancer screening to 15%. Although association between knowledge of students and screening practice of mothers was not clear, it was observed that cancer communication increased awareness of cervical cancer in both groups. Our findings showed a strong need for school-based cancer education program to address the issues of human papillomavirus vaccinations, cervical cancer risk and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Poudel
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan;
| | - Naomi Sumi
- Faculty of Nursing, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
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20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 Promotes HeLa Cell Apoptosis by Regulating Autophagy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203655. [PMID: 31658733 PMCID: PMC6832142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) has various bioactivities including anti-cancer effects and inhibition of autophagy. However, no reports have investigated the appearance of autophagy or the connection between autophagy and apoptosis in HeLa cells treated with 20(S)-GRg3. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assays. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were analyzed by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry. Apoptotic pathways were examined by ROS (reactive oxygen species) determination and rhodamine 123 assays. Western blot analysis was used to determine changes in protein levels. Autophagy induction was monitored by acidic vesicular organelle staining and EGFP-LC3 transfection. 20(S)-GRg3 inhibited autophagy of cells in a starved state, making it impossible for cells to maintain a steady state through autophagy, and then induced apoptosis. 20(S)-GRg3 blocked the late stage of autophagy (fusion of lysosomes and degradation of autophagic lysosomes), including a decrease in acidic vesicular organelle fluorescence, increased LC3 I–II conversion, accumulation of EGFP-LC3 fluorescence, GFP-mRFP-LC3 red-green fluorescence ratio, degradation of the substrate p62, and loss of the balance between autophagy and apoptosis, which induced apoptosis. ROS increased, the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, apoptotic inducer AIF was released from mitochondria, and nuclear transfer occurred, triggering a series of subsequent apoptotic events. Autophagy inducer rapamycin inhibited the apoptosis induced by 20(S)-GRg3, whereas autophagy inhibitor BA1 promoted apoptosis induced by 20(S)-GRg3. Therefore, 20(S)-GRg3 promoted HeLa cell apoptosis by regulating autophagy. In the autophagic state, 20(S)-GRg3 can be used as a novel autophagy inhibitor in synergy with tumor-blocking therapies such as chemotherapy, which supports its application in the medical field.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore barriers to free cervical cancer screening among rural women in China from the perspective of women, healthcare providers and women's husbands to inform intervention planning. DESIGN A qualitative study framed around potential policy and practice options, drawing on the concepts of descriptive phenomenology and implementation research. SETTING This study was carried out at township level within two counties in Jining Prefecture of eastern China. PARTICIPANTS AND DATA COLLECTION Semi-structured in-depth interviews with 21 women and five healthcare providers, focus group discussions with nine healthcare providers and key informant interviews with four husbands of women eligible for screening. RESULTS Thematic analysis generated five major themes: (1) gaps in knowledge of cervical cancer and health awareness, (2) fear of cancer and screening outcomes, (3) cultural barriers including reticence for intimate examinations, (4) influence of close contacts on screening decisions and (5) inconvenience. These demonstrate key knowledge gaps challenging current community health education. Important barriers, including fear of treatment cost and the time needed for screening, were also raised. CONCLUSION Our study details important barriers to cervical cancer screening relating to knowledge gaps, attitudes of fear or embarrassment and the role of contacts and service models. These provide data for policy and planning to improve the screening that will decrease the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Ping Li
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Christopher Morgan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Thapa N, Maharjan M, Petrini MA, Shah R, Shah S, Maharjan N, Shrestha N, Cai H. Knowledge, attitude, practice and barriers of cervical cancer screening among women living in mid-western rural, Nepal. J Gynecol Oncol 2018; 29:e57. [PMID: 29770627 PMCID: PMC5981108 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2018.29.e57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To find out the knowledge, attitude, practice, and barriers of cervical cancer screening in mid-western rural, Nepal. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Women aged 20 or more were interviewed using a structured questionnaire regarding the socio-demographic information, knowledge, attitude, practice, and barriers to the cervical cancer screening. Results Total of 360 participants were recruited for this study, mean age was 30.13±10.4 years. More than 87% of participants had inadequate knowledge, but around 72% had a favorable attitude towards cervical cancer screening. There was a significant portion of women (86.4%) had never done any cervical cancer screening test. Despite being higher literacy rate of Brahmin and Chhetri ethnic group, they were less likely to attend the cervical cancer screening than Dalit and Janajati (p<0.001); and those who had a positive family history of cancer were more likely to attend the cervical cancer screening (p<0.001). Similarly, married women, who had adequate knowledge and or favorable attitude, were more likely to practice cervical cancer screening, though statistically not significant. Factors such as “No symptoms,” “Lack of awareness,” “Embarrassment,” etc. were the most common barriers for the cervical cancer screening. Conclusion The adequate knowledge and practice of cervical cancer screening were meager among rural Nepalese women, but most of them had a favorable attitude. There is an imperative need for related awareness programs to promote the uptake of cervical cancer screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niresh Thapa
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
| | - Muna Maharjan
- HOPE School of Nursing, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Rajiv Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
| | - Swati Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
| | - Narayani Maharjan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Navin Shrestha
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbing Cai
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.
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