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Lal R, Singh A, Watts S, Chopra K. Experimental models of Parkinson's disease: Challenges and Opportunities. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 980:176819. [PMID: 39029778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a widespread neurodegenerative disorder occurs due to the degradation of dopaminergic neurons present in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Millions of people are affected by this devastating disorder globally, and the frequency of the condition increases with the increase in the elderly population. A significant amount of progress has been made in acquiring more knowledge about the etiology and the pathogenesis of PD over the past decades. Animal models have been regarded to be a vital tool for the exploration of complex molecular mechanisms involved in PD. Various animals used as models for disease monitoring include vertebrates (zebrafish, rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys) and invertebrate models (Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans). The animal models most relevant for study of PD are neurotoxin induction-based models (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and agricultural pesticides (rotenone, paraquat), pharmacological models (reserpine or haloperidol treated rats), genetic models (α-synuclein, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), DJ-1, PINK-1 and Parkin). Several non-mammalian genetic models such as zebrafish, Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegance have also gained popularity in recent years due to easy genetic manipulation, presence of genes homologous to human PD, and rapid screening of novel therapeutic molecules. In addition, in vitro models (SH-SY5Y, PC12, Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cells, Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), Neural organoids, organ-on-chip) are also currently in trend providing edge in investigating molecular mechanisms involved in PD as they are derived from PD patients. In this review, we explain the current situation and merits and demerits of the various animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Lal
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Aditi Singh
- TR(i)P for Health Laboratory, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Shivam Watts
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Perez-Oliveira S, Vazquez-Coto D, Pardo S, Blázquez-Estrada M, Menéndez-González M, Siso P, Suárez E, García-Fernández C, Fages BDLC, Coto E, Álvarez V. NFKB1 variants were associated with the risk of Parkinson´s disease in male. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:773-779. [PMID: 38416198 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders that have inflammation as a hallmark, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Our objective was to determine whether common functional variants in the NFKB1, NFKBIA and NFKBIZ genes were associated with the risk of PD. A total of 532 Spanish PD cases (61% male; 38% early-onset, ≤ 55 years) and 300 population controls (50% ≤55 years) were genotyped for the NFKB1 rs28362491 and rs7667496, NFKBIA rs696, and NFKBIZ rs1398608 polymorphisms. We compared allele and genotype frequencies between early and late-onset, male and female, and patient's vs. controls. We found that the two NFKB1 alleles were significantly associated with PD in our population (p = 0.01; total patients vs. controls), without difference between Early and Late onset patients. The frequencies of the NFKB1 variants significantly differ between male and female patients. Compared to controls, male patients showed a significantly higher frequency of rs28362491 II (p = 0.02, OR = 1.52, 95%CI = 1.10-2.08) and rs28362491 C (p = 0.003, OR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.18-2.22). The two NFKB1 variants were in strong linkage disequilibrium and the I-C haplotype was significantly associated with the risk of PD among male (p = 0.002). In conclusion, common variants in the NF-kB genes were associated with the risk of developing PD in our population, with significant differences between male and female. These results encourage further studies to determine the involvement of the NF-kB components in the pathogenesis of Parkinson´s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Perez-Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avd de Roma s/n, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel Vazquez-Coto
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avd de Roma s/n, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Pardo
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avd de Roma s/n, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Marta Blázquez-Estrada
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Manuel Menéndez-González
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Pablo Siso
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Esther Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Ciara García-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | | | - Eliecer Coto
