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Zhang J, Shu Z, Lv S, Zhou Q, Huang Y, Peng Y, Zheng J, Zhou Y, Hu C, Lan S. Fermented Chinese Herbs Improve the Growth and Immunity of Growing Pigs through Regulating Colon Microbiota and Metabolites. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3867. [PMID: 38136904 PMCID: PMC10740985 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the development of new antibiotic substitutes to promote pig growth and health has become an important way to solve the current dilemma and promote the pig industry. (2) Methods: to assess the effects of a fermented Chinese herbal (FCH) formula on the growth and immunity of growing pigs, 100 Duroc × Landrace × Yorshire three-way crossed growing pigs were randomly divided into control and treatment groups that were fed a basal diet, and a basal diet with 1% (group A), 2% (group B), and 3% (group C) FCH formulas, respectively. A sixty-day formal experiment was conducted, and their growth and serum indices, colonic microbiota, and metabolites were analyzed. (3) Results: the daily gain of growing pigs in groups A, B, and C increased by 7.93%, 17.68%, and 19.61%, respectively, and the feed-to-gain ratios decreased by 8.33%, 15.00%, and 14.58%, respectively. Serum immunity and antioxidant activities were significantly increased in all treatment groups. Particularly, adding a 2% FCH formula significantly changed the colon's microbial structure; the Proteobacteria significantly increased and Firmicutes significantly decreased, and the metabolite composition in the colon's contents significantly changed. (4) Conclusions: these results indicate that the FCH formula is a good feed additive for growing pigs, and the recommended addition ratio was 3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhiheng Shu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Sixiao Lv
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qingwen Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuanhao Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yingjie Peng
- Guangdong Chuangzhan Bona Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Guangning 526339, China;
| | - Jun Zheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chao Hu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shile Lan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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Zeng Y, Li R, Dong Y, Yi D, Wu T, Wang L, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Hou Y. Dietary Supplementation with Puerarin Improves Intestinal Function in Piglets Challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1908. [PMID: 37370417 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of puerarin supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal function of piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88. Twenty-four ternary crossbred piglets were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control group, ETEC group (challenged with ETEC K88 on day 8), and ETEC + Puerarin group (supplemented with 5 mg/kg puerarin and challenged with ETEC K88 on day 8). All piglets were orally administered D-xylose (0.1 g/kg body weight) on day 10, and blood samples were collected after 1 h. Subsequently, piglets were killed and intestinal samples were collected for further analysis. The results showed that puerarin supplementation significantly decreased the adverse effects of ETEC K88-challenged piglets; significantly improved growth performance; increased the number of Bifidobacterium in the colon and Lactobacillus in the jejunum, cecum and colon; decreased the number of Escherichia coli in the jejunum and cecum; reduced the hydrogen peroxide content in the jejunum and myeloperoxidase activity in the jejunum and ileum; and increased the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the jejunum and ileum. In addition, puerarin supplementation alleviated ETEC K88-induced intestinal injury in piglets, significantly downregulated the mRNA level of Interleukin-1β and upregulated the mRNA levels of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, myxovirus resistance protein 1, myxovirus resistance protein 2, and guanylate-binding protein-1 in the small intestine of piglets. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with puerarin could attenuate ETEC K88-induced intestinal injury by increasing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity and the number of beneficial intestinal bacteria in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Rui Li
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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Choi Y, Hosseindoust A, Ha SH, Kim J, Min Y, Jeong Y, Mun J, Sa S, Kim J. Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail on health status of weanling pigs in a non-sanitary environment. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:64. [PMID: 37150809 PMCID: PMC10165815 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study evaluated the effects of bacteriophage cocktail (BP) and ZnO administered during weaning time for piglets exposed to a non-sanitary environment. The bacteriophages were designed to eliminate Escherichia coli (K88, K99 and F41), Salmonella (typhimurium and enteritidis), and Clostridium perfreingens (types A and C). Forty 21-day-old crossbreed piglets were assigned to four treatments, including the PC (sanitary environment), NC (non-sanitary environment), BP (NC plus 108 pfu/kg BP), and ZO (NC plus 2,500 mg/kg ZnO). Piglets in the NC, BP and ZO were kept in a non-sanitary environment for 14 d, which was contaminated with the feces of infected pigs. RESULTS Pigs in the BP and ZO treatments had a higher final body weight compared with the NC. The NC treatment showed the highest concentration of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the plasma. The administration of BP and ZO showed lower myeloperoxidase concentrations compared with the NC. The NC treatment showed a lower concentration of superoxide dismutase in serum compared with the PC. Among the treatments in non-sanitary environment, the NC treatment showed a higher concentration of malondialdehyde compared with the ZO. The PC treatment showed a lower concentration of butyric acid in the feces compared with the BP treatment. Among non-sanitary treatments, the villus height in the duodenum was greater in the BP and ZO compared with the NC. The lower abundance of Proteobacteria phylum was observed in the BP and PC treatments compared with the NC. The highest relative abundance of Eubacterium was recorded in the BP treatment. The abundance of Megasphaera and Schwartzia was higher in the NC pigs compared with the BP piglets. The abundance of Desulfovibrio was lower in the supplemented treatments (BP and ZO) compared with non-supplemented (NC and PC). The abundance of Cellulosilyticum genera was higher in the BP and ZO treatments rather than in the NC. The piglets in the NC treatment had the highest abundance of Escherichia-Shigella, followed by the PC and ZO treatments. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results suggest that the supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail could effectively control Proteobacteria phylum, Clostridium spp. and coliforms population and mitigated the adverse influences of weaning stress in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoHan Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Ha
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joeun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - YeJin Min
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - YongDae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - JunYoung Mun
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - SooJin Sa
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea.
| | - JinSoo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Integrative Multiomics Analysis of the Heat Stress Response of Enterococcus faecium. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030437. [PMID: 36979372 PMCID: PMC10046512 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A continuous heat-adaptation test was conducted for one Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) strain wild-type (WT) RS047 to obtain a high-temperature-resistant strain. After domestication, the strain was screened with a significantly higher ability of heat resistance. which is named RS047-wl. Then a multi-omics analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics was used to analyze the mechanism of the heat resistance of the mutant. A total of 98 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 115 differential metabolites covering multiple metabolic processes were detected in the mutant, which indicated that the tolerance of heat resistance was regulated by multiple mechanisms. The changes in AgrB, AgrC, and AgrA gene expressions were involved in quorum-sensing (QS) system pathways, which regulate biofilm formation. Second, highly soluble osmotic substances such as putrescine, spermidine, glycine betaine (GB), and trehalose-6P were accumulated for the membrane transport system. Third, organic acids metabolism and purine metabolism were down-regulated. The findings can provide target genes for subsequent genetic modification of E. faecium, and provide indications for screening heat-resistant bacteria, so as to improve the heat-resistant ability of E. faecium for production.
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Liu X, Li X, Bai Y, Zhou X, Chen L, Qiu C, Lu C, Jin Z, Long J, Xie Z. Natural antimicrobial oligosaccharides in the food industry. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 386:110021. [PMID: 36462348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the number of antibiotic resistance genes burdens the environment and affects human health. Additionally, people have developed a cautious attitude toward chemical preservatives. This attitude has promoted the search for new natural antimicrobial substances. Oligosaccharides from various sources have been studied for their antimicrobial and prebiotic effects. Antimicrobial oligosaccharides have several advantages such as being produced from renewable resources and showing antimicrobial properties similar to those of chemical preservatives. Their excellent broad-spectrum antibacterial properties are primarily because of various synergistic effects, including destruction of pathogen cell wall. Additionally, the adhesion of harmful microorganisms and the role of harmful factors may be reduced by oligosaccharides. Some natural oligosaccharides were also shown to stimulate the growth probiotic organisms. Therefore, antimicrobial oligosaccharides have the potential to meet food processing industry requirements in the future. The latest progress in research on the antimicrobial activity of different oligosaccharides is demonstrated in this review. The possible mechanism of action of these antimicrobial oligosaccharides is summarized with respect to their direct and indirect effects. Finally, the extended applications of oligosaccharides from the food source industry to food processing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingfei Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhengjun Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Sargeant J, O'Connor A, O'Sullivan T, Ramirez A. Maximizing value and minimizing waste in clinical trial research in swine: Selecting interventions to build an evidence base. JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION 2022. [DOI: 10.54846/jshap/1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Researchers conduct a trial to compare an intervention of interest to a comparison group. Initially, researchers should determine whether a trial is evaluating superiority, equivalence, or noninferiority. This decision will guide the choice of a placebo versus active comparison group. Interventions, as well as baseline management, should be comprehensively reported to allow replication or clinical application. It is necessary to build a body of evidence across multiple trials to apply evidence-based decision-making. To achieve this, at least one intervention in every trial should be an intervention that has been used in at least one previously published trial.
