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Hassan RT, Al Hassawi B, Alkazzaz M. The Clinicopathological Correlation of KRAS Mutation and PTEN Expression Status in Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma. Cureus 2024; 16:e53884. [PMID: 38465160 PMCID: PMC10924830 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) research has identified a consistent loss of PTEN expression in both primary tumors and metastasis, highlighting its potential role in this disease. However, the impact of PTEN on downstream proteins of KRAS mutation, namely p-AKT, p-ERK, and p65 (NFkB), remains unknown. This study aims to explore the inhibitory effect of PTEN on KRAS downstream proteins and its correlation with pathological features in CRC patients. METHODS From January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2021, 86 CRC cases were collected from governmental and private laboratories in the Duhok province. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were obtained, and the study involved histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry of PTEN, AKT, ERK, and P65 markers, and molecular analysis of the KRAS gene. RESULTS Among the 86 cases, there were 46 males (53.5%) and 40 females (46.5%), with an equal distribution between right colon and left colon/rectum. Tumors larger than 5cm were observed in 47 cases, predominantly displaying a polypoid or ulcerated growth pattern. Most cases were moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas, with stages II and III being the most prevalent 31 cases (36%) and 34 cases (39.5%) respectively. Significant associations were found between PTEN, ERK expressions, and tumor location in the right colon (P=0.031 and P=0.009 respectively). Tumor size correlated with P65 expression (P=0.042). KRAS mutation showed a positive relationship with the type of tumor growth (P=0.035). Tumor grade increased with KRAS mutations (P=0.043). PTEN expression correlated significantly with ERK and AKT markers (P=0.018 and 0.035 respectively). P65 exhibited an association with KRAS mutation (P=0.034). CONCLUSION The study revealed PTEN expression in association with the inhibition of AKT and ERK, and the absence of KRAS gene mutation. Conversely, PTEN is not expressed with the positively reactive P65 and the presence of KRAS mutation. This study contributes valuable insights into the complex interplay between PTEN expression, KRAS mutation, and downstream signaling pathways in CRC. It suggests potential avenues for further research and therapeutic strategies in the context of CRC treatment.
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Bteich F, Mohammadi M, Li T, Bhat MA, Sofianidi A, Wei N, Kuang C. Targeting KRAS in Colorectal Cancer: A Bench to Bedside Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12030. [PMID: 37569406 PMCID: PMC10418782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with a myriad of alterations at the cellular and molecular levels. Kristen rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutations occur in up to 40% of CRCs and serve as both a prognostic and predictive biomarker. Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS protein affect cellular proliferation and survival, leading to tumorigenesis through RAS/MAPK pathways. Until recently, only indirect targeting of the pathway had been investigated. There are now several KRAS allele-specific inhibitors in late-phase clinical trials, and many newer agents and targeting strategies undergoing preclinical and early-phase clinical testing. The adequate treatment of KRAS-mutated CRC will inevitably involve combination therapies due to the existence of robust adaptive resistance mechanisms in these tumors. In this article, we review the most recent understanding and findings related to targeting KRAS mutations in CRC, mechanisms of resistance to KRAS inhibitors, as well as evolving treatment strategies for KRAS-mutated CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Bteich
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
| | - Mahshid Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Terence Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Muzaffer Ahmed Bhat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Amalia Sofianidi
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chaoyuan Kuang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Fu JX, Wang XJ, Xia M, Wang XJ. Peritoneal carcinomatosis secondary to metastatic lung cancer complicated with acute suppurative appendicitis: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31866. [PMID: 36626502 PMCID: PMC9750620 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Lung cancer (LC) is a malignant tumor with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. The most common metastatic sites of LC are the brain (47%), bone (36%), liver (22%), adrenal glands (15%), thoracic cavity (11%) and distant lymph nodes (10%). Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a rare clinical event in LC patients. Considering the rarity and nonspecific clinical symptoms of peritoneal metastasis among LC patients, a case of peritoneal metastasis secondary to LC incidentally observed by laparoscopic appendectomy is unusual. PATIENT CONCERNS Here, we present a 53-year-old never-smoker woman who presented to the emergency department with a 2-day history of pain in the right abdominal quadrant. Later, laparoscopy revealed acute suppurative appendicitis accompanied by a peritoneal metastatic mass. DIAGNOSIS The patient was diagnosed with PC secondary to metastatic LC complicated with acute suppurative appendicitis by immunohistochemistry. Positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET CT) findings further strengthen the evidence of PC from LC. OUTCOMES Based on the results of genomic analysis, the patient received targeted therapy with osimertinib 80 mg/d. LESSONS Due to the discovery of new targets, the use of molecular therapies improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), which increases the chance of identifying peritoneal metastasis of LC. For LC patients with abdominal symptoms, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of peritoneal metastasis from LC, especially for patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma or with pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xin Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Weihai Central Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Xu-Jie Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Weihai Central Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weihai Central Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin-Jian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Weihai Central Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, China
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Does Molecular Profiling of KRAS-Mutant Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Help in Treatment Strategy Planning? Curr Oncol 2022; 29:4779-4790. [PMID: 35877239 PMCID: PMC9315614 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29070379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies suggest that patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC fail to benefit from standard systemic therapies and do not respond to EGFR inhibitors. Most recently, KRAS 12c data suggest specific treatment for improving ORR and OS. There is a clear need for therapies specifically developed for these patients. Moreover, data that might be suggestive of a response to specific therapies, such as BRCA1, are needed, and two mutations that were studied in other malignancies show more response to PARP inhibitors. Molecular profiling has the potential to identify other potential targets that may provide better treatment and novel targeted therapy for KRAS-mutated NSCLC. Methods: We purified RNA from archived tissues of patients with stage I and II NSCLC with wild-type (wt) and mutant (mt) KRAS tumors; paired normal tissue adjacent to the tumor from 20 and 17 patients, respectively, and assessed, using real-time reverse transcriptase−polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the expression of four genes involved in DNA synthesis and repair, including thymidylate synthase (TS), BRCA1, ECCR1, RAP80, and the proto-oncogene SRC. Additionally, we assessed the expression of PD-L1 in mt KRAS tumors with immunohistochemistry using an antibody against PD-L1. Results: Our results show that in mtKRAS tumors, the level of expression of ERCC1, TS, and SRC was significantly increased in comparison to paired normal lung tissue (p ≤ 0.04). The expression of BRCA1 and RAP80 was similar in both mt KRAS tumors and paired normal tissue. Furthermore, the expression of BRCA1, TS, and SRC was significantly increased in wt KRAS tumors relative to their expression in the normal lung tissue (p < 0.044). The expression of ERCC1 and RAP80 was similar in wt KRAS tumors and paired normal tissue. Interestingly, SRC expression in mtKRAS tumors was decreased in comparison to wt KRAS tumors. Notably, there was an expression of PD-L1 in the tumor and stromal cells in a few (5 out of 20) mtKRAS tumors. Our results suggest that a greater ERCC1 expression in mt KRAS tumors might increase platinum resistance in this group of patients, whereas the greater expression of BRCA1 in wt KRAS tumor might be suggestive of the sensitivity of taxanes. Our data also suggest that the combination of an SRC inhibitor with a TS inhibitor, such as pemetrexed, might improve the outcome of patients with NSCLC and in particular, patients with wt KRAS tumors. PD-L1 expression in tumors, and especially stromal cells, suggests a better outcome. Conclusion: mt KRAS NSCLC patients might benefit from a treatment strategy that targets KRAS in combination with therapeutic agents based on pharmacogenomic markers, such as SRC and BRCA1. mtKRAS tumors are likely to be platinum-, taxane-, and pemetrexed-resistant, as well as having a low level of PD-L1 expression; thus, they are less likely to receive single-agent immunotherapy, such as pembrolizumab, as the first-line therapy. wt KRAS tumors with BRCA1 positivity tend to be sensitive to taxane therapy and, potentially, platinum. Our results suggest the need to develop targeted therapies for KRAS-mutant NSCLC or combine the targeting of oncogenic KRAS in addition to other therapeutic agents specific to the molecular profile of the tumor.