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avd de Roma s/n, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Victoria Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avd de Roma s/n, Oviedo, 33011, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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Singh NK, Singh A, Mayank. Nuclear Factor Kappa B: A Nobel Therapeutic Target of FlavonoidsAgainst Parkinson's Disease. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:2062-2077. [PMID: 38243959 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073295568240105025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common brain-related neurodegenerative disorder, is comprised of several pathophysiological mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein, and synaptic loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain. Misfolded alpha-synuclein, originating from damaged neurons, triggers a series of signaling pathways in both glial and neuronal cells. Activation of such events results in the production and expression of several proinflammatory cytokines via the activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Consequently, this cascade of events worsens the neurodegenerative processes, particularly in conditions, such as PD and synucleinopathies. Microglia, astrocytes, and neurons are just a few of the many cells and tissues that express the NF-κB family of inducible types of transcription factors. The dual role of NF-κB activation can be crucial for neuronal survival, although the classical NF-κB pathway is important for controlling the generation of inflammatory mediators during neuroinflammation. Modulating NF-κB-associated pathways through the selective action of several agents holds promise for mitigating dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and PD. Several naturally occurring compounds in medicinal plants can be an effective treatment option in attenuating PD-associated dopaminergic neuronal loss via selectively modifying the NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways. Recently, flavonoids have gained notable attention from researchers because of their remarkable anti-neuroinflammatory activity and significant antioxidant properties in numerous neurodegenerative disorders, including PD. Several subclasses of flavonoids, including flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and anthocyanins, have been evaluated for neuroprotective effects against in vitro and in vivo models of PD. In this aspect, the present review highlights the pathological role of NF-κB in the progression of PD and investigates the therapeutic potential of natural flavonoids targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway for the prevention and management of PD-like manifestations with a comprehensive list for further reference. Available facts strongly support that bioactive flavonoids could be considered in food and/or as lead pharmacophores for the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated PD. Furthermore, natural flavonoids having potent pharmacological properties could be helpful in enhancing the economy of countries that cultivate medicinal plants yielding bioactive flavonoids on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, UP, India
| | - Ashini Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, UP, India
| | - Mayank
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, UP, India
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Zuo W, Wang D, Yang F, Liu Q, Xiao Y. Case Report: Identification of microduplication in the chromosomal 2p16.1p15 region in an infant suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1219480. [PMID: 37937284 PMCID: PMC10626460 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1219480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the first case of a patient with chromosomal 2p16.1p15 microduplication syndrome complicated by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A female infant was admitted to the hospital suffering from dyskinesia and developmental delay, and conventional echocardiography revealed an atrial septal defect (ASD), which was not taken seriously or treated at that time. Two years later, preoperative right heart catheterization for ASD closure revealed a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of 45 mmHg. The mPAP was reduced, and the condition was stabilized after drug therapy. A genomic copy number duplication (3×) of at least 2.58 Mb in the 2p16.1p15 region on the paternal chromosome was revealed. Multiple Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) genes are involved in this genomic region, such as BCL11A, EHBP1, FAM161A, PEX13, and REL. EHBP1 promotes a molecular phenotypic transformation of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and is thought to be involved in the rapidly developing PAH of this infant. Collectively, our findings contribute to the knowledge of the genes involved and the clinical manifestations of the 2p16.1p15 microduplication syndrome. Moreover, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of PAH and take early drug intervention when facing patients with 2p16.1p15 microduplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanyun Zuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunbin Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
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Jamwal S, Blackburn JK, Elsworth JD. Age-associated sex difference in the expression of mitochondria-based redox sensitive proteins and effect of pioglitazone in nonhuman primate brain. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:65. [PMID: 37770961 PMCID: PMC10540392 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) and neuronal uncoupling proteins (UCP4 and UCP5) possess antioxidant, anti-apoptotic activities and minimize accumulation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. While age and sex are risk factors for several disorders that are linked with oxidative stress, no study has explored the age- and sex-dependent expression of PON2 isoforms, UCP4 and UCP5 in primate brain or identified a drug to activate UCP4 and UCP5 in vivo. Preclinical studies suggest that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, pioglitazone (PIO), can be neuroprotective, although the mechanism responsible is unclear. Our previous studies demonstrated that pioglitazone activates PON2 in primate brain and we hypothesized that pioglitazone also induces UCP4/5. This study was designed to elucidate the age- and sex-dependent expression of PON2 isoforms, UCP4 and UCP5, in addition to examining the impact of systemic PIO treatment on UCP4 and UCP5 expression in primate brain. METHODS Western blot technique was used to determine the age- and sex-dependent expression of UCP4 and UCP5 in substantia nigra and striatum of African green monkeys. In addition, we tested the impact of daily oral pioglitazone (5 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 1 or 3 weeks on expression of UCP4 and UCP5 in substantia nigra and striatum in adult male monkeys. PIO levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined using LC-MS. RESULTS We found no sex-based difference in the expression of PON2 isoforms, UCP4 and UCP5 in striatum and substantia nigra of young monkeys. However, we discovered that adult female monkeys exhibit greater expression of PON2 isoforms than males in substantia nigra and striatum. Our data also revealed that adult male monkeys exhibit greater expression of UCP4 and UCP5 than females in substantia nigra but not in striatum. PIO increased UCP4 and UCP5 expression in substantia nigra and striatum at 1 week, but after 3 weeks of treatment this activation had subsided. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a sex-, age- and region-dependent profile to the expression of PON2, UCP4 and UCP5. These data establish a biochemical link between PPARγ, PON2, UCP4 and UCP5 in primate brain and demonstrate that PON2, UCP4 and UCP5 can be pharmacologically stimulated in vivo, revealing a novel mechanism for observed pioglitazone-induced neuroprotection. We anticipate that these outcomes will contribute to the development of novel neuroprotective treatments for Parkinson's disease and other CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer K Blackburn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Porrini V, Pilotto A, Vezzoli M, Lanzillotta A, Gennari MM, Bonacina S, Alberici A, Turrone R, Bellucci A, Antonini A, Padovani A, Pizzi M. NF-κB/c-Rel DNA-binding is reduced in substantia nigra and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson's disease patients. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106067. [PMID: 36893901 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Parkinson's disease (PD) key neuropathological hallmarks are well known, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the disease still need to be elucidated to identify innovative disease-modifying drugs and specific biomarkers. NF-κB transcription factors are involved in regulating several processes associated with neurodegeneration, such as neuroinflammation and cell death, that could be related to PD pathology. NF-κB/c-Rel deficient (c-rel-/-) mice develop a progressive PD-like phenotype. The c-rel-/- mice present both prodromal and motor symptoms as well as key neuropathological features, including nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons degeneration, accumulation of pro-apoptotic NF-κB/RelA acetylated at the lysine 310 residue (Ac-RelA(lys310)) and progressive caudo-rostral brain deposition of alpha-synuclein. c-Rel inhibition can exacerbate MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice. These findings support the claim that misregulation of c-Rel protein may be implicated in PD pathophysiology. In this study, we aimed at evaluating c-Rel levels and DNA-binding activity in human brains and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of sporadic PD patients. We analyzed c-Rel protein content and activity in frozen substantia nigra (SN) samples from post-mortem brains of 10 PD patients and 9 age-matched controls as well as in PBMCs from 72 PD patients and 40 age-matched controls. c-Rel DNA-binding was significantly lower and inversely correlated with Ac-RelA(lys310) content in post-mortem SN of sporadic PD cases, when compared to healthy controls. c-Rel DNA-binding activity was also reduced in PBMCs of followed-up PD subjects. The decrease of c-Rel activity in PBMCs from PD patients appeared to be independent from dopaminergic medication or disease progression, as it was evident even in early stage, drug-naïve patients. Remarkably, the levels of c-Rel protein were comparable in PD and control subjects, pointing out a putative role for post-translational modifications of the protein in c-Rel dysfunctions. These findings support that PD is characterized by the loss of NF-κB/c-Rel activity that potentially has a role in PD pathophysiology. Future studies will be aimed at addressing whether the reduction of c-Rel DNA-binding could constitute a novel biomarker for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Porrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Marika Vezzoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lanzillotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Michele M Gennari
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonacina
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Antonella Alberici
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Rosanna Turrone
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Study Centre for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy; IRCCS S. Camillo, Lido Alberoni, Venice 30126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