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Hotea I, Dragomirescu M, Berbecea A, Radulov I. Phytochemicals as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Animal Production. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.106978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the continuous improvement of feed diets and recipes, animal health problems persist. For their treatment, antibiotics and chemotherapy have been shown to have side effects hard to control. The antibiotic residues in animal products may endanger human health. Since the antibiotics were restricted in animals’ diets, which were previously used to keep under control digestive and respiratory pathologies, as well as allergies, so the researchers began to search for natural alternatives. Thus, it was developed the concept of phytoadditives, and these natural plant extracts are gaining ground in animal farming. Since then, more and more animal breeders and farms are willing to use various types of phytoadditives. This chapter aims to present the most widely used phytochemicals in animal nutrition, their effects on animal production and health, and to make some recommendations on the use of phytochemicals in farm animals’ diets.
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An Encapsulated Organic Acid and Essential Oil Mixture Improves the Intestinal Health of Weaned Piglets by Altering Intestinal Inflammation and Antioxidative Capacity. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182426. [PMID: 36139286 PMCID: PMC9495186 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of an encapsulated organic acid and essential oil mixture (OAEO) on the growth performance, immuno-antioxidant capacity and intestinal health of weaned piglets. In total, 120 weaned piglets (23 days of age; 6.96 ± 0.08 kg) were randomly allotted to four treatments (six replicates/group; five piglets/replicate): the control group (CON) was fed the basal diet (BD), the antibiotic growth promoters group (AGP) received the BD with 20 mg/kg colistin sulphate and 10 mg/kg bacitracin zinc, and OAEO1 and OAEO2 were fed the BD with 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg OAEO, respectively. The trial lasted 21 days and then one piglet per replicate was selected for sample collection. OAEO increased the average daily gain, spleen index, serum interleukin (IL)-10, immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA levels; serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities; and jejunal villus height (VH), VH/crypt depth, goblet cell number, and amylase and trypsin activities (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced the diarrhea rate, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, malondialdehyde (MDA), and D-lactic acid contents and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity (p < 0.05). OAEO also increased the jejunal zonula occludens-1, occludin, claudin-1, mucin-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), GPX and IL-10 mRNA levels, GPX activity and IL-10 content (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced jejunal MDA, IL-1β and TNF-α contents and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and TNF-α mRNA levels (p < 0.05). In addition, AGP increased ADG, serum IgA level and GPX activity, jejunal trypsin activity and IL-10 content and mRNA level (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced the serum TNF-α content and DAO activity and jejunal NF-κB mRNA level (p < 0.05). Overall, OAEO as an alternative to AGP improved the growth performance, immuno-antioxidant status and gut health of weaned piglets partly via activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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A new drug-drug interaction-tilmicosin reduces the metabolism of enrofloxacin through CYP3A4. Res Vet Sci 2022; 148:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ma J, Long S, Wang J, Gao J, Piao X. Microencapsulated essential oils combined with organic acids improves immune antioxidant capacity and intestinal barrier function as well as modulates the hindgut microbial community in piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 35144681 PMCID: PMC8832826 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of a combination of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids (MOA) on growth performance, immuno-antioxidant status, intestinal barrier function and microbial structure of the hindgut in piglets. A total of 120 piglets (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire]; weighted 7.66 ± 1.79 kg, weaned at d 28) were randomly selected and allocated to 3 treatments with 4 replicates per group and 10 piglets per replicate according to the initial body weight and gender. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1) basal diet (Ctrl); 2) Ctrl + chlortetracycline (75 mg/kg) (AGP); 3) Ctrl+ MOA (1500 mg/kg). The experiment period was lasted for 21 d. Results Compared to the Ctrl group, dietary supplemented MOA alleviated (P < 0.05) the diarrhea rate from d 12 to 21, enhanced (P < 0.05) the concentration of serum interlukin-10 and glutathione peroxidase in piglets on d 11 after weaning and serum superoxide dismutase in 21-day piglets. The MOA group also improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and gross energy (GE), up-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression level of occludin, claudin-1 and mucin-2 in ileum and increased (P < 0.05) the contents of propionic and butyric acids in the cecum of piglets. The MOA group modulated the cecal and colonic microbial community structure and increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Muribaculaceae in cecum and Streptococcus and Weissella in colon. Additionally, AGP group decreased (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility of DM, OM and GE as well as down-regulated (P < 0.05) relative gene expression level of claudin-1 in duodenum and jejunum, ZO-1 and mucin-1 in jejunum of piglets. Conclusion In summary, dietary supplemented MOA alleviated diarrhea and improved nutrient apparent digestibility in piglets via enhancing immuno-antioxidant properties, increasing digestive enzyme activity, up-regulating the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes, and modifying the microbial community structure of the cecum and colon. Therefore, dietary supplementation with MOA as an alternative to antibiotics was feasible to improve intestinal health of piglets in practical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shenfei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Pantoja-Don Juan CA, Gómez-Verduzco G, Márquez-Mota CC, Téllez-Isaías G, Kwon YM, Cortés-Cuevas A, Arce-Menocal J, Martínez-Gómez D, Ávila-González E. Productive Performance and Cecum Microbiota Analysis of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with β-Mannanases and Bacteriophages—A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020169. [PMID: 35049792 PMCID: PMC8772565 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For several years, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in poultry production; however, with the recent ban on the use of AGPs, several alternatives have been evaluated. In the present work, we evaluated the use of β-mannanases and bacteriophages as an alternative to AGPs. This study demonstrates that supplementation with β-mannanases, bacteriophages, or a mix of these two does not affect the productive performance in broilers fed corn–soybean meal. The mixture of β-mannanases and bacteriophages promoted the abundance of beneficial microorganisms in the cecum. These preliminary results suggest that β-mannanases and bacteriophages have potential as alternatives to AGPs in poultry production. Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the productive performance, intestinal health, and description of the cecum microbiota in broilers supplemented with β-mannanases (MNs) and bacteriophages (BPs). Six hundred one-day-old broilers were divided into four groups and fed one of the following diets: CON—corn–soybean meal + 10 ppm enramycin (ENR); MN: CON + 500 ppm MN; BP: CON + 500 ppm BP; MN + BP: BP + 500 ppm MN. The BP and MN factors showed similar performances to ENR. MN improved the concentration of IgA in the jejunum at 35 days of age. The morphometric index (IM) of the thymus increased by adding MN, while BP increased the liver and thymus IM. The histological analysis showed that BP and MN improved the intestinal morphology. MN + BP showed a tendency to decrease the abundance of Proteobacteria and increase the abundance of Bacteroidetes, indicating better microbiota function. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the combination of MN + BP has potential in poultry nutrition; however, we highly recommend further experiments to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Pantoja-Don Juan
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela Gómez-Verduzco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (G.G.-V.); (C.C.M.-M.); Tel.: +52-55-5622-5868 (G.G.-V.)
| | - Claudia C. Márquez-Mota
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (G.G.-V.); (C.C.M.-M.); Tel.: +52-55-5622-5868 (G.G.-V.)
| | - Guillermo Téllez-Isaías
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (G.T.-I.); (Y.M.K.)
| | - Young M. Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (G.T.-I.); (Y.M.K.)
| | - Arturo Cortés-Cuevas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Avícola CEIEPAv, Tláhuac 13300, Mexico; (A.C.-C.); (E.Á.-G.)
| | - José Arce-Menocal
- Departamento de Producción Avícola, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Santiago Tapia 403, Centro, Morelia 58000, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Martínez-Gómez
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calz. del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico;
| | - Ernesto Ávila-González
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Avícola CEIEPAv, Tláhuac 13300, Mexico; (A.C.-C.); (E.Á.-G.)
