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Zhang YJ, Cheng Y, Tang HL, Yue Q, Cai XY, Lu ZJ, Hao YX, Dai AX, Hou T, Liu HX, Kong N, Ji XY, Lu CH, Xu SL, Huang K, Zeng X, Wen YQ, Ma WY, Guan JT, Lin Y, Zheng WB, Pan H, Wu J, Wu RH, Wei NL. APOE ε4-associated downregulation of the IL-7/IL-7R pathway in effector memory T cells: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39129310 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele exerts a significant influence on peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS The present study enrolled 54 patients diagnosed with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD; including 28 APOE ε4 carriers and 26 non-carriers). Plasma inflammatory cytokine concentration was assessed, alongside bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Plasma tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and interleukin (IL)-33 levels increased in the APOE ε4 carriers but IL-7 expression notably decreased. A negative correlation was observed between plasma IL-7 level and the hippocampal atrophy degree. Additionally, the expression of IL-7R and CD28 also decreased in PBMCs of APOE ε4 carriers. ScRNA-seq data results indicated that the changes were mainly related to the CD4+ Tem (effector memory) and CD8+ Tem T cells. DISCUSSION These findings shed light on the role of the downregulated IL-7/IL-7R pathway associated with the APOE ε4 allele in modulating neuroinflammation and hippocampal atrophy. HIGHLIGHTS The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele decreases plasma interleukin (IL)-7 and aggravates hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Plasma IL-7 level is negatively associated with the degree of hippocampal atrophy. The expression of IL-7R signaling decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of APOE ε4 carriers Dysregulation of the IL-7/IL-7R signal pathways enriches T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Liang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yi Cai
- Department of Pathology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - An-Xiang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ting Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hao-Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Nan Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chang-Hao Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Sheng-Liang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ya-Qi Wen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wan-Yin Ma
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ji-Tian Guan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Family Medicine, Shantou Longhu People's Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ren-Hua Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Nai-Li Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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de la Monte SM, Tong M, Hapel AJ. Concordant and Discordant Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Cytokine and Chemokine Responses in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2394. [PMID: 37760836 PMCID: PMC10525668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation may be a pathogenic mediator and biomarker of neurodegeneration at the boundary between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether neuroinflammatory processes are endogenous to the central nervous system (CNS) or originate from systemic (peripheral blood) sources could impact strategies for therapeutic intervention. To address this issue, we measured cytokine and chemokine immunoreactivities in simultaneously obtained lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 39 patients including 18 with MCI or early AD and 21 normal controls using a 27-plex XMAP bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The MCI/AD combined group had significant (p < 0.05 or better) or statistically trend-wise (0.05 ≤ p ≤ 0.10) concordant increases in CSF and serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and TNF-α and reductions in GM-CSF, b-FGF, IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1; CSF-only increases in IFN-y and IL-7 and reductions in VEGF and IL-12p70; serum-only increases in IL-1β, MIP-1α, and eotaxin and reductions in G-CSF, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-15; and discordant CSF-serum responses with reduced CSF and increased serum PDGF-bb, IL-17a, and RANTES. The results demonstrate simultaneously parallel mixed but modestly greater pro-inflammatory compared to anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective responses in CSF and serum. In addition, the findings show evidence that several cytokines and chemokines are selectively altered in MCI/AD CSF, likely corresponding to distinct neuroinflammatory responses unrelated to systemic pathologies. The aggregate results suggest that early management of MCI/AD neuroinflammation should include both anti-inflammatory and pro-neuroprotective strategies to help prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Andrew J. Hapel
- Department of Genome Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
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Cheung YT, To KKW, Hua R, Lee CP, Chan ASY, Li CK. Association of markers of inflammation on attention and neurobehavioral outcomes in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1117096. [PMID: 37416531 PMCID: PMC10320851 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1117096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at-risk of developing cognitive impairment and neurobehavioral symptoms. Inflammation induced by a compromised health status during cancer survivorship is proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism underlying cognitive impairment in cancer survivors. Objectives To evaluate the associations of biomarkers of inflammation with attention and neurobehavioral outcomes in survivors of childhood ALL, and to identify clinical factors associated with biomarkers of inflammation in this cohort. Methods We recruited patients who were diagnosed with ALL at ≤ 18 years old and were currently ≥5 years post-cancer diagnosis. The study outcomes were attention (Conners Continuous Performance Test) and self-reported behavioral symptoms (Adult Self-Report [ASR] checklist). Using a commercial screening kit, survivors' plasma (5ml) was assayed for 17 cytokines/chemokine cell-signaling molecules that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The final panel of the targeted markers included interleukin (IL)-8, IL-13, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Biomarker levels were rank-ordered into tertiles based on the sample distribution. Multivariable general linear modeling was used to test for associations between biomarkers and study outcomes in the overall cohort and stratified by gender. Results This study included 102 survivors (55.9% males, mean[SD] age 26.2[5.9] years; 19.3[7.1] years post-diagnosis). Survivors within top tertiles of IFN-γ (Estimate =6.74, SE=2.26; P=0.0037) and IL-13 (Estimate =5.10, SE=2.27; P=0.027) demonstrated more inattentiveness. Adjusting for age, gender and treatment, more self-reported thought (Estimate=3.53, SE=1.78; P=0.050) and internalizing problems (Estimate =6.52, SE=2.91; P=0.027) correlated with higher IL-8. Higher levels of IL-13 (RR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.01-11.10) and TNF-α (RR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.03-4.07) were observed in survivors had developed chronic health conditions (n=26, 25.5%). The stratified analysis showed that association of IFN-γ with attention was stronger in male survivors than in female survivors. Conclusion Inflammation due to cancer-related late effects may potentially be mechanistic mediators of neurobehavioral problems in pediatric ALL survivors. Markers of inflammation can potentially be applied to assess or monitor the effectiveness of interventions, particularly behavioral interventions, in improving cognitive outcomes in survivors. Future work includes understanding the underlying gender-specific pathophysiology behind functional outcomes in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ting Cheung
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth Kin-Wah To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rong Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chui Ping Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Agnes Sui-Ying Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Kong Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Yang T, Zhang Y, Chen L, Thomas ER, Yu W, Cheng B, Li X. The potential roles of ATF family in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114544. [PMID: 36934558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factors, ATFs, is a family of transcription factors that activate gene expression and transcription by recognizing and combining the cAMP response element binding proteins (CREB). It is present in various viruses as a cellular gene promoter. ATFs is involved in regulating the mammalian gene expression that is associated with various cell physiological processes. Therefore, ATFs play an important role in maintaining the intracellular homeostasis. ATF2 and ATF3 is mostly involved in mediating stress responses. ATF4 regulates the oxidative metabolism, which is associated with the survival of cells. ATF5 is presumed to regulate apoptosis, and ATF6 is involved in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). ATFs is actively studied in oncology. At present, there has been an increasing amount of research on ATFs for the treatment of neurological diseases. Here, we have focused on the different types of ATFs and their association with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The level of expression of different ATFs have a significant difference in AD patients when compared to healthy control. Recent studies have suggested that ATFs are implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, such as neuronal repair, maintenance of synaptic activity, maintenance of cell survival, inhibition of apoptosis, and regulation of stress responses. In this review, the potential role of ATFs for the treatment of AD has been highlighted. In addition, we have systematically reviewed the progress of research on ATFs in AD. This review will provide a basic and innovative understanding on the pathogenesis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lixuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | | | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Koca S, Kiris I, Sahin S, Cinar N, Karsidag S, Hanagasi HA, Yildiz GB, Tarik Baykal A. Decreased levels of cytokines implicate altered immune response in plasma of moderate-stage Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136799. [PMID: 35842208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, increasing evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of the disease is associated with peripheral inflammation. Here, we aimed to determine plasma concentrations of multiple cytokines and chemokines from moderate-stage AD and age-matched controls. Changes in a total of 20 cytokines and chemokines in plasma of moderate-stage AD were evaluated by using quantitative microarray. Six of them, namely MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MMP-9, RANTES, and VEGF, were found to be significantly reduced in moderate-stage AD patients (n = 25) in comparison to age-matched and non-demented controls (n = 25). However, GM-CSF, GRO-α/β/γ, IFN- γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IL-13, IL-2, IL- 4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α showed no significant differences between the patient and control groups. On the contrary to previous early-stage AD studies that show increased plasma cytokine/chemokine levels, our results indicate that inflammatory plasma molecules are reduced in moderate-stage AD. This finding points out the reduced immune responsiveness, which is known to be directly correlated to the degree of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebile Koca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Kiris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevki Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cinar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Karsidag
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet A Hanagasi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsen B Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Pomilio AB, Vitale AA, Lazarowski AJ. Neuroproteomics Chip-Based Mass Spectrometry and Other Techniques for Alzheimer´S Disease Biomarkers – Update. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1124-1151. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220413094918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of growing interest given that there is cognitive damage and symptom onset acceleration. Therefore, it is important to find AD biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease progression, and discrimination of AD and other diseases.
