In silico analysis of aqueous root extract of Rotula aquatica Lour for docking analysis of the compound 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid contents

Exploring antidiabetic potential of a polyherbal formulation Madhurakshak Activ: An in vitro and in silico study

Madhurakshak Activ (MA), a commercial polyherbal antidiabetic preparation is known to manage diabetes mellitus (DM) by reducing blood glucose levels. However, lacks systematic mechanistic evaluation for their molecular and cellular mode of actions. In the present study, hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extract of MA were evaluated for their effects on glucose adsorption, diffusion, amylolysis kinetics and transport across the yeast cells using in vitro techniques. Bioactive compounds identified from MA by LC-MS/MS were assessed for their binding potential against DPP-IV and PPARγ via an in silico approach. Our results revealed that the adsorption of glucose increased dose dependently (5 mM -100 mM). Both extracts exhibited linear glucose uptake into the yeast cells (5 mM - 25 mM), whereas glucose diffusion was directly proportional to time (30-180 min). Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed drug-like properties and low toxicity levels for all the selected compounds. Among the tested compounds, 6-hydroxyluteolin (-8.9 against DPP-IV and PPARγ) and glycyrrhetaldehyde (DPP-IV -9.7 and PPARγ -8.5) have exhibited higher binding affinity compared to the positive control. Therefore, the above compounds were further considered for molecular dynamics simulation which showed stability of the docked complexes. Hence, studied mode of actions might produce a concerted role of MA in increasing the rate of glucose absorption and uptake followed by the in silico studies which suggest that the compounds identified from MA may inhibit DPP-IV and PPARγ phosphorylation.

Bio-efficacy of insecticidal molecule emodin against dengue, filariasis, and malaria vectors

Emodin, a compound isolated from Aspergillus terreus, was studied using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and compound purity (96%) was assessed by TLC. Furthermore, high larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti-AeA (LC₅₀ 6.156 and LC₉₀ 12.450 mg/L), Culex quinquefasciatus-CuQ (8.216 and 14.816 mg/L), and Anopheles stephensi-AnS larvae (6.895 and 15.24 mg/L) was recorded. The first isolated fraction (emodin) showed higher pupicidal activity against AeA (15.449 and 20.752 mg/L). Most emodin-treated larvae (ETL) showed variations in acetylcholine esterase, α and β-carboxylesterases, and phosphatase activities in the 4^th instar, indicating the intrinsic differences in their biochemical changes. ETL had numerous altered tissues, including muscle, gastric caeca, hindgut, midgut, nerve ganglia, and midgut epithelium. Acute toxicity of emodin on brine shrimp Artemia nauplii (54.0 and 84.5 mg/L) and the zebrafish Danio rerio (less toxicity observed) was recorded. In docking studies, Emodin interacted well with odorant-binding-proteins of AeA, AnS, and CuQ with docking scores of - 8.89, - 6.53, and - 8.09 kcal mol^-1, respectively. Therefore, A. terreus is likely to be effective against mosquito larvicides.

Molecular Docking and Green Synthesis of Bioinorganic TiO2 Nanoparticles against E.coli and S.aureus

This study used a simple solution evaporation approach to make a bioinorganic titanium dioxide (Bi-TiO2) photocatalyst for dye contaminant degradation. A variety of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and differential reflectance spectroscopy, had been employed to classify the structural and optical properties of the prepared bioinorganic photocatalyst (UV-DRS). Using simulated solar irradiation, the photocatalytic activity of the produced Bi-TiO2 nanoparticles was examined by detecting the degradation of a solution of methylene blue (MB) as a model dye molecule. The developed Bi-TiO2 photocatalyst demonstrates superior photocatalytic action than commercially available powder TiO2, according to photo-degradation experiments. E.coli and S.aureus bacterial strains were employed to assess the antibacterial activity of Bi-TiO2 nanoparticles. The most active molecules that gain antibacterial activity were examined in isolated or extracted components from the tulsi plant. The chosen compounds were docked with thymidylate kinase (TMPK), a potential therapeutic goal for the preparation of novel antibacterial drugs with the PDB ID of 4QGG. Five compounds, namely rosmarinic acid, vicenin-2, orientin, vitexin, and isoorientin, out of the 27 chosen compounds, showed a higher docking score and may aid in boosting antibacterial activity. The synthesized Bi-TiO2 nanoparticles produced antibacterial activity that was effective against Gram-positive bacteria. The nanomaterials that have been synthesized have a lot of potential in wastewater treatment and biomedical management technologies.

Superfast Synthesis of Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Allium sativum (Garlic) Extract and Isoniazid Hydrazide Conjugates: Molecular Docking and In-Vitro Characterizations

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized from fresh garlic extract coupled with isoniazid hydrazide (INH), a commonly used antibiotic to treat tuberculosis. A molecular docking study conducted with the selected compounds compared with anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase (trpD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aqueous extract of garlic was prepared and mixed with silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution for the superfast synthesis of stable AgNPs. INH was then conjugated with AgNPs at different ratios (v/v) to obtain stable INH-AgNPs conjugates (AgNCs). The resulting AgNCs characterized by FTIR spectra revealed the ultrafast formation of AgNPs (<5 s) and perfectly conjugated with INH. The shifting of λmax to longer wavelength, as found from UV spectral analysis, confirmed the formation of AgNCs, among which ideal formulations (F7, F10, and F13) have been pre-selected. The zeta particle size (PS) and the zeta potential (ZP) of AgNPs were found to be 145.3 ± 2.1 nm and −33.1 mV, respectively. These data were significantly different compared to that of AgNCs (160 ± 2.7 nm and −14.4 mV for F7; 208.9 ± 2.9 nm and −19.8 mV for F10; and 281.3 ± 3.6 nm and −19.5 mV for F13), most probably due to INH conjugation. The results of XRD, SEM and EDX confirmed the formation of AgNCs. From UV spectral analysis, EE of INH as 51.6 ± 5.21, 53.6 ± 6.88, and 70.01 ± 7.11 %, for F7, F10, and F13, respectively. The stability of the three formulations was confirmed in various physiological conditions. Drug was released in a sustainable fashion. Besides, from the preferred 23 compounds, five compounds namely Sativoside R2, Degalactotigonin, Proto-desgalactotigonin, Eruboside B and Sativoside R1 showed a better docking score than trpD, and therefore may help in promoting anti-tubercular activity.