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Borkens Y. Malaria & mRNA Vaccines: A Possible Salvation from One of the Most Relevant Infectious Diseases of the Global South. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:916-928. [PMID: 37828249 PMCID: PMC10665248 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases in the world. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions and affects about 40% of the world´s population. In endemic regions, an estimated 200 million people contract malaria each year. Three-quarters of all global deaths (about 600 per year) are children under 5 years of age. Thus, malaria is one of the most relevant tropical and also childhood diseases in the world. Thanks to various public health measures such as vector control through mosquito nets or the targeted use of insecticides as well as the use of antimalarial prophylaxis drugs, the incidence has already been successfully reduced in recent years. However, to reduce the risk of malaria and to protect children effectively, further measures are necessary. An important part of these measures is an effective vaccination against malaria. However, the history of research shows that the development of an effective malaria vaccine is not an easy undertaking and is associated with some complications. Research into possible vaccines began as early as the 1960s. However, the results achieved were rather sobering and the various vaccines fell short of their expectations. It was not until 2015 that the vaccine RTS,S/AS01 received a positive evaluation from the European Medicines Agency. Since then, the vaccine has been tested in Africa. However, with the COVID-19 pandemic, there are new developments in vaccine research that could also benefit malaria research. These include, among others, the so-called mRNA vaccines. Already in the early 1990s, an immune response triggered by an mRNA vaccine was described for the first time. Since then, mRNA vaccines have been researched and discussed for possible prophylaxis. However, it was not until the COVID-19 pandemic that these vaccines experienced a veritable progress. mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were rapidly developed and achieved high efficacy in studies. Based on this success, it is not surprising that companies are also focusing on other diseases and pathogens. Besides viral diseases, such as influenza or AIDS, malaria is high on this list. Many pharmaceutical companies (including the German companies BioNTech and CureVac) have already confirmed that they are researching mRNA vaccines against malaria. However, this is not an easy task. The aim of this article is to describe and discuss possible antigens that could be considered for mRNA vaccination. However, this topic is currently still very speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Borkens
- Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Borkens Y. Malaria-Antigene in der Ära der mRNA-Impfstoffe. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2022; 170:828-838. [PMID: 35855690 PMCID: PMC9281189 DOI: 10.1007/s00112-022-01554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungBereits in den frühen 1990er-Jahren wurde erstmals eine durch einen mRNA-Impfstoff ausgelöste Immunantwort beschrieben. Seitdem wurden mRNA-Impfstoffe für eine mögliche Prophylaxe erforscht und diskutiert. Doch erst mit der COVID-19-Pandemie erlebten diese Impfstoffe einen wahren Boom. Die ersten mRNA-Impfstoffe wurden gegen SARS-CoV‑2 zugelassen und zeigten große Erfolge. Es ist daher nicht verwunderlich, dass sich die Hersteller auch auf andere Krankheiten und Pathogene konzentrieren. Neben viralen Krankheiten wie Influenza oder Aids steht Malaria weit oben auf dieser Liste. Viele Pharmaunternehmen (u. a. die deutschen Unternehmen BioNTech und CureVac) haben bereits bestätigt, an mRNA-Impfstoffen gegen Malaria zu forschen. Dabei ist die Entwicklung eines funktionierenden Impfstoffes gegen Malaria kein leichtes Unterfangen. Seit den 1960ern wird an möglichen Impfstoffen geforscht. Die Ergebnisse sind dabei eher ernüchternd. Erst 2015 erhielt der Impfstoff RTS,S/AS01 eine positive Bewertung der Europäischen Arzneimittel-Agentur. Seitdem wird der Impfstoff in Afrika getestet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Borkens
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, 4811 Townsville, Queensland Australien
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Mekonnen D, Mengist HM, Jin T. SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine adjuvants and their signaling pathways. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:69-81. [PMID: 34633259 PMCID: PMC8567292 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1991794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines are the agreed upon weapon against the COVID-19 pandemic. This review discusses about COVID-19 subunit vaccines adjuvants and their signaling pathways, which could provide a glimpse into the selection of appropriate adjuvants for prospective vaccine development studies. AREAS COVERED In the introduction, a brief background about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the vaccine development race and classes of vaccine adjuvants were provided. . The antigen, trial stage, and types of adjuvants were extracted from the included articles and thun assimilated. Finally, the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), their classes, cognate adjuvants, and potential signaling pathways were comprehended. EXPERT OPINION Adjuvants are unsung heroes of subunit vaccines. The in silico studies are very vital in avoiding several costly trial errors and save much work times. The majority of the (pre)clinical studies are promising. It is encouraging that most of the selected adjuvants are novel. Much emphasis must be paid to the optimal paring of antigen-adjuvant-PRRs for obtaining the desired vaccine effect. A good subunit vaccine/adjuvant is one that has high efficacy, safety, dose sparing, and rapid seroconversion rate and broad spectrum of immune response. In the years to come, COVID-19 adjuvanted subunit vaccines are expected to have superior utility than any other vaccines for various reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mekonnen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Cas Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Cas Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Ali A, Mughal H, Ahmad N, Babar Q, Saeed A, Khalid W, Raza H, Liu A. Novel therapeutic drug strategies to tackle immune-oncological challenges faced by cancer patients during COVID-19. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:1371-1383. [PMID: 34643141 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1991317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For the clinical treatment of cancer patients, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can cause serious immune-related problems. Cancer patients, who experience immunosuppression due to the pathogenesis and severity of disease, may become more aggressive due to multiple factors such as age, comorbidities, and immunosuppression. In this pandemic era, COVID-19 causes lymphopenia, cancer cell awakening, inflammatory diseases, and a cytokine storm that worsens disease-related morbidity and prognosis. AREAS COVERED We discuss all the risk factors of COVID-19 associated with cancer patients and propose new strategies to use antiviral and anticancer drugs for therapeutic purposes. We bring new drugs, cancers and COVID-19 treatment strategies together to address the immune system challenges faced by oncologists. EXPERT OPINION The chronic inflammatory microenvironment caused by COVID-19 awakens dormant cancer cells through inflammation and autoimmune activation. Drug-related strategies to ensure that clinical treatment can reduce the susceptibility of cancer patients to COVID-19, and possible counter-measures to minimize the harm caused by the COVID-19 have been outlined. The response to the pandemic and recovery has been elaborated, which can provide information for long-term cancer treatment and speed up the optimization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ali
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Food and Nutrition Society, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Mughal
- Department of Nutrition, Aziz Fatima Medical and Dental College, and Aziz Fatima Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Quratulain Babar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Raza
- Department of Social Sciences, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Jin T, Xu Y, Dai C, Zhou X, Xu Q, Wu Z. Cold atmospheric plasma: A non-negligible strategy for viral RNA inactivation to prevent SARS-CoV-2 environmental transmission. AIP ADVANCES 2021; 11:085019. [PMID: 34413992 PMCID: PMC8371919 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), regarded as a powerful physics technology, displays antimicrobial, antitumor, and even antiviral properties, but the underlying mechanism is rarely studied. In this study, four CAP exposure doses (30, 60, 120, and 240 s) were applied to inactivate a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 like pseudovirus on a stainless steel disk, which comprised spike protein on its membrane and can express a green fluorescent protein. In order to unravel the potential effects of CAP irradiation on pseudovirus, infection assay, optical emission spectra analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ELISA, and qPCR experiments were carried out. As a result, our study indicated that CAP irradiation can significantly decrease the infectivity of pseudovirus in a dose dependent manner through destroying the cell membrane and further damaging viral RNA, with the molecular weight and conformation of spike receptor binding domain protein unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jin
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Chenwei Dai
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | | | - Qinghua Xu
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Suo L, Ma R, Wang Z, Tang T, Wang H, Liu F, Tang J, Peng X, Guo X, Lu L, Pang X. Perception of the COVID-19 Epidemic and Acceptance of Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers Prior to Vaccine Licensure - Beijing Municipality, China, May-July 2020. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:569-575. [PMID: 34594938 PMCID: PMC8392963 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development has been progressing, but acceptance of the new vaccines by healthcare workers (HCWs) was not well known prior to approval of COVID-19 vaccines in China. What is added by this report? This study found that before vaccine approval, Beijing HCWs expressed moderate willingness to get vaccinated. Factors positively influencing willingness included free vaccination and belief that the vaccine had been fully evaluated. A negatively influencing factor was presence of an underlying disease. Trust in vaccines, in general, was positively associated with willingness to get new vaccines. What are the implications for public health practice? COVID-19 vaccines should be provided at no cost to HCWs. Effective measures should be taken to enhance the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among HCWs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Suo
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhan Wang
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Preventionand and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Preventionand and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- Changping District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- Daxing District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghui Peng
- Miyun District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Huairou District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
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Damodharan K, Arumugam GS, Ganesan S, Doble M, Thennarasu S. A comprehensive overview of vaccines developed for pandemic viral pathogens over the past two decades including those in clinical trials for the current novel SARS-CoV-2. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20006-20035. [PMID: 35479882 PMCID: PMC9033969 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09668g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is triggered by a novel strain of coronavirus namely, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Researchers are working around the clock to control this pandemic and consequent waves of viral reproduction, through repurposing existing drugs as well as designing new vaccines. Several countries have hastened vaccine design and clinical trials to quickly address this outbreak. Currently, more than 250 aspirants against SARS-CoV-2 are in progress, including mRNA-replicating or non-replicating viral vectored-, DNA-, autologous dendritic cell-based-, and inactivated virus-vaccines. Vaccines work by prompting effector mechanisms such as cells/molecules, which target quickly replicating pathogens and neutralize their toxic constituents. Vaccine-stimulated immune effectors include adjuvant, affinity, avidity, affinity maturation, antibodies, antigen-presenting cells, B lymphocytes, carrier protein, CD4+ T-helper cells. In this review, we describe updated information on the various vaccines available over the last two decades, along with recent progress in the ongoing battle developing 63 diverse vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The inspiration of our effort is to convey the current investigation focus on registered clinical trials (as of January 08, 2021) that satisfy the safety and efficacy criteria of international wide vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Damodharan
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) Chennai 600020 India