Objective:
To update the relevance of mass spectrometry for the identification of peptides and proteins involved in AD useful as discriminating biomarkers.
Methods:
Proteomics and peptidomics technologies that show the highest possible specificity and selectivity for AD biomarkers are analyzed, together with the biological fluids used. In addition to positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is widely used to identify proteins and peptides involved in AD. The use of protein chips in SELDI technology and electroblotting chips for peptides makes feasible small amounts (L) of samples for analysis.
Results:
Suitable biomarkers are related to AD pathology, such as intracellular neurofibrillary tangles; extraneuronal senile plaques; neuronal and axonal degeneration; inflammation and oxidative stress. Recently, peptides were added to the candidate list, which are not amyloid-b or tau fragments, but are related to coagulation, brain plasticity, and complement/neuroinflammation systems involving the neurovascular unit.
Conclusion:
The progress made in the application of mass spectrometry and recent chip techniques is promising for discriminating between AD, mild cognitive impairment, and matched healthy controls. The application of this technique to blood samples from patients with AD has shown to be less invasive and fast enough to determine the diagnosis, stage of the disease, prognosis, and follow-up of the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia B. Pomilio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Área Hematología, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arturo A. Vitale
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Área Hematología, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto J. Lazarowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Aksnes M, Aass HCD, Tiiman A, Terenius L, Bogdanović N, Vukojević V, Knapskog AB. Serum Amyloidogenic Nanoplaques and Cytokines in Alzheimer's Disease: Pilot Study in a Small Naturalistic Memory Clinic Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1459-1470. [PMID: 35213378 PMCID: PMC9108575 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Neuroinflammation is a central component of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and correlates closely with amyloid pathology. Markers of inflammation such as cytokines, and amyloidogenic aggregates, so-called nanoplaques, are both promising biomarker candidates for AD. We have previously shown that there is a relationship between the levels of nanoplaques and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid, but it is unknown whether this association extends to serum. Objective: Investigate in a naturalistic memory clinic cohort whether the associations between nanoplaques and cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid extends to serum. Methods: We collected serum from 49 patients assessed for cognitive complaints at the Oslo University Hospital Memory Clinic (15 with clinical AD). We assessed the levels of serum nanoplaques with the novel Thioflavin-T fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (ThT-FCS) assay. Serum levels of nine cytokines (eotaxin-1, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF], interleukin [IL]-6, IL-7, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), gamma induced protein 10 (IP-10), macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1α, and MIP-1β) were quantified with a multiplex assay and read on a Luminex IS 200 instrument. Results: Serum nanoplaques were not increased in clinical AD patients compared to non-AD memory clinic patients and nanoplaques were not associated with any cytokines. The cytokines IL-8 and G-CSF were increased in patients with clinical AD compared to non-AD patients. Conclusion: In this small pilot study, serum nanoplaques were not associated with serum cytokines. Nanoplaque levels could not be used to separate clinical AD patients from non-AD patients in this unselected memory clinic cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ann Tiiman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nenad Bogdanović
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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