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Suwandecha T, Yingyongnarongkul BE, Towtawin K, Voravuthikunchai SP, Sriwiriyajan S. A Novel Antibiotic, Rhodomyrtone: Pharmacokinetic Studies in a Murine Model and Optimization and Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Plasma Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:156. [PMID: 38391542 PMCID: PMC10885983 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodomyrtone has indisputable and undeniable potential as a new antibiotic for antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics profiles of orally administered rhodomyrtone in rats. A reverse-phase HPLC-UV method was developed, optimized and validated for the analysis of rhodomyrtone concentrations in rat plasma. The retention time of papaverine and rhodomyrtone was 3.928 and 5.937 min, with no interference with the excipients used. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of rhodomyrtone in the plasma sample was 0.04 μg/mL, the accuracy of rhodomyrtone at the LLOQ level ranged from 93.64 to 106.36%, precision was 6.59%, 80-120% for accuracy and <20% CV for precision. The calibration curve was linear at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 128 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of equal to or greater than 0.999. Sprague Dawley rats received a single dose of rhodomyrtone at 50 and 100 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected from tail veins. The peak plasma concentration was observed at 2 h, and the area under the curve of rhodomyrtone at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg was 3.41 ± 1.04 and 7.82 ± 1.53 μg·h/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics characteristics at the studied dosage range. The plasma concentration of rhodomyrtone was above the minimal inhibition concentrations of several common pathogenic bacteria of medical importance. The proposed HPLC-UV method is fast, cost-effective, reliable and reproducible, and it is proposed for the routine analysis of rhodomyrtone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Suwandecha
- School of Pharmacy and Drug and Cosmetic Excellence Center, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala District, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Boon-Ek Yingyongnarongkul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Kanokkan Towtawin
- Division of Health and Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sriwiriyajan
- Division of Health and Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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2
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Chaudhari SN, Luo JN, Harris DA, Aliakbarian H, Yao L, Paik D, Subramaniam R, Adhikari AA, Vernon AH, Kiliç A, Weiss ST, Huh JR, Sheu EG, Devlin AS. A microbial metabolite remodels the gut-liver axis following bariatric surgery. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:408-424.e7. [PMID: 33434516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for type 2 diabetes and is associated with changes in gut metabolites. Previous work uncovered a gut-restricted TGR5 agonist with anti-diabetic properties-cholic acid-7-sulfate (CA7S)-that is elevated following sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Here, we elucidate a microbiome-dependent pathway by which SG increases CA7S production. We show that a microbial metabolite, lithocholic acid (LCA), is increased in murine portal veins post-SG and by activating the vitamin D receptor, induces hepatic mSult2A1/hSULT2A expression to drive CA7S production. An SG-induced shift in the microbiome increases gut expression of the bile acid transporters Asbt and Ostα, which in turn facilitate selective transport of LCA across the gut epithelium. Cecal microbiota transplant from SG animals is sufficient to recreate the pathway in germ-free (GF) animals. Activation of this gut-liver pathway leads to CA7S synthesis and GLP-1 secretion, causally connecting a microbial metabolite with the improvement of diabetic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James N Luo
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Harris
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hassan Aliakbarian
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lina Yao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donggi Paik
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arijit A Adhikari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashley H Vernon
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ayse Kiliç
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Molecular Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun R Huh
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric G Sheu
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Hassan D, Omolo CA, Fasiku VO, Elrashedy AA, Mocktar C, Nkambule B, Soliman MES, Govender T. Formulation of pH-Responsive Quatsomes from Quaternary Bicephalic Surfactants and Cholesterol for Enhanced Delivery of Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1093. [PMID: 33202629 PMCID: PMC7696852 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human beings continue to be at high risk of infectious diseases caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); and current treatments are being depleted due to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the synthesis and formulation of novel materials is essential for combating antimicrobial resistance. The study aimed to synthesize a quaternary bicephalic surfactant (StBAclm) and thereof to formulate pH-responsive vancomycin (VCM)-loaded quatsomes to enhance the activity of the antibiotic against MRSA. The surfactant structure was confirmed using 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The quatsomes were prepared using a sonication/dispersion method and were characterized using various in vitro, in vivo, and in silico techniques. The in vitro cell biocompatibility studies of the surfactant and pH-responsive vancomycin-loaded quatsomes (VCM-StBAclm-Qt1) revealed that they are biosafe. The prepared quatsomes had a mean hydrodynamic diameter (MHD), polydispersity index (PDI), and drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE) of 122.9 ± 3.78 nm, 0.169 ± 0.02 mV, and 52.22 ± 8.4%, respectively, with surface charge switching from negative to positive at pH 7.4 and pH 6.0, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) characterization of the quatsomes showed spherical vesicles with MHD similar to the one obtained from the zeta-sizer. The in vitro drug release of VCM from the quatsomes was faster at pH 6.0 compared to pH 7.4. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug loaded quatsomes against MRSA was 32-fold and 8-fold lower at pH 6.0 and pH 7.4, respectively, compared to bare VCM, demonstrating the pH-responsiveness of the quatsomes and the enhanced activity of VCM at acidic pH. The drug-loaded quatsomes demonstrated higher electrical conductivity and a decrease in protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentrations as compared to the bare drug. This confirmed greater MRSA membrane damage, compared to treatment with bare VCM. The flow cytometry study showed that the drug-loaded quatsomes had a similar bactericidal killing effect on MRSA despite a lower (8-fold) VCM concentration when compared to the bare VCM. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the ability of the drug-loaded quatsomes to eradicate MRSA biofilms. The in vivo studies in a skin infection mice model showed that groups treated with VCM-loaded quatsomes had a 13-fold decrease in MRSA CFUs when compared to the bare VCM treated groups. This study confirmed the potential of pH-responsive VCM-StBAclm quatsomes as an effective delivery system for targeted delivery and for enhancing the activity of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hassan
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Calvin A. Omolo
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, P. O. Box 14634, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Victoria Oluwaseun Fasiku
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Ahmed A Elrashedy
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Chunderika Mocktar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Bongani Nkambule
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
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Kobuchi S, Kita Y, Hiramatsu Y, Sasaki K, Uno T, Ito Y, Sakaeda T. Comparison of In Vivo Transportability of Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Agents Into Intracellular and Extracellular Tissue Spaces in Rats. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:898-904. [PMID: 33164810 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus can penetrate host cells. However, intracellular S. aureus is not considered during antimicrobial agent selection in clinical chemotherapy because of the lack of information about drug transportability into cells in vivo. We focused on agents used to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (vancomycin, arbekacin, linezolid, and daptomycin) and indirectly assessed the drug levels in intracellular compartment using plasma, tissue homogenates, and interstitial fluid (ISF) samples from the skin of rats using the microneedle array technique. Lower drug levels were observed in the ISF than in the plasma for daptomycin but extracellular and intracellular drug levels were comparable. In contrast, vancomycin, arbekacin, and linezolid showed higher concentrations in the ISF than in the plasma. Intracellular transport was estimated only for arbekacin. Stasis of vancomycin in the ISF was also observed. These results suggest that both low vancomycin exposure against intracellular S. aureus infection and long-term subinhibitory drug levels in the ISF contribute to the failure of treatment and emergence of antibiotic resistance. Based on its pharmacokinetic characteristics in niche extravascular tissue spaces, arbekacin may be suitable for achieving sufficient clinical outcomes for MRSA infection because the drug is widely distributed in extracellular and intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kobuchi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kita
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kenji Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uno
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaeda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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5
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Does oral vancomycin use necessitate therapeutic drug monitoring? Infection 2019; 48:173-182. [PMID: 31713055 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral vancomycin use has generally increased as a consequence of the need to treat and/or prevent Clostridium (Clostridiodes) difficile-associated disease (CDAD). This review examines the cumulative scientific evidence that guides therapeutic monitoring of oral vancomycin therapy. METHODS The existing publications were reviewed from the time of the drug's inception to July 2019. This review utilized access as available in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, and the Cochrane Library. RESULTS Case reports and small patient series have documented anecdotal-associated elevations in serum levels. Correlation of absorbed vancomycin with subsequent toxicity is difficult to determine, but serum levels approaching those obtained after parenteral administration have raised concern. Prolonged usage and total dosing over 500 mg/day among adult age ranges have been associated with accumulation. In addition, risk factors for vancomycin accumulation systemically after oral dosing include renal compromise, combined oral and other enteral therapy, severe CDAD, other intercurrent bowel inflammation, polypharmacy, and increased patient complexity/morbidity. CONCLUSION Until systemic toxicity from oral vancomycin absorption is better understood, individual considerations should be made for therapeutic serum monitoring during oral vancomycin treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring is suggested for several high-risk situations in which high blood levels may be anticipated.