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Ding N, Xu X, Wang Y, Li H, Cao Y, Zheng L. Contribution of prognostic ferroptosis-related subtypes classification and hub genes of sepsis. Transpl Immunol 2022; 74:101660. [PMID: 35787932 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis in patients is a great threat to human health due to its high incidence rate, its rapid and unpredictable progression, as well as it is difficult to treat, and it has poor prognosis. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death characterized by the iron-dependent peroxide aggregation. Furthermore, ferroptosis is different from other forms of cell death, namely apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and autophagy. Our study investigated the role of ferroptosis-related genes in sepsis. METHODS The GSE65682 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to screen ferroptosis-related genes associated with sepsis, and the GSE134347 dataset for the external validation of selected hub genes. The univariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to identify hub genes. Evaluation of the immune cell infiltration in sepsis was used to explain the immune heterogeneity among the cell subtypes. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and transcriptional regulatory analysis of selected hub genes further elucidated the probable mechanism of ferroptosis-related genes associated with prognosis in sepsis. Finally, we constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network model. RESULTS A total of 479 RNA-seq data points were used for analysis, including 365 samples from patients who survived sepsis and 114 samples from patients who succumbed to sepsis from the available GSE65682 dataset. Consequently, the univariate Cox regression analysis and consensus clustering analysis divide all 479 sepsis samples into two clusters of "survivals" vs. "non-survivals". Following complex analysis were identified as the most important ferroptosis-related genes. Indeed, the WGCNA and K-M analyses associated the expression patterns of NEDD4L and SIAH2 hub genes as the best prognosis for the survival of sepsis (p < 0.05). The expression trend was also consistent with the survival trend of the NEDD4L and SIAH2 hub genes by the external validation of GSE134347 (p < 0.05). Immune cell infiltration analysis indicated that the types and numbers of different immune cells vary among different subtypes and NEDD4L and SIAH2 hub genes. For example, NEDD4L and SIAH2 gene expression had a positive correlation with M0 macrophages and a negative correlation with neutrophils (p > 0.05). Finally, analysis of two hub genes and transcription factors (TFs) showed that 71 TFs were predicted to be related to NEDD4L while 64 TFs to SIAH2 by the Cistrome DB online database. CONCLUSION We suggest that NEDD4L and SIAH2 hub genes are involved in the ferroptosis-associated sepsis. The pattern of NEDD4L and SIAH2 expression in patients undergoing sepsis may have prognostic potential for the severity of sepsis and eventually for patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518071, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangzhao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Ningxia, Shizuishan 753000, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518071, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 753000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuling Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518071, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518071, Guangdong, China.
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Ritu K, Kumar P, Singh A, Nupur K, Spalgias S, Mrigpuri P, Rajkumar. Untangling the KRAS mutated lung cancer subsets and its therapeutic implications. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:40. [PMID: 34918209 PMCID: PMC8677854 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma virus transforming protein (KRAS) mutations (predominate in codons 12, 13, and 61) and genomically drive nearly one-third of lung carcinomas. These mutations have complex functions in tumorigenesis, and influence the tumor response to chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors resulting in a poorer patient prognosis. Recent attempts using targeted therapies against KRAS alone have met with little success. The existence of specific subsets of lung cancer based on KRAS mutations and coexisting mutations are suggested. Their interactions need further elaboration before newer promising targeted therapies for KRAS mutant lung cancers can be used as earlier lines of therapy. We summarize the existing knowledge of KRAS mutations and their coexisting mutations that is relevant to lung cancer treatment, in this review. We elaborate on the prognostic impact of clinical and pathologic characteristics of lung cancer patients associated with KRAS mutations. We briefly review the currently available techniques for KRAS mutation detection on biopsy and cytology samples. Finally, we discuss the new therapeutic strategies for targeting KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These may herald a new era in the treatment of KRASG12Cmutated NSCLC as well as be helpful to develop demographic subsets to predict targeted therapies and prognosis of lung cancer patients.
