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Lan J, Greter G, Streckenbach B, Wanner B, Arnoldini M, Zenobi R, Slack E. Non-invasive monitoring of microbiota and host metabolism using secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100539. [PMID: 37671025 PMCID: PMC10475793 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic "handshake" between the microbiota and its mammalian host is a complex, dynamic process with major influences on health. Dissecting the interaction between microbial species and metabolites found in host tissues has been a challenge due to the requirement for invasive sampling. Here, we demonstrate that secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) can be used to non-invasively monitor metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome of a live, awake mouse. By comparing the headspace metabolome of individual gut bacterial culture with the "volatilome" (metabolites released to the atmosphere) of gnotobiotic mice, we demonstrate that the volatilome is characteristic of the dominant colonizing bacteria. Combining SESI-MS with feeding heavy-isotope-labeled microbiota-accessible sugars reveals the presence of microbial cross-feeding within the animal intestine. The microbiota is, therefore, a major contributor to the volatilome of a living animal, and it is possible to capture inter-species interaction within the gut microbiota using volatilome monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Greter
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Streckenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Arnoldini
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Slack
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Ma X, Yan H, Hong S, Yu S, Gong Y, Wu D, Li Y, Xiao H. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Promotes Beige Adipocyte Reconstruction by Modulating the Gut Microbiota in Obese Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020456. [PMID: 36678326 PMCID: PMC9864545 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, the white-to-beige adipocyte conversion has attracted interest as a target for obesity treatment. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) treatment can reduce obesity, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which GABA triggers weight loss by improving the beiging of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and the role of gut microbiota in this process. The results showed that GABA reduced body weight and adipose inflammation and promoted the expression of thermogenic genes in the iWAT. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis of gut microbiota showed that GABA treatment increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Akkermansia, and Romboutsia and reduced that of Firmicutes and Erysipelatoclostridium in obese mice. Additionally, serum metabolomic analysis revealed that GABA treatment increased 3-hydroxybutyrate and reduced oxidized lipid levels in obese mice. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that Akkermansia and Romboutsia were negatively associated with the levels of oxidized lipids. Fecal microbiota transplantation analysis confirmed that the gut microbiota was involved in the white-to-beige adipocyte reconstruction by GABA. Overall, our findings suggest that GABA treatment may promote iWAT beiging through the gut microbiota in obese mice. GABA may be utilized to protect obese people against metabolic abnormalities brought on by obesity and gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huanhuan Yan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shubin Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yingying Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dide Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence:
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Litichevskiy L, Thaiss CA. Microbiome complexity shapes metabolism. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001793. [PMID: 36129892 PMCID: PMC9491537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the metabolism of mice with a minimal microbial community compare to that of germ-free and conventionally colonized mice? This Primer explores a study in PLOS Biology which uses a novel isolator-housed metabolic cage system to find out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Litichevskiy
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Metabolic reconstitution of germ-free mice by a gnotobiotic microbiota varies over the circadian cycle. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001743. [PMID: 36126044 PMCID: PMC9488797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the intestinal microbiota to degrade otherwise indigestible diet components is known to greatly improve the recovery of energy from food. This has led to the hypothesis that increased digestive efficiency may underlie the contribution of the microbiota to obesity. OligoMM12-colonized gnotobiotic mice have a consistently higher fat mass than germ-free (GF) or fully colonized counterparts. We therefore investigated their food intake, digestion efficiency, energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient using a novel isolator-housed metabolic cage system, which allows long-term measurements without contamination risk. This demonstrated that microbiota-released calories are perfectly balanced by decreased food intake in fully colonized versus gnotobiotic OligoMM12 and GF mice fed a standard chow diet, i.e., microbiota-released calories can in fact be well integrated into appetite control. We also observed no significant difference in energy expenditure after normalization by lean mass between the different microbiota groups, suggesting that cumulative small differences in energy balance, or altered energy storage, must underlie fat accumulation in OligoMM12 mice. Consistent with altered energy storage, major differences were observed in the type of respiratory substrates used in metabolism over the circadian cycle: In GF mice, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was consistently lower than that of fully colonized mice at all times of day, indicative of more reliance on fat and less on glucose metabolism. Intriguingly, the RER of OligoMM12-colonized gnotobiotic mice phenocopied fully colonized mice during the dark (active/eating) phase but phenocopied GF mice during the light (fasting/resting) phase. Further, OligoMM12-colonized mice showed a GF-like drop in liver glycogen storage during the light phase and both liver and plasma metabolomes of OligoMM12 mice clustered closely with GF mice. This implies the existence of microbiota functions that are required to maintain normal host metabolism during the resting/fasting phase of circadian cycle and which are absent in the OligoMM12 consortium.