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Xu Y, Li Y, Wang C, Han T, Liu H, Sun L, Hong J, Hashimoto M, Wei J. The reciprocal interactions between microglia and T cells in Parkinson's disease: a double-edged sword. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:33. [PMID: 36774485 PMCID: PMC9922470 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and leads to the pathological development of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and contact-killing compounds, causing the loss of dopaminergic neurons. So far, we have mainly focused on the role of the specific class of immune cells in PD while neglecting the impact of interactions among immune cells on the disease. Therefore, this review demonstrates the reciprocal interplays between microglia and T cells and the associated subpopulations through cytokine and chemokine production that impair and/or protect the pathological process of PD. Furthermore, potential targets and models of PD neuroinflammation are highlighted to provide the new ideas/directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China ,grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XHenan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Yongjie Li
- grid.414360.40000 0004 0605 7104Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Orthopedics Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Changqing Wang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Tingting Han
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Haixuan Liu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Lin Sun
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XHenan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Jun Hong
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- grid.272456.00000 0000 9343 3630Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China. .,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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Systems level analysis of sex-dependent gene expression changes in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:8. [PMID: 36681675 PMCID: PMC9867746 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, and among the factors which influence the symptom profile, biological sex has been reported to play a significant role. While males have a higher age-adjusted disease incidence and are more frequently affected by muscle rigidity, females present more often with disabling tremors. The molecular mechanisms involved in these differences are still largely unknown, and an improved understanding of the relevant factors may open new avenues for pharmacological disease modification. To help address this challenge, we conducted a meta-analysis of disease-associated molecular sex differences in brain transcriptomics data from case/control studies. Both sex-specific (alteration in only one sex) and sex-dimorphic changes (changes in both sexes, but with opposite direction) were identified. Using further systems level pathway and network analyses, coordinated sex-related alterations were studied. These analyses revealed significant disease-associated sex differences in mitochondrial pathways and highlight specific regulatory factors whose activity changes can explain downstream network alterations, propagated through gene regulatory cascades. Single-cell expression data analyses confirmed the main pathway-level changes observed in bulk transcriptomics data. Overall, our analyses revealed significant sex disparities in PD-associated transcriptomic changes, resulting in coordinated modulations of molecular processes. Among the regulatory factors involved, NR4A2 has already been reported to harbor rare mutations in familial PD and its pharmacological activation confers neuroprotective effects in toxin-induced models of Parkinsonism. Our observations suggest that NR4A2 may warrant further research as a potential adjuvant therapeutic target to address a subset of pathological molecular features of PD that display sex-associated profiles.
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How Well Do Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease Recapitulate Early Non-Motor Phenotypes? A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123026. [PMID: 36551782 PMCID: PMC9775565 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by many non-motor symptoms, and these have recently been posited to be predictive of later diagnosis. Genetic rodent models can develop non-motor phenotypes, providing tools to identify mechanisms underlying the early development of PD. However, it is not yet clear how reproducible non-motor phenotypes are amongst genetic PD rodent models, whether phenotypes are age-dependent, and the translatability of these phenotypes has yet to be explored. A systematic literature search was conducted on studies using genetic PD rodent models to investigate non-motor phenotypes; cognition, anxiety/depressive-like behaviour, gastrointestinal (GI) function, olfaction, circadian rhythm, cardiovascular and urinary function. In total, 51 genetic models of PD across 150 studies were identified. We found outcomes of most phenotypes were inconclusive due to inadequate studies, assessment at different ages, or variation in experimental and environmental factors. GI dysfunction was the most reproducible phenotype across all genetic rodent models. The mouse model harbouring mutant A53T, and the wild-type hα-syn overexpression (OE) model recapitulated the majority of phenotypes, albeit did not reliably produce concurrent motor deficits and nigral cell loss. Furthermore, animal models displayed different phenotypic profiles, reflecting the distinct genetic risk factors and heterogeneity of disease mechanisms. Currently, the inconsistent phenotypes within rodent models pose a challenge in the translatability and usefulness for further biomechanistic investigations. This review highlights opportunities to improve phenotype reproducibility with an emphasis on phenotypic assay choice and robust experimental design.
