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Sagala YG, Andadari L, Handayani TH, Sholikin MM, Fitri A, Fidriyanto R, Rohmatussolihat R, Ridwan R, Astuti WD, Widyastuti Y, Fassah DM, Wijayanti I, Sarwono KA. The effect of silkworms ( Bombyx mori) chitosan on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis, and microbial population in vitro. Vet World 2024; 17:1216-1226. [PMID: 39077441 PMCID: PMC11283611 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1216-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Ruminant enteric methane (CH4) is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. To minimize environmental harm caused by ruminants' CH4 production, natural substances can be used to suppress it. Chitosan from crustacean sources had been known to obstruct CH4 generation in the rumen. About 18% of silkworm pupae is chitin, but little is known about the impact of silkworm pupae chitosan on rumen methanogenesis. This study investigated the efficacy of the silkworm chitosan extraction method and its impact on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis, and microbial growth in vitro. Materials and Methods This study employed a randomized complete block design featuring five treatments and four batches for rumen incubation as the blocking factor. In this study, five treatments were implemented: Control (CO) (basal diet with no added chitosan), basal diet with 6% chitosan from the Chinese Silkworm strain 804 (CHI804), basal diet with 6% chitosan from the PS 01 Hybrid Silkworm strain (CHIPS01), basal diet with 6% chitosan from the Hybrid F1 Japanese 102 × Chinese 202 races (CHIJC02), and basal diet with 6% commercial shrimp shell chitosan as the positive control (CHICOMM). The in vitro experiments assessed digestibility, pH, total gas generation, CH4 production, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and short-chain fatty acid levels, along with microbial population. Data were analyzed using a general linear model followed by Duncan's test when applicable. Results A significant effect on dry matter digestibility (DMD), total gas production, CH4, NH3-N, and rumen microbial populations (Methanogens, Ruminoccocus albus, Ruminoccocus flavefaciens, Selonomonas ruminantium, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Streptoccocus bovis, Prevotella spp., and Bacteroides spp.) was observed (p < 0.05). The extracted chitosan (CHIJC02) used in this study exhibited a similar quality to that of commercial chitosan (CHICOMM). CHI804 treatment could reduce gas production, NH3-N production, and B. fibrisolvens population significantly (p < 0.05), while CHIJC02 could reduce CH4 production, methanogen population, acetate (C2) production, and increase propionate (C3) production significantly (p < 0.05). CHIJC02 and CHICOMM treatments could also increase the population of R. flavefaciens, S. ruminantium, and Bacteroides spp. significantly (p < 0.05). Chitosan addition significantly (p < 0.05) reduced DMD but did not impact organic matter digestibility or pH. Conclusion The extracted chitosan mimics commercial chitosan in physico-chemical properties. Chitosan derived from Japanese and Chinese F1 hybrid silkworm strains demonstrated superior capacity for inhibiting CH4 generation compared to commercial chitosan. The quality and effects on methanogenesis, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbial populations can differ depending on the origin of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemima Gresia Sagala
- Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor Indonesia
| | - Lincah Andadari
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Tri Hadi Handayani
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin
- Research Group of The Technology for Feed Additive and Supplement, Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul 55861, Indonesia
| | - Ainissya Fitri
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rusli Fidriyanto
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | | | - Roni Ridwan
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Wulansih Dwi Astuti
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Yantyati Widyastuti
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | | | - Indah Wijayanti
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor Indonesia
| | - Ki Ageng Sarwono
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
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Hidayah N, Noviandi CT, Astuti A, Kustantinah K. Chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of various tropical seaweeds. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:751-762. [PMID: 38370887 PMCID: PMC10868688 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This research aimed to evaluate potential tropical seaweed from Indonesia as an ingredient or supplement feed for ruminants based on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Materials and Methods The seven natural tropical seaweeds (three green and four red species) were collected from Ndrini and Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The experimental design on secondary metabolite profiles used a completely randomized design, and the in vitro gas production test used a randomized complete block design with seven seaweed species variances and four replications (blocks) based on rumen fluid collection time. The data obtained was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to test the variation in the analysis. Results The seven tropical seaweed species have potential as mineral sources for ruminants, except for macromineral (P and S) and micromineral (Cu). The red tropical seaweed has potential as a protein source (Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C. Silva, Hypnea pannosa, and Acanthopora muscoides (L.) Bory), and the green seaweed (Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Mull.) Kutz and Cladopora sp.) has potential as a crude fiber (CF) source for ruminants. As indicated by secondary metabolites and gas production in vitro, the green species (C. linum (O.F. Mull.) Kutz and Enteromorpha compressa) and red species (A. muscoides (L.) Bory and Gelidium amansii (J.V. Lamouroux) J.V. Lamouroux) could be degraded in the rumen and had quite high phenolic compounds. Conclusion The seven tropical seaweed species have the potential to be an ingredient or supplement feed for ruminants, and there were four species that have the potential to reduce methane emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hidayah
- Graduate School of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, Indonesia
| | - Cuk Tri Noviandi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andriyani Astuti
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kustantinah Kustantinah