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Yu X, Liu J, Qiu H, Hao H, Zhu J, Peng S. Combined inhibition of ACK1 and AKT shows potential toward targeted therapy against KRAS-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:198-207. [PMID: 32530390 PMCID: PMC7982072 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Kirsten RAt Sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation has become a clinical challenge in cancer treatment as KRAS-mutant tumors are often resistant to conventional anti-tumor therapies. Activated CDC42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1), an activator of protein kinase B (AKT), is a promising target for KRAS-mutant tumor therapy, but the downstream ACK1 signaling remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combined ACK1/AKT inhibition on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines (NCI-H23, NCI-H358, and A549). The cells were treated with an inhibitor of either ACK1 (dasatinib or sunitinib) or AKT (MK-2206 or GDC-0068), and the optimal concentrations of the two yielding synergistic tumor-killing effects were determined by applying the Chou-Talalay equation for drug combinations. We showed that combined administration of ACK1 and AKT inhibitors at the optimal concentrations effectively suppressed NSCLC cell viability and promoted apoptosis while inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase. Moreover, NSCLC cell migration and invasion were inhibited by combined ACK1/AKT inhibition. These phenomena were associated with the reduced phosphorylation levels of ACK1 and AKT (at Ser473 and Thr308), as well as alterations in caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling. Collectively, our results demonstrate the promising therapeutic potential of combined ACK1/AKT inhibition as a strategy against KRAS-mutant NSCLC. Our findings provide the basis for the clinical translation of biological targeted drugs (ACK1 and AKT inhibitors) and their rational combination in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjing Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Huawei Qiu
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Huiting Hao
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shiyun Peng
- Precision Medicine Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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Moerland JA, Zhang D, Reich LA, Carapellucci S, Lockwood B, Leal AS, Krieger-Burke T, Aleiwi B, Ellsworth E, Liby KT. The novel rexinoid MSU-42011 is effective for the treatment of preclinical Kras-driven lung cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22244. [PMID: 33335263 PMCID: PMC7746742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective drugs are needed for lung cancer, as this disease remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Rexinoids are promising drug candidates for cancer therapy because of their ability to modulate genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation or differentiation, and apoptosis through activation of the retinoid X receptor (RXR). The only currently FDA-approved rexinoid, bexarotene, is ineffective as a single agent for treating epithelial cancers and induces hypertriglyceridemia. Here, we used a previously validated screening paradigm to evaluate 23 novel rexinoids for biomarkers related to efficacy and safety. These biomarkers include suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and induction of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). Because of its potent iNOS suppression, low SREBP induction, and activation of RXR, MSU-42011 was selected as our lead compound. We next used MSU-42011 to treat established tumors in a clinically relevant Kras-driven mouse model of lung cancer. KRAS is one of the most common driver mutations in human lung cancer and correlates with aggressive disease progression and poor patient prognosis. Ultrasound imaging was used to detect and monitor tumor development and growth over time in the lungs of the A/J mice. MSU-42011 markedly decreased the tumor number, size, and histopathology of lung tumors compared to the control and bexarotene groups. Histological sections of lung tumors in mice treated with MSU-42011 exhibited reduced cell density and fewer actively proliferating cells compared to the control and bexarotene-treated tumors. Although bexarotene significantly (p < 0.01) elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, treatment with MSU-42011 did not increase these biomarkers, demonstrating a more favorable toxicity profile in vivo. The combination of MSU-42011 and carboplatin and paclitaxel reduced macrophages in the lung and increased activation markers of CD8+T cells compared to the control groups. Our results validate our screening paradigm for in vitro testing of novel rexinoids and demonstrate the potential for MSU-42011 to be developed for the treatment of KRAS-driven lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lyndsey A Reich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Beth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Teresa Krieger-Burke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- In Vivo Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Medicial Chemistry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Medicial Chemistry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Singh SS, Dahal A, Shrestha L, Jois SD. Genotype Driven Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Resistance, Pan Inhibitors and Immunotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5274-5316. [PMID: 30854949 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190222183219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-five percent of patients with lung cancer present with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Targeted therapy approaches are promising treatments for lung cancer. However, despite the development of targeted therapies using Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) as well as monoclonal antibodies, the five-year relative survival rate for lung cancer patients is still only 18%, and patients inevitably become resistant to therapy. Mutations in Kirsten Ras Sarcoma viral homolog (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are the two most common genetic events in lung adenocarcinoma; they account for 25% and 20% of cases, respectively. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, and ALK rearrangements are responsible for 3-7% of NSCLC, predominantly of the adenocarcinoma subtype, and occur in a mutually exclusive manner with KRAS and EGFR mutations. Among drug-resistant NSCLC patients, nearly half exhibit the T790M mutation in exon 20 of EGFR. This review focuses on some basic aspects of molecules involved in NSCLC, the development of resistance to treatments in NSCLC, and advances in lung cancer therapy in the past ten years. Some recent developments such as PD-1-PD-L1 checkpoint-based immunotherapy for NSCLC are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitanshu S Singh
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201, United States
| | - Achyut Dahal
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201, United States
| | - Leeza Shrestha
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201, United States
| | - Seetharama D Jois
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201, United States
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Rinaldi J, Sokol ES, Hartmaier RJ, Trabucco SE, Frampton GM, Goldberg ME, Albacker LA, Daemen A, Manning G. The genomic landscape of metastatic breast cancer: Insights from 11,000 tumors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231999. [PMID: 32374727 PMCID: PMC7202592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women, but the genomics of metastasis in breast cancer are poorly studied. METHODS We explored a set of 11,616 breast tumors, including 5,034 metastases, which had undergone targeted sequencing during standard clinical care. RESULTS Besides the known hotspot mutations in ESR1, we observed a metastatic enrichment of previously unreported, lower-prevalence mutations in the ligand-binding domain, implying that these mutations may also be functional. Furthermore, individual ESR1 hotspots are significantly enriched in specific metastatic tissues and histologies, suggesting functional differences between these mutations. Other alterations enriched across all metastases include loss of function of the CDK4 regulator CDKN1B, and mutations in the transcription factor CTCF. Mutations enriched at specific metastatic sites generally reflect biology of the target tissue and may be adaptations to growth in the local environment. These include PTEN and ASXL1 alterations in brain metastases and NOTCH1 alterations in skin. We observed an enrichment of KRAS, KEAP1, STK11 and EGFR mutations in lung metastases. However, the patterns of other mutations in these tumors indicate that these are misdiagnosed lung primaries rather than breast metastases. CONCLUSIONS An order-of-magnitude increase in samples relative to previous studies allowed us to detect novel genomic characteristics of metastatic cancer and to expand and clarify previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Rinaldi
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Ethan S. Sokol
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Lee A. Albacker
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Anneleen Daemen
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Gerard Manning
