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Huangfu W, Cao S, Li S, Zhang S, Liu M, Liu B, Zhu X, Cui Y, Wang Z, Zhao J, Shi Y. In vitro and in vivo fermentation models to study the function of dietary fiber in pig nutrition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:314. [PMID: 38683435 PMCID: PMC11058960 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The importance of dietary fiber (DF) in animal diets is increasing with the advancement of nutritional research. DF is fermented by gut microbiota to produce metabolites, which are important in improving intestinal health. This review is a systematic review of DF in pig nutrition using in vitro and in vivo models. The fermentation characteristics of DF and the metabolic mechanisms of its metabolites were summarized in an in vitro model, and it was pointed out that SCFAs and gases are the important metabolites connecting DF, gut microbiota, and intestinal health, and they play a key role in intestinal health. At the same time, some information about host-microbe interactions could have been improved through traditional animal in vivo models, and the most direct feedback on nutrients was generated, confirming the beneficial effects of DF on sow reproductive performance, piglet intestinal health, and growing pork quality. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of different fermentation models were compared. In future studies, it is necessary to flexibly combine in vivo and in vitro fermentation models to profoundly investigate the mechanism of DF on the organism in order to promote the development of precision nutrition tools and to provide a scientific basis for the in-depth and rational utilization of DF in animal husbandry. KEY POINTS: • The fermentation characteristics of dietary fiber in vitro models were reviewed. • Metabolic pathways of metabolites and their roles in the intestine were reviewed. • The role of dietary fiber in pigs at different stages was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Huangfu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shuhang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China.
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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Lin J, Liang T, Huang Y, Zuo C, Wang D, Liu Y. Co-occurrence of Mycotoxin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice Inhibited by Lycopene: Mitochondrial Impairment and Early Hepatic Fibrosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200671. [PMID: 37485620 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Mycotoxins co-contamination of agricultural products poses a serious threat to human and animal health, especially hepatic dysfunction. Zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are three commonly co-occurring mycotoxins. This study is to determine whether lycopene (LYC) can alleviate hepatic toxicity induced by the co-occurrence of ZEN, DON, and AFB1 in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty 6-week-old male ICR mice are divided into four groups: CON group (solvent control), LYC group (10 mg kg-1 LYC), Co-M group (10 mg kg-1 ZEN + 1 mg kg-1 DON + 0.5 mg kg-1 AFB1), and LYC+Co-M group (10 mg kg-1 LYC + 10 mg kg-1 ZEN + 1 mg kg-1 DON + 0.5 mg kg-1 AFB1). The results show that LYC can suppress the co-occurrence of mycotoxin-induced mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization accompanied by dysregulation of indices of mitochondrial dynamics (Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), Mfn2, Optic atrophy 1 (Opa1), Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), Fission 1 (Fis1) at the mRNA level; DRP1 and FIS1 at the protein level). LYC effectively inhibits co-occurrence of mycotoxin-induced activation of Cytochrome P450 2E1, and early fibrosis, as determined by staining with Masson's trichrome and α-SMA protein. CONCLUSION LYC successfully attenuates early hepatic fibrosis mainly through antioxidant activities and prevented mitochondrial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Tianzeng Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Cuige Zuo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
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Zheng W, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Ding L, Yao W. The synbiotic mixture of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans protects intestinal barrier dysfunction and apoptosis in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:80. [PMID: 37301956 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactulose as an effective prebiotic protects intestinal mucosal injury. Bacillus coagulans is widely used in feed additives because of its ability to promote intestinal health. Our previous study suggests that the combination of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans may be a good candidate as alternative for antibiotic growth promoters. However, the in vivo effects of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans on growth and intestinal health under immune challenge in piglets remains unclear. The objective of this study is to explore the protective effects of synbiotic containing lactulose and Bacillus coagulans on the intestinal mucosal injury and barrier dysfunction under immune challenge in weaned piglets. METHODS Twenty four weaned piglets were assigned to 4 groups. Piglets in the CON-saline and LPS-LPS group were fed the basal diet, while others were fed either with chlortetracycline (CTC) or synbiotic mixture of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans for 32 d before injection of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Piglets were sacrificed 4 h after LPS injection to collect samples to determine intestinal morphology, integrity and barrier functions as well as relative genes and proteins. RESULTS Our data showed that no differences were observed in the growth performance of the four test groups. LPS injection induced higher serum diamine oxidase activities, D-lactic acid levels, and endotoxin status, lower villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth, greater mRNA and lower protein expression related tight junction in both jejunum and ileum. In addition, a higher apoptosis index, and protein expression of Bax and caspase-3 were also observed in the LPS challenge group. Interestingly, dietary synbiotic mixture with lactulose and Bacillus coagulans protected against LPS-induced intestinal damage, barrier dysfunction and higher apoptosis as well as CTC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that dietary supplementation of synbiotic mixture with lactulose and Bacillus coagulans showed resilience to LPS-induced intestinal morphological damage, barrier dysfunction and aggressive apoptosis in piglets as well as the protective effects of CTC. These results indicate that synbiotic mixture of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans showed beneficial effects on performance and resilience to acute immune stress in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuyan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunnan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liren Ding
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Rahman MH, Jeong ES, You HS, Kim CS, Lee KJ. Redox-Mechanisms of Molecular Hydrogen Promote Healthful Longevity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:988. [PMID: 37237854 PMCID: PMC10215238 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12050988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related diseases represent the largest threat to public health. Aging is a degenerative, systemic, multifactorial and progressive process, coupled with progressive loss of function and eventually leading to high mortality rates. Excessive levels of both pro- and anti-oxidant species qualify as oxidative stress (OS) and result in damage to molecules and cells. OS plays a crucial role in the development of age-related diseases. In fact, damage due to oxidation depends strongly on the inherited or acquired defects of the redox-mediated enzymes. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has recently been reported to function as an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of several oxidative stress and aging-related diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, cancer and osteoporosis. Additionally, H2 promotes healthy aging, increases the number of good germs in the intestine that produce more intestinal hydrogen and reduces oxidative stress through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review focuses on the therapeutic role of H2 in the treatment of neurological diseases. This review manuscript would be useful in knowing the role of H2 in the redox mechanisms for promoting healthful longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea (C.-S.K.)
| | - Eun-Sook Jeong
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea (C.-S.K.)
| | - Hae Sun You
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Su Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea (C.-S.K.)
| | - Kyu-Jae Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea (C.-S.K.)
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Ji X, Tang Z, Zhang F, Zhou F, Wu Y, Wu D. Dietary taurine supplementation counteracts deoxynivalenol-induced liver injury via alleviating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammation in piglets. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114705. [PMID: 36863159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), as a widespread Fusarium mycotoxin in cereals, food products, and animal feed, is detrimental to both human and animal health. The liver is not only the primary organ responsible for DON metabolism but also the principal organ affected by DON toxicity. Taurine is well known to display various physiological and pharmacological functions due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the information regarding taurine supplementation counteracting DON-induced liver injury in piglets is still unclear. In our work, twenty-four weaned piglets were subjected to four groups for a 24-day period, including the BD group (a basal diet), the DON group (3 mg/kg DON-contaminated diet), the DON+LT group (3 mg/kg DON-contaminated diet + 0.3% taurine), and the DON+HT group (3 mg/kg DON-contaminated diet + 0.6% taurine). Our findings indicated that taurine supplementation improved growth performance and alleviated DON-induced liver injury, as evidenced by the reduced pathological and serum biochemical changes (ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH), especially in the group with the 0.3% taurine. Taurine could counteract hepatic oxidative stress in piglets exposed to DON, as it reduced ROS, 8-OHdG, and MDA concentrations and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Concurrently, taurine was observed to upregulate the expression of key factors involved in mitochondrial function and the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, taurine treatment effectively attenuated DON-induced hepatocyte apoptosis, as verified through the decreased proportion of TUNEL-positive cells and regulation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Finally, the administration of taurine was able to reduce liver inflammation due to DON, by inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway and declining the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In summary, our results implied that taurine effectively improved DON-induced liver injury. The underlying mechanism should be that taurine restored mitochondrial normal function and antagonized oxidative stress, thereby reducing apoptosis and inflammatory responses in the liver of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ji
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, Chuzhou 233100, China; Fengyang Xiaogang Minyi Land Shares Cooperatives, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Fen Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yijing Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China.