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Aguanno D, Metwaly A, Coleman OI, Haller D. Modeling microbiota-associated human diseases: from minimal models to complex systems. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2022; 1:17. [PMID: 38046357 PMCID: PMC10688821 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the intestinal microbiota are associated with various human diseases of the digestive system, including obesity and its associated metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and colorectal cancer (CRC). All three diseases are characterized by modifications of the richness, composition, and metabolic functions of the human intestinal microbiota. Despite being multi-factorial diseases, studies in germ-free animal models have unarguably identified the intestinal microbiota as a causal driver of disease pathogenesis. However, for an increased mechanistic understanding of microbial signatures in human diseases, models require detailed refinement to closely mimic the human microbiota and reflect the complexity and range of dysbiosis observed in patients. The transplantation of human fecal microbiota into animal models represents a powerful tool for studying the causal and functional role of the dysbiotic human microbiome in a pathological context. While human microbiota-associated models were initially employed to study obesity, an increasing number of studies have applied this approach in the context of IBD and CRC over the past decade. In this review, we discuss different approaches that allow the functional validation of the bacterial contribution to human diseases, with emphasis on obesity and its associated metabolic diseases, IBD, and CRC. We discuss the utility of simple models, such as in vitro fermentation systems of the human microbiota and ex vivo intestinal organoids, as well as more complex whole organism models. Our focus here lies on human microbiota-associated mouse models in the context of all three diseases, as well as highlighting the advantages and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Aguanno
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Amira Metwaly
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Olivia I. Coleman
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
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Gao Y, Yuan S, Chen Y, Liu F, Wei Z, Cao W, Li RW, Xu J, Xue C, Tang Q. The improvement effect of astaxanthin-loaded emulsions on obesity is better than that of astaxanthin in the oil phase. Food Funct 2022; 13:3720-3731. [PMID: 35266464 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emulsion-based delivery systems have been reported to improve the solubility, stability and bioavailability of astaxanthin. In this study, the ability of astaxanthin-loaded emulsions (AL) to ameliorate obesity induced by a high-fat and high-sucrose diet was explored, using astaxanthin in the oil phase (ASTA) as a comparison. After the administration of AL, ASTA (30 mg per kg body weight), or saline on normal or obese mice for 4 weeks, the body fat accumulation levels, hepatic lipid contents and hepatic fatty acid profiles were detected, and AL showed better anti-obesity properties than ASTA. In an acute feeding experiment, it was first observed that the astaxanthin concentration of AL was higher than that of ASTA in the blood and liver of obese mice. What's more, AL altered the microbial co-occurrence patterns in obese mice. Some gut microbial modules that were significantly correlated with obesity-related physiological parameters were identified. Overall, the improvement effect of AL on obesity is better than that of ASTA due to their higher oral absorbability and modulating effects on the gut microbiota, and we suggest AL as a more suitable astaxanthin product type for obese bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Shihan Yuan
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Yuze Chen
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Zihao Wei
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Wanxiu Cao
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Robert W Li
- Laboratory of Animal Genomics and Improvement, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Changhu Xue
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China. .,Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China
| | - Qingjuan Tang
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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He T, Cheng X, Xing C. The gut microbial diversity of colon cancer patients and the clinical significance. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7046-7060. [PMID: 34551683 PMCID: PMC8806656 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1972077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial diversity and communities in the excrement of healthy and patients suffered from cancer were identified by 16SrDNA sequencing performed on the Illumina Hi Seq sequencing platform. The microbial difference was also analyzed. The sequencing results showed high quality of the data, and the microbial communities were more various in the excrement of cancer patients. And the abundance of Firmicutes phylum was significantly reduced in cancer group. The phylum of Fermicutes, Bacteroidetes in cancer group are significantly down-regulated and up-regulated compared with normal group. The species of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bateroides vulgatus and Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans are significantly lower in cancer group than that in normal group (P< 0.05). The species of Prevetella copri, M. uniformis, and Escherichia coli are significantly higher in the cancer group than that in normal group. The comparative results indicated that beneficial bacterium significantly decreased in colorectal cancer (CRC) group, and harmful bacterium significantly increased in the colon cancer group, meanwhile the acidity, sugar increased whereas the oxygen content decreased to facilitate the growth of harmful bacterium. The results would provide microbial approaches for the treatment of colon cancer by the intake of beneficial microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei He
- Department of Genenal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Cheng
- Department of Genenal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of Genenal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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