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Aras G, Kanmaz ZD, Tuncay E, Çetinkaya E, Yentürk E, Kocatürk C, Öz B, Çermik TF, Purisa S. Relationship of radiometabolic biomarkers to KRAS mutation status and ALK rearrangements in cases of lung adenocarcinoma. TUMORI JOURNAL 2020; 105:501-508. [PMID: 31910789 DOI: 10.1177/0300891620902334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rapid diagnosis of genetic mutations is important for targeted therapies such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. KRAS mutation and ALK rearrangement are also important in determining treatment. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET to predict KRAS mutation and ALK rearrangement in order to determine the frequency of these genetic markers in our lung adenocarcinoma cases and contribute to forthcoming meta-analysis studies. METHODS A total of 218 patients with lung adenocarcinoma (EGFR analyzed) who were seen at our clinic between 2012 and 2014 were included in the study. The results of the 18 F-FDG-PET scans for each patient were retrospectively recorded with the associated medical documents. ALK rearrangements were analyzed in 166 of the 218 patients, while 50 of the 218 patients were analyzed for KRAS mutational status. SPSS 15.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS FDG avidity was higher in cases with KRAS mutations and ALK rearrangements than those without, but the difference was not significant. ALK rearrangements were more common in younger, female, and nonsmoking patients with lung adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The small numbers of KRAS mutations and ALK rearrangements are the limitation of this study for evaluation of diagnostic imaging. The frequency of these genetic alterations was as reported in the literature. We believe that our work will contribute to future meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfidan Aras
- Yedikule Chest Disease and Training Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | | | - Esin Tuncay
- Yedikule Chest Disease and Training Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | | | - Esin Yentürk
- Yedikule Chest Disease and Training Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | | | - Büge Öz
- Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Pathology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Tevfik Fikret Çermik
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Sevim Purisa
- Department of Statistics, Istanbul University, Istanbul - Turkey
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kastner
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rydhwana Hossain
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
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13
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Nassereddine H, Sannier A, Brosseau S, Rodier JM, Khalil A, Msika S, Danel C, Couvelard A, Théou-Anton N, Cazes A. Clinicopathological and Molecular Study of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Associated with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:2795-2800. [PMID: 31407221 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To retrospectively characterize the molecular features of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas (NSCLC) with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), clinicopathological data of 12 patients diagnosed with NSCLC and PC between 2007 and 2016 were collected. Immunohistochemistry and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) were performed on cases with available material. PC was the initial presentation of NSCLC in 17% of the cases. Overall, patients with PC displayed a poor median survival of 12 weeks. Histology was adenocarcinoma in 11 cases. 37.5% of cases showed PD-L1 immunostaining positivity (50% cut-off). ALK and ROS1 immunostainings were negative. Using NGS, we identified 17 molecular alterations in 9 genes (TP53, KRAS, STK11, BRAF, EGFR, DDR2, ERBB4, SMAD4, CTNNB1) in 88.9% of adenocarcinomas. To the best of our knowledge, 5 of these variants are not referenced in the literature. In conclusion, PC might be the initial presentation of NSCLC. Molecular profiling of our cases did not find any effective targetable alteration, except from high PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Nassereddine
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, département de pathologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France. .,Department of pathology, AP-HP, Bichat- Hospital, 46 rue Henri Huchard 75877, 18, Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Aurélie Sannier
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, département de pathologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Solenn Brosseau
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,APHP, service d'Oncologie Thoracique, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine Khalil
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,APHP, service de Radiologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Simon Msika
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,APHP, service de Chirurgie Générale et Digestive, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Claire Danel
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, département de pathologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couvelard
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, département de pathologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélie Cazes
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, département de pathologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
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14
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Deng H, Liu H, de Silva T, Xue Y, Mohamud Y, Ng CS, Qu J, Zhang J, Jia WW, Lockwood WW, Luo H. Coxsackievirus Type B3 Is a Potent Oncolytic Virus against KRAS-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:266-278. [PMID: 31463367 PMCID: PMC6709373 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
KRAS mutant (KRASmut) lung adenocarcinoma is a refractory cancer without available targeted therapy. The current study explored the possibility to develop coxsackievirus type B3 (CVB3) as an oncolytic agent for the treatment of KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma. In cultured cells, we discovered that CVB3 selectively infects and lyses KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549, H2030, and H23), while sparing normal lung epithelial cells (primary, BEAS2B, HPL1D, and 1HAEo) and EGFRmut lung adenocarcinoma cells (HCC4006, PC9, H3255, and H1975). Using stable cells expressing a single driver mutation of either KRASG12V or EGFRL858R in normal lung epithelial cells (HPL1D), we further showed that CVB3 specifically kills HPL1D-KRASG12V cells with minimal harm to HPL1D-EGFRL858R and control cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that aberrant activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and compromised type I interferon immune response in KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma cells serve as key factors contributing to the sensitivity to CVB3-induced cytotoxicity. Lastly, we conducted in vivo xenograft studies using two immunocompromised mouse models. Our results revealed that intratumoral injection of CVB3 results in a marked tumor regression of KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma in both non-obese diabetic (NOD) severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) gamma (NSG) and NOD-SCID xenograft models. Together, our findings suggest that CVB3 is an excellent candidate to be further developed as a targeted therapy for KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Deng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Vascular Surgery, RenJi Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huitao Liu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tanya de Silva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - YuanChao Xue
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Junyan Qu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Infectious Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William W.G. Jia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William W. Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author: William W. Lockwood, Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author: Honglin Luo, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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Cao W, Yan C, Wang H, Tang T, Wang H, Liu D. Validity of an NGS-based multiple gene panel in identifying actionable mutations for patients with NSCLC in a Chinese hospital. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:5425-5434. [PMID: 31186761 PMCID: PMC6507321 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. A number of targeted therapies have been approved for clinical use or are in clinical trials. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is widely applied in the identification of actionable genomic alterations and enables personalized cancer therapy for patients. Several multiple-gene panels are available in China for the practice of precision medicine-based cancer therapy. However, the efficiency of these panels requires evaluation. The current study investigated 23 NSCLC samples using a custom designed panel of complete coding regions of ~180 cancer driver genes (FD-180) and whole exome sequencing for control samples, obtained from white blood cell samples. The results obtained suggested that actionable mutations with available targeted therapeutic options were identified in 69.6% of cases, including 60.9% of therapeutic targets recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Furthermore, 8.7% of patients had a gene mutation that potentially qualified them for clinical trials or associated off-label therapies. As such, the results obtained in the current study demonstrated the reliability of the targeted NGS panel and its potential use for identifying actionable gene alterations and designing personalized therapies for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Chenghai Yan
- First Dimension Biosciences (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215126, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Wang
- First Dimension Biosciences (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215126, P.R. China
| | - Tom Tang
- First Dimension Biosciences (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215126, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- First Dimension Biosciences (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215126, P.R. China
| | - Dujuan Liu