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Lin J, Zuo C, Liang T, Huang Y, Kang P, Xiao K, Liu Y. Lycopene alleviates multiple-mycotoxin-induced toxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis in the mouse jejunum. Food Funct 2022; 13:11532-11542. [PMID: 36318035 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mycotoxins contamination in foods and feeds threatens human and animal health after they accumulate in the food chain, producing various toxic effects. The common mycotoxins contaimination in feeds are zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), but the effects of their co-exposure on the jejunum are not well understood. Lycopene (LYC) has been reported to have antioxidant activity that alleviates jejunal damage. In this study, we investigated the possible role of LYC as a treatment to mitigate the combined effects of ZEN, DON, and AFB1 on the jejunum of mice. Eighty male specific-pathogen-free ICR mice were randomly allocated to treatments with LYC (10 mg kg-1) and/or ZEN + DON + AFB1 (10 mg kg-1 ZEN, 1 mg kg-1 DON, and 0.5 mg kg-1 AFB1). The results indicated that LYC alleviated ZEN + DON + AFB1-induced jejunal injury by ameliorating the jejunal structural injury and increasing the villus height/crypt depth ratio and the levels of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens 1 [ZO1], occludin1 and claudin1) in the mouse jejunum. LYC also inhibited the oxidative stress induced by co-exposure to ZEN, DON, and AFB1 via reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhancing the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). LYC also alleviated jejunal mitochondrial damage in the ZEN + DON + AFB1-affected mice, evident as an increase in mitochondrial fission 1 (Fis1) transcription and a reduction in mitochondrial mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) and Mfn2 transcription. Co-exposure to ZEN, DON, and AFB1 also significantly increased the transcription of ferroptosis-related genes (transferrin receptor 1 (Tfr1), ferritin heavy chain 1 [Fth1], solute carrier family 3 member 2 [Slc3a2], and glutathione peroxidase 4 [Gpx4]), TFR1 and Fe2+ concentration. Notably, LYC potentially alleviated ZEN + DON + AFB1-induced jejunal ferroptosis. These results demonstrate that LYC alleviates ZEN + DON + AFB1-induced jejunal toxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated ferroptosis and mitochondrial damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Cuige Zuo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Tianzeng Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Yang Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Ping Kang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Kan Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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Liu M, Zhao L, Gong G, Zhang L, Shi L, Dai J, Han Y, Wu Y, Khalil MM, Sun L. Invited review: Remediation strategies for mycotoxin control in feed. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:19. [PMID: 35090579 PMCID: PMC8796454 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites of different species of fungi. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are the main mycotoxins contaminating animal feedstuffs. These mycotoxins can primarily induce hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, consequently cause adverse effects on the health and performance of animals. Therefore, physical, chemical, biological and nutritional regulation approaches have been developed as primary strategies for the decontamination and detoxification of these mycotoxins in the feed industry. Meanwhile, each of these techniques has its drawbacks, including inefficient, costly, or impractically applied on large scale. This review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the different remediation strategies, as well as updates of the research progress of these strategies for AFB1, DON, ZEN and FB1 control in the feed industry.
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A Novel Colorimetric Nano Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Based on the Exonuclease III-Assisted Signal Amplification Approach. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112568. [PMID: 34828849 PMCID: PMC8625208 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has recently garnered much attention on the issue of food safety. In this study, a novel and sensitive aptasensor towards AFB1 is proposed using an Exonuclease III (Exo III)-integrated signal amplification strategy. This reported sensing strategy is regulated by aptamer-functionalized nanobeads that can target AFB1; furthermore, complementary DNA (cDNA) strands can lock the immobilized aptamer strands, preventing the signal amplification function of Exo III in the absence of AFB1. The presence of AFB1 triggers the displacement of cDNA, which will then activate the Exo III-integrated signal amplification procedure, resulting in the generation of a guanine (G)-rich sequence to form a G-4/hemin DNAzyme, which can catalyze the substrate of ABTS to produce a green color. Using this method, a practical detection limit of 0.0032 ng/mL and a dynamic range of detection from 0.0032 to 50 ng/mL were obtained. Additionally, the practical application of the established sensing method for AFB1 in complex matrices was demonstrated through recovery experiments. The recovery rate and relative standard deviations (RSD) in three kinds of cereal samples ranged from 93.83% to 111.58%, and 0.82% to 7.20%, respectively, which were comparable with or better than previously reported methods.