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Spanghero M, Braidot M, Fabro C, Romanzin A. A meta-analysis on the relationship between rumen fermentation parameters and protozoa counts in in vitro batch experiments. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Braidot M, Sarnataro C, Romanzin A, Spanghero M. A new equipment for continuous measurement of methane production in a batch in vitro rumen system. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 107:747-753. [PMID: 36239155 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new rumen batch fermentation system that allows continuous measures of total gas (GP) and methane production (MP) was tested. The fermentation system is composed of glass bottles connected to gas counters (Ritter Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG) and an infrared gas analyser that measures the methane concentration. The system allows direct and continuous measurement of GP and MP for accurate kinetic studies. The aim of the work was to test the rumen fermentation system and compare the GP and MP kinetics obtained. Barley meal (BM), alfalfa hay (AH), corn silage (CS), and soya bean hulls (SH) were used as substrates in four consecutive fermentation runs. Cumulative volumes of GP and MP and the percentage of methane on total GP were recorded continuously until 48 h and average values at 1 h intervals were fitted with an exponential model with a lag phase reaching a good fit (R2 > 0.992). GP and MP reached the highest plateau levels for SH (1836 and 370 ml, respectively; p < 0.01) and the lowest for AH (1000 and 233 ml, respectively). The remaining substrates showed intermediate values. MP kinetics showed a discrete lag phase (from 0.09 to 1.12 h), whereas it was equal to zero for the total GP (except for SH). The methane concentration in gas flowing increased rapidly at the beginning of fermentation (from 0.35 to 0.95 h-1 ) and reached a plateau after approximately 8-12 h. In conclusion, the rumen fermentation system evaluated generates methane data comparable to those reported in the literature and allows simple continuous measurement of methane release throughout fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Braidot
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnataro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Romanzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Manyisa N, Mmileng T, Mnisi CM, Tsheole M. Heat treatment of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) pomace with different oven temperatures does not enhance its nutritive value. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2022.2113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Njabulo Manyisa
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
| | - Thapelo Mmileng
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
| | - Caven Mguvane Mnisi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
| | - Mpho Tsheole
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
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Verma S, Wolffram S, Salminen JP, Hasler M, Susenbeth A, Blank R, Taube F, Kluß C, Malisch CS. Linking metabolites in eight bioactive forage species to their in vitro methane reduction potential across several cultivars and harvests. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10454. [PMID: 35729249 PMCID: PMC9213545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro Hohenheim gas test was conducted to analyze the fermentation end-products from 17 cultivars of eight polyphenol containing forage species. The polyphenol composition and proanthocyanidin (PA) structural features of all the cultivars were analyzed with UPLC-MS/MS in leaves of vegetative or generative plants. The samples were incubated with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG, a tannin-binding agent) to separate the tannin-effect on methane (CH4, ml/200 mg DM) production from that of forage quality. Sulla and big trefoil, two particularly PA rich species, were found to have the highest CH4 reduction potential of up to 47% when compared to the samples without PEG. However, concomitant reduction in gas production (GP, ml/200 mg DM) of up to 44% was also observed. An increase in both GP and CH4 production under PEG treatments, confirms the role of tannins in CH4 reduction. Moreover, PA structural features and concentration were found to be an important source of variation for CH4 production from PA containing species. Despite having low polyphenol concentrations, chicory and plantain were found to reduce CH4 production without reducing GP. Additionally, interspecies variability was found to be higher than intraspecies variability, and these results were consistent across growth stages, indicating the findings’ representativeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Verma
- Institute of Plant Production and Plant Breeding, Grass and Forage Science/Organic Agriculture, Kiel University (CAU), 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Wolffram
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Kiel University (CAU), 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Mario Hasler
- Department of Statistics, Kiel University (CAU), 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Susenbeth
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Kiel University (CAU), 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Blank
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Kiel University (CAU), 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Taube
- Institute of Plant Production and Plant Breeding, Grass and Forage Science/Organic Agriculture, Kiel University (CAU), 24118, Kiel, Germany.,Grass Based Dairy Systems, Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University (WUR), 6700, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christof Kluß
- Institute of Plant Production and Plant Breeding, Grass and Forage Science/Organic Agriculture, Kiel University (CAU), 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carsten Stefan Malisch
- Institute of Plant Production and Plant Breeding, Grass and Forage Science/Organic Agriculture, Kiel University (CAU), 24118, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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Ghilardelli F, Ferronato G, Gallo A. Near-infrared calibration models for estimating volatile fatty acids and methane production from in vitro rumen fermentation of different total mixed rations. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:19-25. [PMID: 36340672 PMCID: PMC9623674 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) prediction models accurately predicted volatile fatty acids, methane, and gas production. Outputs of models could provide useful information for calibrating rumen mechanistic models. Calibrations of valeric and isovaleric acids need to be improved.