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Nayeri Z, Aliakbari F, Afzali F, Parsafar S, Gharib E, Otzen DE, Morshedi D. Characterization of exogenous αSN response genes and their relation to Parkinson’s disease using network analyses. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:966760. [PMID: 36249814 PMCID: PMC9563388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.966760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of αSN in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology are still poorly understood. To address this, we used a microarray dataset to identify genes that are induced and differentially expressed after exposure to toxic αSN aggregates, which we call exogenous αSN response (EASR) genes. Using systems biology approaches, we then determined, at multiple levels of analysis, how these EASR genes could be related to PD pathology. A key result was the identification of functional connections between EASR genes and previously identified PD-related genes by employing the proteins’ interactions networks and 9 brain region-specific co-expression networks. In each brain region, co-expression modules of EASR genes were enriched for gene sets whose expression are altered by SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to the hypothesis that EASR co-expression genes may explain the observed links between COVID-19 and PD. An examination of the expression pattern of EASR genes in different non-neurological healthy brain regions revealed that regions with lower mean expression of the upregulated EASR genes, such as substantia nigra, are more vulnerable to αSN aggregates and lose their neurological functions during PD progression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of healthy and PD samples from substantia nigra revealed that a specific co-expression network, “TNF-α signaling via NF-κB”, is an upregulated pathway associated with the PD phenotype. Inhibitors of the “TNF-α signaling via NF-κB” pathway may, therefore, decrease the activity level of this pathway and thereby provide therapeutic benefits for PD patients. We virtually screened FDA-approved drugs against these upregulated genes (NR4A1, DUSP1, and FOS) using docking-based drug discovery and identified several promising drugs. Altogether, our study provides a better understanding of αSN toxicity mechanisms in PD and identifies potential therapeutic targets and small molecules for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nayeri
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Aliakbari
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Farzaneh Afzali
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Soha Parsafar
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Gharib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University de Moncton, Moncton, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dina Morshedi
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Dina Morshedi,
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11
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Araújo B, Caridade-Silva R, Soares-Guedes C, Martins-Macedo J, Gomes ED, Monteiro S, Teixeira FG. Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease-From Neurodegeneration to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182908. [PMID: 36139483 PMCID: PMC9497016 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Clinically, it is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DAn), resulting in severe motor complications. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that neuroinflammation can play a role in PD pathophysiology, being associated with its onset and progression. Nevertheless, several key points concerning the neuroinflammatory process in PD remain to be answered. Bearing this in mind, in the present review, we cover the impact of neuroinflammation on PD by exploring the role of inflammatory cells (i.e., microglia and astrocytes) and the interconnections between the brain and the peripheral system. Furthermore, we discuss both the innate and adaptive immune responses regarding PD pathology and explore the gut–brain axis communication and its influence on the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Araújo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Caridade-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Soares-Guedes
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Martins-Macedo
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D. Gomes
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G. Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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12
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Songkiatisak P, Rahman SMT, Aqdas M, Sung MH. NF-κB, a culprit of both inflamm-ageing and declining immunity? Immun Ageing 2022; 19:20. [PMID: 35581646 PMCID: PMC9112493 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB is generally recognized as an important regulator of ageing, through its roles in cellular senescence and inflammatory pathways. Activated in virtually all cell-cell communication networks of the immune system, NF-κB is thought to affect age-related defects of both innate and adaptive immune cells, relevant to inflamm-ageing and declining adaptive immunity, respectively. Moreover, the family of NF-κB proteins that exist as heterodimers and homodimers exert their function beyond the immune system. Given their involvement in diverse areas such as DNA damage to metabolism, NF-κB has the potential to serve as linkages between known hallmarks of ageing. However, the complexity of NF-κB dimer composition, dynamic signaling, and tissue-specific actions has received relatively little attention in ageing research. Here, we discuss some areas where further research may bear fruit in our understanding the impact of NF-κB in healthy ageing and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyaporn Songkiatisak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 21224, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shah Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 21224, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 21224, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myong-Hee Sung