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Wang YQ, Liu YH, Wang S, Du HM, Shen WB. Hydrogen agronomy: research progress and prospects. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:841-855. [PMID: 33150769 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture is the foundation of social development. Under the pressure of population growth, natural disasters, environmental pollution, climate change, and food safety, the interdisciplinary "new agriculture" is becoming an important trend of modern agriculture. In fact, new agriculture is not only the foundation of great health and new energy sources, but is also the cornerstone of national food security, energy security, and biosafety. Hydrogen agronomy focuses mainly on the mechanism of hydrogen gas (H2) biology effects in agriculture, and provides a theoretical foundation for the practice of hydrogen agriculture, a component of the new agriculture. Previous research on the biological effects of H2 focused chiefly on medicine. The mechanism of selective antioxidant is the main theoretical basis of hydrogen medicine. Subsequent experiments have demonstrated that H2 can regulate the growth and development of plant crops, edible fungus, and livestock, and enhance the tolerance of these agriculturally important organisms against abiotic and biotic stresses. Even more importantly, H2 can regulate the growth and development of crops by changing the soil microbial community composition and structure. Use of H2 can also improve the nutritional value and postharvest quality of agricultural products. Researchers have also shown that the biological functions of molecular hydrogen are mediated by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO) signaling cascades in plants and microbes. This review summarizes and clarifies the history of hydrogen agronomy and describes recent progress in the field. We also argue that emerging hydrogen agriculture will be an important direction in the new agriculture. Further, we discuss several scientific problems in hydrogen agronomy, and suggest that the future of hydrogen agronomy depends on contributions by multiple disciplines. Important future research directions of hydrogen agronomy include hydrogen agriculture in special environments, such as islands, reefs, aircraft, and outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu-Hao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong-Mei Du
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen-Biao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Ji X, Qiao Y, Zheng W, Jiang H, Yao W. Deoxynivalenol interferes with intestinal motility via injuring the contractility of enteric smooth muscle cells: A novel hazard to the gastrointestinal tract by environmental toxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112656. [PMID: 34411815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a prevalent Fusarium mycotoxin, occurs predominantly in the global environment, especially in cereals, animal feed and food commodities. The widespread contamination causes a serious risk to human and animal health. DON usually impairs weight gain, which is presumably from its capacity to reduce feed intake by interfering with intestinal motility. To clarify the role of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contractility in intestinal motility and growth inhibition caused by DON, twelve weaned piglets were firstly divided into two groups to feed control or Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated (MC) diet. Results showed that the final body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were significantly reduced in piglets fed the MC diet. Exposure to the MC diet also significantly decreased the thickness of smooth muscle layer and SMCs contractile markers expression (myosin heavy chain 11, smooth muscle actin gamma 2, transgelin, calponin 1) in jejunum and ileum of piglets. Furthermore, oral DON supplementation (3 mg/kg body weight) to mice in six consecutive days could significantly inhibit the upper intestinal transit, impede normal defecation and downregulate SMCs contractile markers expression in small intestine. Finally, we generated a porcine enteric smooth muscle cell line (PISMC), and found that DON could depress its contractility by decreasing PISMC proliferation, migration and contractile markers expression. In conclusion, these findings in vivo and in vitro suggest that DON, as a common environmental toxin, can not only reduce proliferative and motile phenotype, but also decrease contractile apparatus components (contractile markers expression) in SMCs, which in turn influences SMCs contractility and then interferes with intestinal motility and growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Yu Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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11
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He J, Liu R, Zheng W, Guo H, Yang Y, Zhao R, Yao W. High ambient temperature exposure during late gestation disrupts glycolipid metabolism and hepatic mitochondrial function tightly related to gut microbial dysbiosis in pregnant mice. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2116-2129. [PMID: 34272826 PMCID: PMC8449678 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As global warming intensifies, emerging evidence has demonstrated high ambient temperature during pregnancy negatively affects maternal physiology with compromised pregnant outcomes; however, little is known about the roles of gut microbiota and its underlying mechanisms in this process. Here, for the first time, we explored the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota involved in the disrupted glycolipid metabolism via hepatic mitochondrial function. Our results indicate heat stress (HS) reduces fat and protein contents and serum levels of insulin and triglyceride (TG), while increases that of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (B-HBA), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P < 0.05). Additionally, HS downregulates both mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) and nuclear encoding