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) Chennai 600032 India
| | | | - Suresh Ganesan
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) Chennai 600032 India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) Chennai 600032 India
| | - Sathiah Thennarasu
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) Chennai 600020 India
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Hwang JK, Zhang T, Wang AZ, Li Z. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with cancer: benefits likely outweigh risks. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:38. [PMID: 33640005 PMCID: PMC7910769 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01046-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Less than a year since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, ten vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been approved for at least limited use, with over sixty others in clinical trials. This swift achievement has generated excitement and arrives at a time of great need, as the number of COVID-19 cases worldwide continues to rapidly increase. Two vaccines are currently approved for full use, both built on mRNA and lipid nanotechnology platforms, a success story of mRNA technology 20 years in the making. For patients with cancer, questions arise around the safety and efficacy of these vaccines in the setting of immune alterations engendered by their malignancy and/or therapies. We summarize the current data on leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates and vaccination of patients undergoing immunomodulatory cancer treatments. Most current cancer therapeutics should not prevent the generation of protective immunity. We call for more research in this area and recommend that the majority of patients with cancer receive COVID vaccinations when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, DUMC Box 103861, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The OH State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
Less than a year since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, ten vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been approved for at least limited use, with over sixty others in clinical trials. This swift achievement has generated excitement and arrives at a time of great need, as the number of COVID-19 cases worldwide continues to rapidly increase. Two vaccines are currently approved for full use, both built on mRNA and lipid nanotechnology platforms, a success story of mRNA technology 20 years in the making. For patients with cancer, questions arise around the safety and efficacy of these vaccines in the setting of immune alterations engendered by their malignancy and/or therapies. We summarize the current data on leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates and vaccination of patients undergoing immunomodulatory cancer treatments. Most current cancer therapeutics should not prevent the generation of protective immunity. We call for more research in this area and recommend that the majority of patients with cancer receive COVID vaccinations when possible.
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Lima EJDF, Almeida AM, Kfouri RDÁ. Vaccines for COVID-19 - state of the art. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9304202100s100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Vaccine candidates against COVID-19 have diverse compositions, from traditional inac-tivated virus vaccines to various new-generation vaccines. Currently, approximately 175 research teams worldwide are studying various vaccine possibilities as the necessityto vacci-nate the entire population against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is urgent. Although, the development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is not easy, the manufacturing, distribution, and administration of the vaccine can also face extraordinary challenges. In this review, we enhance some of the current knowledge regarding the clinical trial phases on different COVID-19 vaccine candidates, its potential strengths and disadvantages, and to discuss ethical aspects and their chances of success in large-scale applications.
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Karpiński TM, Ożarowski M, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A, Wolski H, Wlodkowic D. The 2020 race towards SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccines. Theranostics 2021; 11:1690-1702. [PMID: 33408775 PMCID: PMC7778607 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlighted a requirement for two pronged clinical interventions such as development of effective vaccines and acute therapeutic options for medium-to-severe stages of "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19). Effective vaccines, if successfully developed, have been emphasized to become the most effective strategy in the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Basic research advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering have already provided excellent progress and groundbreaking new discoveries in the field of the coronavirus biology and its epidemiology. In particular, for the vaccine development the advances in characterization of a capsid structure and identification of its antigens that can become targets for new vaccines. The development of the experimental vaccines requires a plethora of molecular techniques as well as strict compliance with safety procedures. The research and clinical data integrity, cross-validation of the results, and appropriated studies from the perspective of efficacy and potently side effects have recently become a hotly discussed topic. In this review, we present an update on latest advances and progress in an ongoing race to develop 52 different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Our analysis is focused on registered clinical trials (current as of November 04, 2020) that fulfill the international safety and efficacy criteria in the vaccine development. The requirements as well as benefits and risks of diverse types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are discussed including those containing whole-virus and live-attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, live vector vaccines, and also plant-based vaccine formulation containing coronavirus-like particle (VLP). The challenges associated with the vaccine development as well as its distribution, safety and long-term effectiveness have also been highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Ożarowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Seremak-Mrozikiewicz
- Division of Perinatology and Women's Disease, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Division of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hubert Wolski
- Division of Perinatology and Women's Disease, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tytus Chałubiński's Hospital, Zakopane, Poland
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