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 21224, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Parrella E, Del Gallo F, Porrini V, Gussago C, Benarese M, Fabene PF, Pizzi M. Age-Dependent Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in the NF-κB/c-Rel Knockout Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:831664. [PMID: 35368305 PMCID: PMC8965703 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.831664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms are frequently observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and precede the onset of motor deficits by years. Among them, neuropsychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and apathy, are increasingly considered as a major challenge for patients with PD and their caregivers. We recently reported that mice lacking the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/c-Rel protein (c-rel–/– mice) develop an age-dependent PD-like pathology and phenotype characterized by the onset of non-motor symptoms, including constipation and hyposmia, starting at 2 months of age, and motor deficits at 18 months. To assess whether c-rel–/– mice also suffer from neuropsychiatric symptoms, in this study we tested different cohorts of wild-type (wt) and c-rel–/– mice at 3, 6, 12, and 18–20 months with different behavioral tests. Mice lacking c-Rel displayed anxiety and depressive-like behavior starting in the premotor phase at 12 months, as indicated by the analysis with the open field (OF) test and the forced swim test with water wheel (FST), respectively. A deficit in the goal-oriented nesting building test was detected at 18–20 months, suggesting apathetic behavior. Taken together, these results indicate that c-rel–/– mice recapitulate the onset and the progression of PD-related neuropsychiatric symptoms. Therefore, this animal model may represent a valuable tool to study the prodromal stage of PD and for testing new therapeutic strategies to alleviate neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Parrella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Edoardo Parrella,
| | - Federico Del Gallo
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Gussago
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Benarese
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Francesco Fabene
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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14
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The c-Rel transcription factor limits early interferon and neuroinflammatory responses to prevent herpes simplex encephalitis onset in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21171. [PMID: 34707143 PMCID: PMC8551191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the predominant cause of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), a condition characterized by acute inflammation and viral replication in the brain. Host genetics contribute to HSE onset, including monogenic defects in type I interferon signaling in cases of childhood HSE. Mouse models suggest a further contribution of immune cell-mediated inflammation to HSE pathogenesis. We have previously described a truncating mutation in the c-Rel transcription factor (RelC307X) that drives lethal HSE in 60% of HSV-1-infected RelC307X mice. In this study, we combined dual host-virus RNA sequencing with flow cytometry to explore cell populations and mechanisms involved in RelC307X-driven HSE. At day 5 postinfection, prior to HSE clinical symptom onset, elevated HSV-1 transcription was detected together with augmented host interferon-stimulated and inflammatory gene expression in the brainstems of high-responding RelC307X mice, predictive of HSE development. This early induction of host gene expression preceded pathological infiltration of myeloid and T cells in RelC307X mice at HSE onset by day 7. Thus, we establish c-Rel as an early regulator of viral and host responses during mouse HSE. These data further highlight the importance of achieving a balanced immune response and avoiding excess interferon-driven inflammation to promote HSE resistance.
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15
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Nielsen SD, Pearson NM, Seidler K. The link between the gut microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: A systematic mechanism review with focus on α-synuclein transport. Brain Res 2021; 1769:147609. [PMID: 34371014 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has suggested a link between the gut microbiota and Parkinson's Disease (PD), and an early involvement of gastrointestinal dysfunction has been reported in patients. A mechanism review was performed to investigate whether the neurodegenerative cascade begins in the gut; mediated by gut dysbiosis and retrograde transport of α-synuclein. This review provides a summary of microbiome composition associated with PD, and evaluates pathophysiological mechanisms from animal and in vitro models of PD. METHOD A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed; 82 of 299 papers met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS All twenty-two human case-control studies demonstrated an altered gut microbiota in PD compared to healthy controls, with results suggesting a proinflammatory phenotype present in PD. A germ-free animal study has demonstrated that gut microbiota are required for microglia activation, α-synuclein pathology and motor deficits. Accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein has been observed in the enteric nervous system prior to the onset of motor symptoms in animal models of PD, and there is data to support retrograde transport of α-synuclein from the gut to the brain. Different animal models of PD have demonstrated neuroinflammation, microglial activation and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. CONCLUSION Evidence from this review supports the hypothesis that pathology spreads from the gut to the brain. Future animal studies using oral LPS or microbiota transplants from human PD cases could provide further insight into the entire mechanism. Prospective longitudinal microbiome studies and novel modelling approaches could help to identify functional dysbiosis and early biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie D Nielsen
- Centre for Nutrition Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Chapel Garden, 14 Rectory Road, Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 1DH, UK.