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12
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Li L, Sun X, Zhao D, Dai H. Pharmacological Applications and Action Mechanisms of Phytochemicals as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Pig Production. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798553. [PMID: 34956234 PMCID: PMC8695855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used for infectious diseases and feed additives for animal health and growth. Antibiotic resistant caused by overuse of antibiotics poses a global health threat. It is urgent to choose safe and environment-friendly alternatives to antibiotics to promote the ecological sustainable development of the pig industry. Phytochemicals are characterized by little residue, no resistance, and minimal side effects and have been reported to improve animal health and growth performance in pigs, which may become a promising additive in pig production. This paper summarizes the biological functions of recent studies of phytochemicals on growth performance, metabolism, antioxidative capacity, gut microbiota, intestinal mucosa barrier, antiviral, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, detoxification of mycotoxins, as well as their action mechanisms in pig production. The review may provide the theoretical basis for the application of phytochemicals functioning as alternative antibiotic additives in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyan Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Ferraboschi P, Ciceri S, Grisenti P. Applications of Lysozyme, an Innate Immune Defense Factor, as an Alternative Antibiotic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1534. [PMID: 34943746 PMCID: PMC8698798 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is a ~14 kDa protein present in many mucosal secretions (tears, saliva, and mucus) and tissues of animals and plants, and plays an important role in the innate immunity, providing protection against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Three main different types of lysozymes are known: the c-type (chicken or conventional type), the g-type (goose type), and the i-type (invertebrate type). It has long been the subject of several applications due to its antimicrobial properties. The problem of antibiotic resistance has stimulated the search for new molecules or new applications of known compounds. The use of lysozyme as an alternative antibiotic is the subject of this review, which covers the results published over the past two decades. This review is focused on the applications of lysozyme in medicine, (the treatment of infectious diseases, wound healing, and anti-biofilm), veterinary, feed, food preservation, and crop protection. It is available from a wide range of sources, in addition to the well-known chicken egg white, and its synergism with other compounds, endowed with antimicrobial activity, are also summarized. An overview of the modified lysozyme applications is provided in the form of tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferraboschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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14
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Sholikin M, Sadarman S, Irawan A, Prihambodo T, Qomariyah N, Wahyudi A, Nomura J, Nahrowi N, Jayanegara A. Antimicrobial peptides as an additive in broiler chicken nutrition:
a meta-analysis of bird performance, nutrient digestibility
and serum metabolites. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/136400/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Roque-Borda CA, Pereira LP, Guastalli EAL, Soares NM, Mac-Lean PAB, Salgado DD, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M, Vicente EF. HPMCP-Coated Microcapsules Containing the Ctx(Ile 21)-Ha Antimicrobial Peptide Reduce the Mortality Rate Caused by Resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in Laying Hens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:616. [PMID: 34064051 PMCID: PMC8224044 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant use of synthetic antibiotics as growth promoters can cause bacterial resistance in chicks. Consequently, the use of these drugs has been restricted in different countries. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides have gained relevance due to their minimal capacity for bacterial resistance and does not generate toxic residues that harm the environment and human health. In this study, a Ctx(Ile21)-Ha antimicrobial peptide was employed, due to its previously reported great antimicrobial potential, to evaluate its application effects in laying chicks challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis, resistant to nalidixic acid and spectinomycin. For this, Ctx(Ile21)-Ha was synthesized, microencapsulated and coated with hypromellose phthalate (HPMCP) to be released in the intestine. Two different doses (20 and 40 mg of Ctx(Ile21)-Ha per kg of isoproteic and isoenergetic poultry feed) were included in the chick's food and administered for 28 days. Antimicrobial activity, effect and response as treatment were evaluated. Statistical results were analyzed in detail and indicate that the formulated Ctx(Ile21)-Ha peptide had a positive and significant effect in relation to the reduction of chick mortality in the first days of life. However, there was moderate evidence (p = 0.07), not considered statistically significant, in the differences in laying chick weight between the control and microencapsulation treatment groups as a function of time. Therefore, the microencapsulated Ctx(Ile21)-Ha antimicrobial peptide can be an interesting and promising option in the substitution of conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil;
| | - Larissa Pires Pereira
- School of Sciences and Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; (L.P.P.); (P.A.B.M.-L.); (D.D.S.)
| | | | - Nilce Maria Soares
- Poultry Health Specialized Laboratory, Biological Institute, Bastos, São Paulo 17690-000, Brazil; (E.A.L.G.); (N.M.S.)
| | - Priscilla Ayleen Bustos Mac-Lean
- School of Sciences and Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; (L.P.P.); (P.A.B.M.-L.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Douglas D’Alessandro Salgado
- School of Sciences and Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; (L.P.P.); (P.A.B.M.-L.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-902, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-902, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- School of Sciences and Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; (L.P.P.); (P.A.B.M.-L.); (D.D.S.)
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