- First Dimension Biosciences (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215126, P.R. China
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16
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Ng TL, Liu Y, Dimou A, Patil T, Aisner DL, Dong Z, Jiang T, Su C, Wu C, Ren S, Zhou C, Camidge DR. Predictive value of oncogenic driver subtype, programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1) score, and smoking status on the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2018; 125:1038-1049. [PMID: 30548240 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This multicenter, retrospective study explored the value of oncogene driver subtype, programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1) status, and smoking status for predicting which patients with oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) would benefit from treatment with programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 inhibitors. METHODS The clinical features, PD-L1 tumor proportion scores, and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor (PDi) outcomes (objective response rate and progression-free survival) of patients who had advanced NSCLC with Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations or common, actionable oncogenic drivers were captured. RESULTS In total, 189 oncogene-positive patients were analyzed. Of these, 104 received a PDi, and 108 had undergone prior PD-L1 testing. The frequency of PD-L1 positivity (≥1%) was higher in patients who had KRAS mutations (P = .031), smokers (P = .006), and non-Asian patients (P = .002). Multivariable analysis indicated that smoking status (P < .001) was the only factor associated significantly with KRAS mutation. The objective response rate to PDi treatment was 16.9% (11 of 65 patients) among smokers (17.3% in the KRAS-mutant and 15.4% in the non-KRAS-mutant smoker subgroups), which was significantly higher than the 0% rate (0 of 26 patients; P = .019) among never-smokers. In subgroup analyses, progression-free survival was influenced by KRAS mutation status (median, 4.57 vs 1.63 months; P = .004), smoking status (4.07 vs 1.73 months; P = .004), PD-L1 positivity (3.8 vs 1.2 months; P = .040), and non-Asian race (3.0 vs 1.97 months; P = .046). In multivariable analysis, only smoking status (P = .008) remained a significant predictor when a PD-L1 level ≥1% was used. However, both smoking status (P = .001) and PD-L1 status (P = .028) were independent predictors when a PD-L1 level ≥50% was used. CONCLUSIONS Among associated clinical features among patients who have NSCLC with oncogenic drivers, smoking status potentially was the most important, easily available predictor of single PDi efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Ng
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anastasios Dimou
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tejas Patil
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dara L Aisner
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zhengwei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - D Ross Camidge
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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17
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Caiola E, Falcetta F, Giordano S, Marabese M, Garassino MC, Broggini M, Pastorelli R, Brunelli L. Co-occurring KRAS mutation/LKB1 loss in non-small cell lung cancer cells results in enhanced metabolic activity susceptible to caloric restriction: an in vitro integrated multilevel approach. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:302. [PMID: 30514331 PMCID: PMC6280460 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a heterogeneous disease, with multiple different oncogenic mutations. Approximately 25–30% of NSCLC patients present KRAS mutations, which confer poor prognosis and high risk of tumor recurrence. About half of NSCLCs with activating KRAS lesions also have deletions or inactivating mutations in the serine/threonine kinase 11 (LKB1) gene. Loss of LKB1 on a KRAS-mutant background may represent a significant source of heterogeneity contributing to poor response to therapy. Methods Here, we employed an integrated multilevel proteomics, metabolomics and functional in-vitro approach in NSCLC H1299 isogenic cells to define their metabolic state associated with the presence of different genetic background. Protein levels were obtained by label free and single reaction monitoring (SRM)-based proteomics. The metabolic state was studied coupling targeted and untargeted mass spectrometry (MS) strategy. In vitro metabolic dependencies were evaluated using 2-deoxy glucose (2-DG) treatment or glucose/glutamine nutrient limitation. Results Here we demonstrate that co-occurring KRAS mutation/LKB1 loss in NSCLC cells allowed efficient exploitation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, when compared to cells with each single oncologic genotype. The enhanced metabolic activity rendered the viability of cells with both genetic lesions susceptible towards nutrient limitation. Conclusions Co-occurrence of KRAS mutation and LKB1 loss in NSCLC cells induced an enhanced metabolic activity mirrored by a growth rate vulnerability under limited nutrient conditions relative to cells with the single oncogenetic lesions. Our results hint at the possibility that energy stress induced by calorie restriction regimens may sensitize NSCLCs with these co-occurring lesions to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0954-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Falcetta
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina C Garassino
- Thoracic Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Brunelli
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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Sosa Iglesias V, Giuranno L, Dubois LJ, Theys J, Vooijs M. Drug Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Potential for NOTCH Targeting? Front Oncol 2018; 8:267. [PMID: 30087852 PMCID: PMC6066509 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major cause for therapeutic failure in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) leading to tumor recurrence and disease progression. Cell intrinsic mechanisms of resistance include changes in the expression of drug transporters, activation of pro-survival, and anti-apoptotic pathways, as well as non-intrinsic influences of the tumor microenvironment. It has become evident that tumors are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells with different genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic characteristics that result in diverse responses to therapy, and underlies the emergence of resistant clones. This tumor heterogeneity is driven by subpopulations of tumor cells termed cancer stem cells (CSCs) that have tumor-initiating capabilities, are highly self-renewing, and retain the ability for multi-lineage differentiation. CSCs have been identified in NSCLC and have been associated with chemo- and radiotherapy resistance. Stem cell pathways are frequently deregulated in cancer and are implicated in recurrence after treatment. Here, we focus on the NOTCH signaling pathway, which has a role in stem cell maintenance in non-squamous non-small lung cancer, and we critically assess the potential for targeting the NOTCH pathway to overcome resistance to chemotherapeutic and targeted agents using both preclinical and clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venus Sosa Iglesias
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lorena Giuranno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
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Ng AWR, Tan PJ, Hoo WPY, Liew DS, Teo MYM, Siak PY, Ng SM, Tan EW, Abdul Rahim R, Lim RLH, Song AAL, In LLA. In silico-guided sequence modifications of K-ras epitopes improve immunological outcome against G12V and G13D mutant KRAS antigens. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5056. [PMID: 30042874 PMCID: PMC6055689 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Somatic point substitution mutations in the KRAS proto-oncogene primarily affect codons 12/13 where glycine is converted into other amino acids, and are highly prevalent in pancreatic, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancers. These cohorts are non-responsive to anti-EGFR treatments, and are left with non-specific chemotherapy regimens as their sole treatment options. In the past, the development of peptide vaccines for cancer treatment was reported to have poor AT properties when inducing immune responses. Utilization of bioinformatics tools have since become an interesting approach in improving the design of peptide vaccines based on T- and B-cell epitope predictions. Methods In this study, the region spanning exon 2 from the 4th to 18th codon within the peptide sequence of wtKRAS was chosen for sequence manipulation. Mutated G12V and G13D K-ras controls were generated in silico, along with additional single amino acid substitutions flanking the original codon 12/13 mutations. IEDB was used for assessing human and mouse MHC class I/II epitope predictions, as well as linear B-cell epitopes predictions, while RNA secondary structure prediction was performed via CENTROIDFOLD. A scoring and ranking system was established in order to shortlist top mimotopes whereby normalized and reducing weighted scores were assigned to peptide sequences based on seven immunological parameters. Among the top 20 ranked peptide sequences, peptides of three mimotopes were synthesized and subjected to in vitro and in vivo immunoassays. Mice PBMCs were treated in vitro and subjected to cytokine assessment using CBA assay. Thereafter, mice were immunized and sera were subjected to IgG-based ELISA. Results In silico immunogenicity prediction using IEDB tools shortlisted one G12V mimotope (68-V) and two G13D mimotopes (164-D, 224-D) from a total of 1,680 candidates. Shortlisted mimotopes were predicted to promote high MHC-II and -I affinities with optimized B-cell epitopes. CBA assay indicated that: 224-D induced secretions of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-21; 164-D triggered IL-10 and TNF-α; while 68-V showed no immunological responses. Specific-IgG sera titers against mutated K-ras antigens from 164-D immunized Balb/c mice were also elevated post first and second boosters compared to wild-type and G12/G13 controls. Discussion In silico-guided predictions of mutated K-ras T- and B-cell epitopes were successful in identifying two immunogens with high predictive scores, Th-bias cytokine induction and IgG-specific stimulation. Developments of such immunogens are potentially useful for future immunotherapeutic and diagnostic applications against KRAS(+) malignancies, monoclonal antibody production, and various other research and development initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Wee Ren Ng