| | - Nicola M Pearson
- Centre for Nutrition Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Chapel Garden, 14 Rectory Road, Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 1DH, UK
| | - Karin Seidler
- Centre for Nutrition Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Chapel Garden, 14 Rectory Road, Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 1DH, UK
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16
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Role of NF-κB in Ageing and Age-Related Diseases: Lessons from Genetically Modified Mouse Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081906. [PMID: 34440675 PMCID: PMC8394846 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex process, induced by multifaceted interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. It is manifested by a decline in the physiological functions of organisms and associated to the development of age-related chronic diseases and cancer development. It is considered that ageing follows a strictly-regulated program, in which some signaling pathways critically contribute to the establishment and maintenance of the aged state. Chronic inflammation is a major mechanism that promotes the biological ageing process and comorbidity, with the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) as a crucial mediator of inflammatory responses. This, together with the finding that the activation or inhibition of NF-κB can induce or reverse respectively the main features of aged organisms, has brought it under consideration as a key transcription factor that acts as a driver of ageing. In this review, we focused on the data obtained entirely through the generation of knockout and transgenic mouse models of either protein involved in the NF-κB signaling pathway that have provided relevant information about the intricate processes or molecular mechanisms that control ageing. We have reviewed the relationship of NF-κB and premature ageing; the development of cancer associated with ageing and the implication of NF-κB activation in the development of age-related diseases, some of which greatly increase the risk of developing cancer.
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17
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Dolatshahi M, Ranjbar Hameghavandi MH, Sabahi M, Rostamkhani S. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in pathophysiology of Parkinson disease: Diverse patterns and mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4101-4123. [PMID: 33884689 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common movement disorder, comprises several pathophysiologic mechanisms including misfolded alpha-synuclein aggregation, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic loss. Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB), as a key regulator of a myriad of cellular reactions, is shown to be involved in such mechanisms associated with PD, and the changes in NF-κB expression is implicated in PD. Alpha-synuclein accumulation, the characteristic feature of PD pathology, is known to trigger NF-κB activation in neurons, thereby propagating apoptosis through several mechanisms. Furthermore, misfolded alpha-synuclein released from degenerated neurons, activates several signaling pathways in glial cells which culminate in activation of NF-κB and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby aggravating neurodegenerative processes. On the other hand, NF-κB activation, acting as a double-edged sword, can be necessary for survival of neurons. For instance, NF-κB activation is necessary for competent mitochondrial function and deficiency in c-Rel, one of the NF-κB proteins, is known to propagate DA neuron loss via several mechanisms. Despite the dual role of NF-κB in PD, several agents by selectively modifying the mechanisms and pathways associated with NF-κB, can be effective in attenuating DA neuron loss and PD, as reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadmahdi Sabahi
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sabra Rostamkhani
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Urrutia PJ, Bórquez DA, Núñez MT. Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010061. [PMID: 33419006 PMCID: PMC7825317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain. Secreted inflammatory mediators include cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), notably hepcidin and nitric oxide (·NO). Hepcidin is a small cationic peptide with a central role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hepcidin can reduce iron export from neurons and decreases iron entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1). Likewise, ·NO selectively converts cytosolic aconitase (c-aconitase) into the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), which regulates cellular iron homeostasis through its binding to iron response elements (IRE) located in the mRNAs of iron-related proteins. Nitric oxide-activated IRP1 can impair cellular iron homeostasis during neuroinflammation, triggering iron accumulation, especially in the mitochondria, leading to neuronal death. In this review, we will summarize findings that connect neuroinflammation and iron accumulation, which support their causal association in the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Bórquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, 8370007 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Marco Tulio Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29787360