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane (CH4) are the major products of rumen fermentation. The VFA are considered an energy source for the animal and rumen microbiota, and CH4 (which is released by eructation) is considered an energy loss. Quantification of these fermentation products is fundamental for the evaluation of feeds and diets, and provides important information regarding the use of nutrients by ruminants. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is increasingly used for the evaluation of animal feeds because it is rapid, nondestructive, noninvasive, and inexpensive; does not require reagents; and the results are reproducible. The aim of this study was to develop NIR calibration models for estimating the production of VFA (acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, isovaleric, and isobutyric acids), total gas, and CH4 using in vitro gas production tests with buffered rumen inoculum throughout fermentation. Fifty-four total mixed rations (TMRs) were examined, and rumen fluid was manually collected from 2 dry Holstein dairy cows that had ruminal fistulas and were fed at maintenance energy levels. Then, 30 mL of buffered rumen fluid was incubated in bottles with ~220 mg of TMR. The total gas, VFA, and CH4 were measured after 2, 5, 9, 24, 30, 48, and 72 h of rumen incubation for each TMR. The VFA were measured on 32 randomly selected TMR. In particular, 7 bottles were used for each TMR, one for each incubation time. Methane was measured in the headspace and VFA were measured in the buffered rumen fluid. The bottles were considered experimental units for calibration purposes. The production of CH4 was quantified from the bottle headspaces by gas chromatography, and total gas production was measured using a pressure transducer at each incubation time. Two aliquots of the fermented liquids were sampled by opening the bottles at each incubation time, and (1) the concentrations of VFA were determined by gas chromatography or (2) spectra were obtained from Fourier-transform NIR spectroscopy. The data were randomly divided into calibration and validation data sets. The average concentrations of acetic acid (45.30 ± 11.92 and 43.86 ± 11.93 mmol/L), propionic acid (14.97 ± 6.08 and 14.38 ± 6.56 mmol/L), butyric acid (8.47 ± 3.47 and 8.65 ± 3.79 mmol/L), total gas (111.34 ± 81.90 and 116.46 ± 82.44 mL/g of organic matter), and CH4 (9.65 ± 9.45 and 10.35 ± 9.33 mmol/L) were similar in the 2 data sets. The best calibration models were retained based on the coefficient of determination (R2) and the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). The R2 values for prediction of VFA ranged from 0.69 (RPD = 3.28) for valeric acid to 0.94 (RPD = 4.20) for acetic acid. The models also provided good predictions of CH4 (R2 = 0.89, RPD = 3.05) and cumulative gas production (R2 = 0.91, RPD = 3.30). The models described here precisely and accurately estimated the production of CH4 and VFA during in vitro rumen fermentation tests. Validations at additional laboratories may provide more robust calibrations.