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pei Jun Tan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Winfrey Pui Yee Hoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dek Shen Liew
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Yee Mun Teo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sze Man Ng
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ee Wern Tan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Renee Lay Hong Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adelene Ai Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lionel Lian Aun In
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Göttlich C, Kunz M, Zapp C, Nietzer SL, Walles H, Dandekar T, Dandekar G. A combined tissue-engineered/in silico signature tool patient stratification in lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1264-1285. [PMID: 29797762 PMCID: PMC6068345 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient‐tailored therapy based on tumor drivers is promising for lung cancer treatment. For this, we combined in vitro tissue models with in silico analyses. Using individual cell lines with specific mutations, we demonstrate a generic and rapid stratification pipeline for targeted tumor therapy. We improve in vitro models of tissue conditions by a biological matrix‐based three‐dimensional (3D) tissue culture that allows in vitro drug testing: It correctly shows a strong drug response upon gefitinib (Gef) treatment in a cell line harboring an EGFR‐activating mutation (HCC827), but no clear drug response upon treatment with the HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG in two cell lines with KRAS mutations (H441, A549). In contrast, 2D testing implies wrongly KRAS as a biomarker for HSP90 inhibitor treatment, although this fails in clinical studies. Signaling analysis by phospho‐arrays showed similar effects of EGFR inhibition by Gef in HCC827 cells, under both 2D and 3D conditions. Western blot analysis confirmed that for 3D conditions, HSP90 inhibitor treatment implies different p53 regulation and decreased MET inhibition in HCC827 and H441 cells. Using in vitro data (western, phospho‐kinase array, proliferation, and apoptosis), we generated cell line‐specific in silico topologies and condition‐specific (2D, 3D) simulations of signaling correctly mirroring in vitro treatment responses. Networks predict drug targets considering key interactions and individual cell line mutations using the Human Protein Reference Database and the COSMIC database. A signature of potential biomarkers and matching drugs improve stratification and treatment in KRAS‐mutated tumors. In silico screening and dynamic simulation of drug actions resulted in individual therapeutic suggestions, that is, targeting HIF1A in H441 and LKB1 in A549 cells. In conclusion, our in vitro tumor tissue model combined with an in silico tool improves drug effect prediction and patient stratification. Our tool is used in our comprehensive cancer center and is made now publicly available for targeted therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Göttlich
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Meik Kunz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Zapp
- Institute for Pharmaceutics and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah L Nietzer
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology, EMBL Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Krygowska AA, Castellano E. PI3K: A Crucial Piece in the RAS Signaling Puzzle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031450. [PMID: 28847905 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins are key signaling switches essential for control of proliferation, differentiation, and survival of eukaryotic cells. RAS proteins are mutated in 30% of human cancers. In addition, mutations in upstream or downstream signaling components also contribute to oncogenic activation of the pathway. RAS proteins exert their functions through activation of several signaling pathways and dissecting the contributions of these effectors in normal cells and in cancer is an ongoing challenge. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about how RAS regulates type I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), one of the main RAS effectors. RAS signaling through PI3K is necessary for normal lymphatic vasculature development and for RAS-induced transformation in vitro and in vivo, especially in lung cancer, where it is essential for tumor initiation and necessary for tumor maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Adelajda Krygowska
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Castellano
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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22
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Cell signaling heterogeneity is modulated by both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms: An integrated approach to understanding targeted therapy. PLoS Biol 2018. [PMID: 29522507 PMCID: PMC5844524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, our understanding of cancer cell signaling networks has significantly improved, leading to the development of various targeted therapies that have elicited profound but, unfortunately, short-lived responses. This is, in part, due to the fact that these targeted therapies ignore context and average out heterogeneity. Here, we present a mathematical framework that addresses the impact of signaling heterogeneity on targeted therapy outcomes. We employ a simplified oncogenic rat sarcoma (RAS)-driven mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway in lung cancer as an experimental model system and develop a network model of the pathway. We measure how inhibition of the pathway modulates protein phosphorylation as well as cell viability under different microenvironmental conditions. Training the model on this data using Monte Carlo simulation results in a suite of in silico cells whose relative protein activities and cell viability match experimental observation. The calibrated model predicts distributional responses to kinase inhibitors and suggests drug resistance mechanisms that can be exploited in drug combination strategies. The suggested combination strategies are validated using in vitro experimental data. The validated in silico cells are further interrogated through an unsupervised clustering analysis and then integrated into a mathematical model of tumor growth in a homogeneous and resource-limited microenvironment. We assess posttreatment heterogeneity and predict vast differences across treatments with similar efficacy, further emphasizing that heterogeneity should modulate treatment strategies. The signaling model is also integrated into a hybrid cellular automata (HCA) model of tumor growth in a spatially heterogeneous microenvironment. As a proof of concept, we simulate tumor responses to targeted therapies in a spatially segregated tissue structure containing tumor and stroma (derived from patient tissue) and predict complex cell signaling responses that suggest a novel combination treatment strategy. A signaling pathway is a network of molecules in a cell that is typically initiated by stimuli (e.g., microenvironmental cues) acting on receptors and internal signaling molecules to determine cell fate. Signaling pathways in cancer cells are different from those in normal cells, and this difference helps cancer cells to grow and thrive indefinitely. Drugs that target the aberrant signaling pathways in cancer cells (often referred to as targeted therapy) are promising for improving treatment outcomes of many different cancers in patients. However, most patients eventually develop resistance to these drugs. Resistance may already be present in the tumor or may emerge via mutation or via microenvironmental mediation. Tumor heterogeneity, which is characterized by subtle or dramatic differences among tumor cells, plays a key role in the development of drug resistance. Some tumor cells respond well to therapy, while others may adapt to the stress induced by the drug within the microenvironment. Moreover, removal of drug-sensitive cells may result in the competitive release of drug-resistant cells. Here, we present mathematical models to assess the impact of heterogeneity in signaling pathways within tumor cells on the outcomes of targeted therapy. We consider a simplified version of two well-known signaling pathways that modulate the growth of lung cancer cells. By using different targeted therapies, we quantify the effect of pathway inhibition on protein activity and cell viability and developed a mathematical model of the network, which is trained to reproduce these data and to develop a panel of heterogeneous in silico cells. The model predicts potential mechanisms of drug resistance and proposes combination therapies that are effective across the panel. We validate these combination therapies experimentally using the lung cancer cells and integrated the in silico cells into a computational lung tissue model that explicitly captures the microenvironment of lung cancer. Our results suggest that heterogeneity in both the tumor and microenvironment impacts treatment response in different ways and suggest a novel combination therapy for a better response.