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19
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Cerri S, Blandini F. In vivo modeling of prodromal stage of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 342:108801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Scuderi SA, Ardizzone A, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Campolo M. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Nrf2 Inducer Dimethyl Fumarate in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070630. [PMID: 32708926 PMCID: PMC7402174 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represents debilitating conditions characterized by degeneration of neuronal cells in specific brain areas, causing disability and death in patients. In the pathophysiology of NDs, oxidative stress, apoptosis and neuroinflammation have a key role, as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro models. Therefore, the use of molecules with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities represents a possible strategy for the treatment of NDs. Many studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of fumaric acid esters (FAEs) to counteract neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Among these molecules, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) showed a valid therapeutic approach to slow down neurodegeneration and relieve symptoms in patients with NDs. DMF is a methyl ester of fumaric acid and acts as modulator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway as well as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation. Therefore, this review aims to examine the potential beneficial effects of DMF to counteract oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with NDs.
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21
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Pajares M, I. Rojo A, Manda G, Boscá L, Cuadrado A. Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071687. [PMID: 32674367 PMCID: PMC7408280 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the molecular bases for PD development are still little defined, extensive evidence from human samples and animal models support the involvement of inflammation in onset or progression. However, the exact trigger for this response remains unclear. Here, we provide a systematic review of the cellular mediators, i.e., microglia, astroglia and endothelial cells. We also discuss the genetic and transcriptional control of inflammation in PD and the immunomodulatory role of dopamine and reactive oxygen species. Finally, we summarize the preclinical and clinical approaches targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915854383; Fax: +34-915854401
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22
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Bellucci A, Bubacco L, Longhena F, Parrella E, Faustini G, Porrini V, Bono F, Missale C, Pizzi M. Nuclear Factor-κB Dysregulation and α-Synuclein Pathology: Critical Interplay in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:68. [PMID: 32265684 PMCID: PMC7105602 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system underlies the onset of the typical motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Lewy bodies (LB) and Lewy neurites (LN), proteinaceous inclusions mainly composed of insoluble α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils are key neuropathological hallmarks of the brain of affected patients. Compelling evidence supports that in the early prodromal phases of PD, synaptic terminal and axonal alterations initiate and drive a retrograde degeneration process culminating with the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. This notwithstanding, the molecular triggers remain to be fully elucidated. Although it has been shown that α-syn fibrillary aggregation can induce early synaptic and axonal impairment and cause nigrostriatal degeneration, we still ignore how and why α-syn fibrillation begins. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors, key regulators of inflammation and apoptosis, are involved in the brain programming of systemic aging as well as in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. The NF-κB family of factors consists of five different subunits (c-Rel, p65/RelA, p50, RelB, and p52), which combine to form transcriptionally active dimers. Different findings point out a role of RelA in PD. Interestingly, the nuclear content of RelA is abnormally increased in nigral dopamine (DA) neurons and glial cells of PD patients. Inhibition of RelA exert neuroprotection against (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) MPTP and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) toxicity, suggesting that this factor decreases neuronal resilience. Conversely, the c-Rel subunit can exert neuroprotective actions. We recently described that mice deficient for c-Rel develop a PD-like motor and non-motor phenotype characterized by progressive brain α-syn accumulation and early synaptic changes preceding the frank loss of nigrostriatal neurons. This evidence supports that dysregulations in this transcription factors may be involved in the onset of PD. This review highlights observations supporting a possible interplay between NF-κB dysregulation and α-syn pathology in PD, with the aim to disclose novel potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Bono
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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