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Jang JC, Zeng Z, Shurson GC, Urriola PE. Effects of Gas Production Recording System and Pig Fecal Inoculum Volume on Kinetics and Variation of In Vitro Fermentation using Corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles and Soybean Hulls. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100773. [PMID: 31600978 PMCID: PMC6826484 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various in vitro methodologies have been developed and used to estimate the digestibility of feed ingredients, such as corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) and soybean hulls (SBH) which contain high concentrations of dietary fiber. This study evaluated two in vitro gas production recording systems (manual vs. automated) and two initial fecal inoculum volumes (30 vs. 75 mL) on the parameters of in vitro fermentation of cDDGS and SBH. The results showed that the use of 75-mL inoculum volume with 0.5 g substrate tended to reduce the variation of measurements compared to the 30-mL inoculum volume with 0.2 g substrate regardless of the gas production recording system. These findings suggest that using larger inoculum volume with more substrate increases the precision of measurements. Furthermore, the automated system decreases labor for conducting the assay. Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of inoculum volume (IV), substrate quantity, and the use of a manual or automated gas production (GP) recording system for in vitro determinations of fermentation of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) and soybean hulls (SBH). A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used and included the factors of (1) ingredients (cDDGS or SBH), (2) inoculum volume and substrate quantity (IV30 = 0.2 g substrate + 30 mL inoculum or IV75 = 0.5 g substrate + 75 mL inoculum), and (3) GP recording system (MRS = manual recording system or ARS = automated recording system). Feed ingredient samples were pre-treated with pepsin and pancreatin, and the hydrolyzed residues were subsequently incubated with fresh pig feces in a buffered mineral solution. The GP recording was monitored for 72 h, and the kinetics were estimated by fitting data using an exponential model. Compared with SBH, cDDGS yielded less (p < 0.01) maximal gas production (Gf), required more time (p < 0.02) to achieve half gas accumulation (T/2), and had less (p < 0.01) fractional rate of degradation (µ) and in vitro fermentability of dry matter (IVDMF). Using the ARS resulted in less IVDMF (p < 0.01) compared with MRS (79.0% vs. 81.2%, respectively). Interactions were observed between GP recording system and inoculum volume and substrate quantity for Gf (p < 0.04), µ (p < 0.01), and T/2 (p < 0.04) which implies that increasing inoculum volume and substrate quantity resulted in decreased Gf (332 mL/g from IV30 vs. 256 mL/g from IV75), µ (0.05 from IV30 vs. 0.04 from IV75), and T/2 (34 h for IV30 vs. 25 h for IV75) when recorded with ARS but not MRS. However, the recorded cumulative GP at 72 h was not influenced by the inoculum volume nor recording system. The precision of Gf (as measured by the coefficient of variation of Gf) tended to increase for IV30 compared with IV75 (p < 0.10), indicating that using larger inoculum volume and substrate quantity (IV75) reduced within batch variation in GP kinetics. Consequently, both systems showed comparable results in GP kinetics, but considering convenience and achievement of consistency, 75 mL of inoculum volume with 0.5 g substrate is recommended for ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Jang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Zhikai Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Dillard SL, Roca-Fernández AI, Rubano MD, Soder KJ. Evaluation of a single-flow continuous culture fermenter system for determination of ruminal fermentation and enteric methane production. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1313-1324. [PMID: 31298448 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 4-unit, single-flow continuous culture fermenter system was developed to assess in vitro nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and daily enteric methane (CH4 ) production of ruminant diets. The objective was to develop a closed-vessel system that maintained protozoal populations and provided accurate predictions of total CH4 production. A diet of 50% orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and 50% alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was fed during 4, 10-day periods (7-day adaptation and 3-day collection). Fermenters were fed 82 g of dry matter (DM)/day in four equal feedings. pH and temperature were taken every 2 min, and CH4 concentration was measured every 10 min. Samples for DM and protozoal counts were taken daily, and daily effluent samples were collected for determination of DM, VFA and NH3 -N concentrations. There was no effect (p > 0.17) of adaptation versus collection days on vessel and effluent DM, temperature or pH. Initial protozoal counts decreased (p < 0.01), but recovered to initial counts by the collection period. Total VFA, acetate, propionate and isobutyrate concentrations did not differ (p ≥ 0.13) among periods or days of the collection period. There was no difference (p ≥ 0.37) among days or periods in total daily CH4 production and CH4 production per g of OM, NDF, digestible OM or digestible NDF fed. Data collected throughout 4 experimental periods demonstrated that the system was able to reach a steady state in fermentation well within the 7-day adaptation period and even typically variable data (i.e., CH4 production) were stable within and across periods. While further research is needed to determine the relationship between this system and in vivo data, this continuous culture fermenter system provides a valid comparison of in vitro ruminal fermentation and enteric CH4 production of ruminant diets that can then be further validated with in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leanne Dillard
- Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ana I Roca-Fernández
- Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Depto. Producción Vegetal, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, España
| | - Melissa D Rubano
- Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy J Soder
- Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Kim JN, Song J, Kim EJ, Chang J, Kim CH, Seo S, Chang MB, Bae GS. Effects of short-term fasting on in vivo rumen microbiota and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:776-782. [PMID: 30208688 PMCID: PMC6498081 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Fasting may lead to changes in the microbiota and activity in the rumen. In the present study, the effects of fasting on rumen microbiota and the impact of fasting on in vitro rumen fermentation were evaluated using molecular culture-independent methods. Methods Three ruminally cannulated Holstein steers were fed rice straw and concentrates. The ruminal fluids were obtained from the same steers 2 h after the morning feeding (control) and 24 h after fasting (fasting). The ruminal fluid was filtrated through four layers of muslin, collected for a culture-independent microbial analysis, and used to determine the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Total DNA was extracted from both control and fasting ruminal fluids. The rumen microbiota was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Microbial activity was evaluated in control and fasting steers at various intervals using in vitro batch culture with rice straw and concentrate at a ratio of 60:40. Results Fasting for 24 h slightly affected the microbiota structure in the rumen as determined by DGGE. Additionally, several microorganisms, including Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Eubacterium ruminantium, Prevotella albensis, Prevotella ruminicola, and Ruminobacter amylophilus, decreased in number after fasting. In addition, using the ruminal fluid as the inoculum after 24 h of fasting, the fermentation characteristics differed from those obtained using non-fasted ruminal fluid. Compared with the control, the fasting showed higher total gas production, ammonia, and microbial protein production (p<0.05). No significant differences, however, was observed in pH and dry matter digestibility. Conclusion When in vitro techniques are used to evaluate feed, the use of the ruminal fluid from fasted animals should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Nam Kim
- Deparment of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea
| | - Jaeyong Song
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Eun Joong Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Jongsoo Chang
- Department of Agricultural Science, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Animal Life and Environmental science, Hankyung National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Seongwon Seo
- Deparment of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Moon Baek Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Gui-Seck Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Himanshu H, Voelklein MA, Murphy JD, Grant J, O'Kiely P. Factors controlling headspace pressure in a manual manometric BMP method can be used to produce a methane output comparable to AMPTS. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 238:633-642. [PMID: 28486196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The manual manometric biochemical methane potential (mBMP) test uses the increase in pressure to calculate the gas produced. This gas production may be affected by the headspace volume in the incubation bottle and by the overhead pressure measurement and release (OHPMR) frequency. The biogas and methane yields of cellulose, barley, silage and slurry were compared with three incubation bottle headspace volumes (50, 90 and 180ml; constant 70ml total medium) and four OHPMR frequencies (daily, each third day, weekly and solely at the end of experiment). The methane yields of barley, silage and slurry were compared with those from an automated volumetric method (AMPTS). Headspace volume and OHPMR frequency effects on biogas yield were mediated mainly through headspace pressure, with the latter having a negative effect on the biogas yield measured and relatively little effect on methane yield. Two mBMP treatments produced methane yields equivalent to AMPTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Himanshu
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M A Voelklein
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J D Murphy
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J Grant
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - P O'Kiely
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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Keim JP, Alvarado-Gilis C, Arias RA, Gandarillas M, Cabanilla J. Evaluation of sources of variation on in vitro fermentation kinetics of feedstuffs in a gas production system. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1547-1555. [PMID: 28557050 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of variation in gas production technique on the in vitro gas production kinetics of feedstuffs. Triplicates of commercial concentrate, grass silage, grass hay and grass pasture were incubated in three experiments: experiment 1 assessed two agitation methods; experiment 2 evaluated different rumen inocula (pooled or different donor cows for each incubation run); and experiment 3 used Goering-Van Soest or Mould buffers for media preparation. Gas production data were fitted into the Michaelis-Menten model and then subjected to analysis of variance. Gas production (GP) at 48 h and asymptote gas production (A) were lower when bottles were continuously under horizontal movement. Time to produce half and 75% of A, and A were affected by rumen inocula, while buffer type affected time to produce half and 25% of A and GP. No interactions between substrates and sources of variation were observed, suggesting that the effects of substrates on GP parameters were not modified. It is concluded that comparison of numerical data from in vitro experiments that follow different protocols must be done carefully. However, the ranking of different substrates is more robust and less affected by the sources of variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Keim
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Christian Alvarado-Gilis
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Arias
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mónica Gandarillas
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime Cabanilla
- Graduate School, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Zootechnics, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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