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Dauphin-Ducharme P, Yang K, Arroyo-Currás N, Ploense KL, Zhang Y, Gerson J, Kurnik M, Kippin TE, Stojanovic MN, Plaxco KW. Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors for Improved Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and High-Precision, Feedback-Controlled Drug Delivery. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2832-2837. [PMID: 31556293 PMCID: PMC6886665 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensing platform appears to be a convenient (rapid, single-step, and calibration-free) and modular approach to measure concentrations of specific molecules (irrespective of their chemical reactivity) directly in blood and even in situ in the living body. Given these attributes, the platform may thus provide significant opportunities to render therapeutic drug monitoring (the clinical practice in which dosing is adjusted in response to plasma drug measurements) as frequent and convenient as the measurement of blood sugar has become for diabetics. The ability to measure arbitrary molecules in the body in real time could even enable closed-loop feedback control over plasma drug levels in a manner analogous to the recently commercialized controlled blood sugar systems. As initial exploration of this, we describe here the selection of an aptamer against vancomycin, a narrow therapeutic window antibiotic for which therapeutic monitoring is a critical part of the standard of care, and its adaptation into an electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensor. Using this sensor, we then demonstrate: (i) rapid (seconds) and convenient (single-step and calibration-free) measurement of plasma vancomycin in finger-prick-scale samples of whole blood, (ii) high-precision measurement of subject-specific vancomycin pharmacokinetics (in a rat animal model), and (iii) high-precision, closed-loop feedback control over plasma levels of the drug (in a rat animal model). The ability to not only track (with continuous-glucose-monitor-like measurement frequency and convenience) but also actively control plasma drug levels provides an unprecedented route toward improving therapeutic drug monitoring and, more generally, the personalized, high-precision delivery of pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kyungae Yang
- Center for Innovative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Kyle L. Ploense
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yameng Zhang
- Center for Innovative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Julian Gerson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Kurnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Tod E. Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Milan N. Stojanovic
- Center for Innovative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Efiana NA, Dizdarević A, Huck CW, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Improved Intestinal Mucus Permeation of Vancomycin via Incorporation Into Nanocarrier Containing Papain-Palmitate. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3329-3339. [PMID: 31136766 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve intestinal mucus permeation of a peptide antibiotic via incorporation into papain-palmitate-modified self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) as nanocarrier. Vancomycin as a peptide antibiotic was lipidized by hydrophobic ion pair formation using sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulphosuccinate before incorporation in SEDDS comprising Capmul MCM, propylenglycol, and Kolliphor EL (2:1:2). As mucolytic agent, 0.5% papain-palmitate was introduced in SEDDS formulation containing the vancomycin-sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulphosuccinate ion pair. The formulation was evaluated regarding droplet size, zeta potential, and cytotoxicity using Caco-2 cells previous to intestinal mucus permeation studies using Transwell diffusion and rotating tube method. The hydrophobic ion pair product yielded from surfactant to drug ratio of 3:1 provided a 25-fold increase in lipophilicity, drug payload in SEDDS of 5%, and log DSEDDS/release medium of 2.2. The formulation exhibited a droplet size and zeta potential of 221.5 ± 14.8 nm and -4.2 ± 0.8 mV, respectively. Cytotoxicity study showed that SEDDS formulations were not toxic. Introducing 0.5% papain-palmitate increased the mucus permeability of SEDDS 2.8-fold and 3.3-fold in Transwell diffusion and rotating tube studies, respectively. According to these results, papain decorated SEDDS might be a potential strategy to improve the mucus permeating properties of peptide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Ari Efiana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jl. Prof. Dr. Soepomo, S.H., Janturan, Warungboto, Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta 55164, Indonesia
| | - Aida Dizdarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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