mitochondrial functional genes with increasing serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (P < 0.05). Regarding microbial response, HS boosts serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (P < 0.05) and alters β-diversity (ANOSIM, P < 0.01), increasing the proportions of Escherichia-Shigella, Acinetobacter and Klebsiella (q < 0.05), while reducing that of Ruminiclostridium, Blautia, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Clostridium VadinBB60 and Muribaculaceae (q < 0.05). PICRUSt analysis predicts that HS upregulates 11 KEGG pathways, mainly including bile secretion and bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. The collective results suggest that microbial dysbiosis due to late gestational HS has strong associations with damaged hepatic mitochondrial function and disrupted metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Riliang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huiduo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunnan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210095, China
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12
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Occurrence of Aflatoxin B 1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in feeds in China during 2018-2020. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:74. [PMID: 34243805 PMCID: PMC8272344 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feeds from various Provinces of China during 2018 to 2020. A total of 3,507 feed samples, including 2,090 feed ingredients and 1,417 complete feed samples, were collected from different areas of China for mycotoxins analysis. RESULTS The individual contamination of AFB1, DON and ZEN were present in more than 81.9%, 96.4% and 96.9% of feed samples, respectively, with average concentration ranges of AFB1 between 1.2-27.4 μg/kg, DON between 458.0-1,925.4 μg/kg and ZEN between 48.1-326.8 μg/kg. Notably, 0.9%, 0.5% and 0.1% of feed ingredients, and 1.2-12.8%, 0.9-2.9% and 0-8.9% of complete feeds for pigs, poultry and ruminants with AFB1, ZEN and DON that exceeded China's safety standards, respectively. Moreover, more than 81.5% of feed ingredients and 95.7% of complete feeds were co-contaminated with various combinations of these mycotoxins. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the feeds in China were universally contaminated with AFB1, DON and ZEN during the past 3 years. These findings highlight the significance of monitoring mycotoxin contaminant levels in the domestic animal feed, and the importance of carrying out feed administration and remediation strategies for mycotoxin control.
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Azizi T, Daneshyar M, Allymehr M, Jalali AS, Behroozyar HK, Tukmechi A. The impact of deoxynivalenol contaminated diet on performance, immune response, intestine morphology and jejunal gene expression in broiler chicken. Toxicon 2021; 199:72-78. [PMID: 34111455 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated diet on performance, immune system, gut morphology and jejunal gene expression in broiler chickens. Eighty-one-day old chicks were randomly allotted into two treatments with 4 replicates (10 birds in each replication). Experimental diets were the control diet (maize-soybean meal) and an experimentally contaminated diet with 10 mg/kg DON. The results indicated that DON-challenged birds had decreased (P < 0.05) average feed intake (AFI) during starter period as compared to control group. Also, average daily gain (ADG), AFI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected (P > 0.05) by inclusion of DON contaminated diet during the whole experimental period. Dietary addition of DON to the basal diet caused Fabricius bursa relative weight reduction, while increased the abdominal fat and serum triglyceride (TG) concentration (P < 0.05). Dietary DON feeding caused an enhancement (P < 0.05) in the blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamytransferase (GGT) contents. Moreover, DON decreased the serum total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) concentrations. Inclusion of DON in diet reduced (P < 0.05) the white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocyte number and antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus, but increased (P < 0.05) the blood heterophil count. The DON consumption also diminished (P < 0.05) the villus height, villus to crypt ratio, mucosa thickness and villus surface area in the duodenum. Mucin-2 expression was decreased (P < 0.05) by DON consumption, but toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and claudin-5 (CLDN-5) expressions were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments. In conclusion, although DON could not influence the performance attributes in broiler chickens, it adversely affected the immune response, muc-2 gene expressions in the jejunum and gut morphology, enhanced the liver enzyme indices and lessened the blood protein contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebe Azizi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Urmia University, P. O. Box 165, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohsen Daneshyar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Urmia University, P. O. Box 165, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Manoochehr Allymehr
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P. O. Box 165, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Shalizar Jalali
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P. O. Box 165, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Amir Tukmechi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P. O. Box 165, Urmia, Iran
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14
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Li L, Lou W, Kong L, Shen W. Hydrogen Commonly Applicable from Medicine to Agriculture: From Molecular Mechanisms to the Field. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:747-759. [PMID: 33290194 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201207220051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of hydrogen biology has to date mainly been applied in medicine. However, hydrogen biology can also enable positive outcomes in agriculture. Agriculture faces significant challenges resulting from a growing population, climate change, natural disasters, environmental pollution, and food safety issues. In fact, hydrogen agriculture is a practical application of hydrogen biology, which may assist in addressing many of these challenges. It has been demonstrated that hydrogen gas (H2) may enhance plant tolerance towards abiotic and biotic stresses, regulate plant growth and development, increase nutritional values, prolong the shelf life, and decrease the nitrite accumulation during the storage of vegetables, as well as increase the resilience of livestock to pathogens. Our field trials show that H2 may have a promising potential to increase yield and improve the quality of agricultural products. This review aims to elucidate mechanisms for a novel agricultural application of H2 in China. Future development of hydrogen agriculture is proposed as well. Obviously, hydrogen agriculture belongs to a low carbon economy, and has great potential to provide "safe, tasty, healthy, and high-yield" agricultural products so that it may improve the sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longna Li
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang Lou
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lingshuai Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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15
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Chen W, Zhang HT, Qin SC. Neuroprotective Effects of Molecular Hydrogen: A Critical Review. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:389-404. [PMID: 33078374 PMCID: PMC7954968 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a physiologically inert gas. However, during the last 10 years, increasing evidence has revealed its biological functions under pathological conditions. More specifically, H2 has protective effects against a variety of diseases, particularly nervous system disorders, which include ischemia/reperfusion injury, traumatic injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive dysfunction induced by surgery and anesthesia, anxiety, and depression. In addition, H2 plays protective roles mainly through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, the regulation of autophagy, and preservation of mitochondrial function and the blood-brain barrier. Further, H2 is easy to use and has neuroprotective effects with no major side-effects, indicating that H2 administration is a potential therapeutic strategy in clinical settings. Here we summarize the H2 donors and their pharmacokinetics. Meanwhile, we review the effectiveness and safety of H2 in the treatment of various nervous system diseases based on preclinical and clinical studies, leading to the conclusion that H2 can be a simple and effective clinical therapy for CNS diseases such as ischemia-reperfusion brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and diseases characterized by cognitive dysfunction. The potential mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of H2 are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Shu-Cun Qin
- Taishan Institute for Hydrogen Biomedicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China.
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Azizi T, Daneshyar M, Allymehr M, Tukmechi A, Khalilvandi Behroozyar H, Shalizar Jalali A. Combination of Lactobacillus species and yeast ameliorates adverse effect of deoxynivalenol contaminated diet on immune system, gut morphology and jejunal gene expression in broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1865845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayebe Azizi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohsen Daneshyar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Amir Tukmechi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Ji X, Zheng W, Yao W. Protective Role of Hydrogen Gas on Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis in Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells (IPEC-J2) Induced by Deoxynivalenol: A Preliminary Study. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E5. [PMID: 31861743 PMCID: PMC7020398 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the protective role of hydrogen gas (H2) on oxidative damage and apoptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) induced by deoxynivalenol (DON), cells were assigned to four treatment groups, including control, 5 μM DON, H2-saturated medium, and 5 μM DON + H2-saturated medium treatments. After 12 h of different treatments, the cell viability, biomarkers of cell redox states, and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis were observed and detected. Furthermore, caspase-3 and Bax protein expressions were measured by Western blot analysis. Our results demonstrated that the 5 μM DON significantly caused cytotoxicity to IPEC-J2 cells by reducing cell viability and increasing lactate dehydrogenase release in culture supernatants. Moreover, DON treatments significantly increased levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and malonaldehyde; however, they decreased total superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and downregulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression related to antioxidant enzymes in cells. The 5 μM DON treatment also downregulated Bcl-2 expression and upregulated caspase-3 and Bax expression. However, the H2-saturated medium significantly improved cell growth status and reversed the change of redox states and expression of genes and proteins related to apoptosis induced by DON in IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, H2 could protect IPEC-J2 cells from DON-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ji
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.J.); (W.Z.)
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen Yao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.J.); (W.Z.)
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
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