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23
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Vivekanandhan S, Mukhopadhyay D. Genetic status of KRAS influences Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling: An insight into Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) mediated tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 54:72-79. [PMID: 29409705 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS and deregulated transforming growth factor-beta (TGF)-β signaling have been implicated in several cancers. So far, attempts to target either one of them therapeutically have been futile as both of them are involved in multiple fundamental cellular processes and the normal forms are expressed by almost all cells. Hence, their inhibition would disrupt several physiological processes. Besides, their downregulation stimulates the tumor cells to develop adaptive mechanisms and would most likely be ineffective as therapeutic targets. Furthermore, growing literature suggests that both of these signaling pathways converge to enhance tumor development. Therefore, a lot of interest has been generated to explore the areas where these pathways interface that might identify new molecules that could potentially serve as novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on such convergent signaling and cross-interaction that is mediated by neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a receptor that can interact with multiple growth factors including TGF-β for promoting tumorigenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Vivekanandhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
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Caiola E, Frapolli R, Tomanelli M, Valerio R, Iezzi A, Garassino MC, Broggini M, Marabese M. Wee1 inhibitor MK1775 sensitizes KRAS mutated NSCLC cells to sorafenib. Sci Rep 2018; 8:948. [PMID: 29343688 PMCID: PMC5772438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a poorly chemosensitive tumor and targeted therapies are only used for about 15% of patients where a specific driving and druggable lesion is observed (EGFR, ALK, ROS). KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated genes in NSCLC and patients harboring these mutations do not benefit from specific treatments. Sorafenib, a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was proposed as a potentially active drug in KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients, but clinical trials results were not conclusive. Here we show that the NSCLC cells’ response to sorafenib depends on the type of KRAS mutation. KRAS G12V cells respond less to sorafenib than the wild-type counterpart, in vitro and in vivo. To overcome this resistance, we used high-throughput screening with a siRNA library directed against 719 human kinases, and Wee1 was selected as a sorafenib response modulator. Inhibition of Wee1 by its specific inhibitor MK1775 in combination with sorafenib restored the KRAS mutated cells’ response to the multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This combination of the Wee1 inhibitor with sorafenib, if confirmed in models with different genetic backgrounds, might be worth investigating further as a new strategy for KRAS mutated NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Tomanelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Valerio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Iezzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Marina C Garassino
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
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25
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Aran V, Masson Domingues P, Carvalho de Macedo F, Moreira de Sousa CA, Caldas Montella T, de Souza Accioly MT, Ferreira CG. A cross-sectional study examining the expression of splice variants K-RAS4A and K-RAS4B in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2017; 116:7-14. [PMID: 29413054 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mammalian cells differently express 4 RAS isoforms: H-RAS, N-RAS, K-RAS4A and K-RAS4B, which are important in promoting oncogenic processes when mutated. In lung cancer, the K-RAS isoform is the most frequently altered RAS protein, being also a difficult therapeutic target. Interestingly, there are two K-RAS splice variants (K-RAS4A and K-RAS4B) and little is known about the role of K-RAS4A. Most studies targeting K-RAS, or analysing it as a prognostic factor, have not taken into account the two isoforms. Consequently, the in-depth investigation of them is needed. METHODS The present study analysed 98 specimens from advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma patients originated from Brazil. The alterations present in K-RAS at the DNA level (Sanger sequencing) as well as the expression of the splicing isoforms at the RNA (qRT-PCR) and protein levels (immunohistochemistry analysis), were evaluated. Possible associations between clinicopathological features and the molecular findings were also investigated. RESULTS Our results showed that in the non-smoking population, the cancer incidence was higher among women. In contrast, in smokers and former smokers, the incidence was higher among men. Regarding sequencing results, 10.5% of valid samples presented mutations in exon 2, being all wild-type for exon 3, and the most frequently occurring base change was the transversion G → T. Our qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis showed that both, K-RAS4A and K-RAS4B, were differently expressed in NSCLC tumour samples. For example, tumour specimens showed higher K-RAS4A mRNA expression in relation to commercial normal lung control than did K-RAS4B. In addition, K-RAS4B protein expression was frequently stronger than K-RAS4A in the patients analysed. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the differential expression of K-RAS4A and K-RAS4B in advanced adenocarcinoma NSCLC patients and underline the need to further clarify the enigma behind their biological significance in various cancer types, including NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Aran
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Masson Domingues
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tatiane Caldas Montella
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Gil Ferreira
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vasu KK, Digwal CS, Pandya AN, Pandya DH, Sharma JA, Patel S, Agarwal M. Imidazo[1,2- a ]pyridines linked with thiazoles/thiophene motif through keto spacer as potential cytotoxic agents and NF-κB inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5463-5466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Thakur S, Brenner C. KRAS-driven miR-29b expression is required for tumor suppressor gene silencing. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74755-74766. [PMID: 29088821 PMCID: PMC5650376 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS activation drives DNA methylation and silencing of specific tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). We previously showed that the ERK pathway induces transcriptional repression of TET1, which results in conversion of TSG promoters from a hydroxymethylated, active state to a hypermethylated and silenced state. Here we identified miR-29b as a KRAS-induced molecule that represses TET1 expression. In KRAS-transformed cells, ectopic miR-29b inhibition restores expression of TET1, thereby reactivating TSGs by reducing methylation and restoring hydroxymethylation. Mining gene expression data of lung cancer cell lines identified additional TSGs suppressed by KRAS signaling whose expression was restored by inhibition of miR-29b and re-expression of TET1. Because KRAS changes TSG promoters from hydroxymethylated to hypermethylated with miR-29b-dependent silencing of TET1, we demonstrate a model in which DNMT1 is present on target promoters prior to KRAS transformation. In addition, we propose miR-29b as a potential circulating biomarker and target for rational treatment of specific malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Chatterjee S, Huang EHB, Christie I, Burns TF. Reactivation of the p90RSK-CDC25C Pathway Leads to Bypass of the Ganetespib-Induced G 2-M Arrest and Mediates Acquired Resistance to Ganetespib in KRAS-Mutant NSCLC. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1658-1668. [PMID: 28566436 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A subset of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are dependent upon oncogenic driver mutations, including the most frequently observed driver mutant KRAS, which is associated with a poor prognosis. As direct RAS targeting in the clinic has been unsuccessful to date, use of Hsp90 inhibitors appeared to be a promising therapy for KRAS-mutant NSCLC; however, limited clinical efficacy was observed due to rapid resistance. Furthermore, the combination of the Hsp90 inhibitor (Hsp90i), ganetespib, and docetaxel was tested in a phase III clinical trial and failed to demonstrate benefit. Here, we investigated the mechanism(s) of resistance to ganetespib and explored why the combination with docetaxel failed in the clinic. We have not only identified a critical role for the bypass of the G2-M cell-cycle checkpoint as a mechanism of ganetespib resistance (GR) but have also found that GR leads to cross-resistance to docetaxel. Reactivation of p90RSK and its downstream target, CDC25C, was critical for GR and mediated the bypass of a G2-M arrest. Overexpression of either p90RSK or CDC25C lead to bypass of G2-M arrest and induced ganetespib resistance in vitro and in vivo Moreover, resistance was dependent on p90RSK/CDC25C signaling, as synthetic lethality to ERK1/2, p90RSK, or CDC25C inhibitors was observed. Importantly, the combination of ganetespib and p90RSK or CDC25C inhibitors was highly efficacious in parental cells. These studies provide a way forward for Hsp90 inhibitors through the development of novel rationally designed Hsp90 inhibitor combinations that may prevent or overcome resistance to Hsp90i. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1658-68. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric H-B Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian Christie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy F Burns
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Martin P, Leighl NB. Review of the use of pretest probability for molecular testing in non-small cell lung cancer and overview of new mutations that may affect clinical practice. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:405-414. [PMID: 28607579 PMCID: PMC5455881 DOI: 10.1177/1758834017704329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article considers the use of pretest probability in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and how its use in EGFR testing has helped establish clinical guidelines on selecting patients for EGFR testing. With an ever-increasing number of molecular abnormalities being identified and often limited tissue available for testing, the use of pretest probability will need to be increasingly considered in the future for selecting investigations and treatments in patients. In addition we review new mutations that have the potential to affect clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Martin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 5-105 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Haddad J, Slika S, Mahfouz R. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the era of Precision Medicine: The tale of a perfect example of targeted therapy. A review. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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31
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Zhang Y, Wang DC, Shi L, Zhu B, Min Z, Jin J. Genome analyses identify the genetic modification of lung cancer subtypes. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 42:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Aras G, Kanmaz ZD, Tuncay E, Çetinkaya E, Yentürk E, Kocatürk C, Öz B, Çermik TF, Purisa S. Relationship of Radiometabolic Biomarkers to KRAS Mutation Status and ALK Rearrangements in Cases of Lung Adenocarcinoma. TUMORI JOURNAL 2017:tj5000695. [PMID: 29781772 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Rapid diagnosis of genetic mutations is important for targeted therapies such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. KRAS mutation and ALK rearrangement are also important in determining treatment. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET to predict KRAS mutation and ALK rearrangement in order to determine the frequency of these genetic markers in our lung adenocarcinoma cases and contribute to forthcoming meta-analysis studies. Methods A total of 218 patients with lung adenocarcinoma (EGFR analyzed) who were seen at our clinic between 2012 and 2014 were included in the study. The results of the 18 F-FDG-PET scans for each patient were retrospectively recorded with the associated medical documents. ALK rearrangements were analyzed in 166 of the 218 patients, while 50 of the 218 patients were analyzed for KRAS mutational status. SPSS 15.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. Results FDG avidity was higher in cases with KRAS mutations and ALK rearrangements than those without, but the difference was not significant. ALK rearrangements were more common in younger, female, and nonsmoking patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusions The small numbers of KRAS mutations and ALK rearrangements are the limitation of this study for evaluation of diagnostic imaging. The frequency of these genetic alterations was as reported in the literature. We believe that our work will contribute to future meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfidan Aras
- 1 Yedikule Chest Disease and Training Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | | | - Esin Tuncay
- 1 Yedikule Chest Disease and Training Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | | | - Esin Yentürk
- 1 Yedikule Chest Disease and Training Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | | | - Büge Öz
- 2 Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Pathology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Tevfik Fikret Çermik
- 3 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Sevim Purisa
- 4 Department of Statistics, Istanbul University, Istanbul - Turkey
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Wang X, Meng Q, Wang C, Li F, Zhu Z, Liu S, Shi Y, Huang J, Chen S, Li C. Investigation of transrenal KRAS mutation in late stage NSCLC patients correlates to disease progression. Biomarkers 2016; 22:654-660. [PMID: 27998182 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1269202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using transrenal DNA to detect KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the study addressed the clinical impact for longitudinal monitoring and prognostic value for disease outcome. METHODS Digital droplet PCR was used to detect the mutant DNA. A total of 200 NSCLC patients were recruited with varying molecular profiles. To ascertain the specificity of transrenal DNA to accurately profile the disease, primary tissues were compared. Subsequently, serial samplings were performed at different treatment cycles to gauge the predictive value. RESULTS Transrenal DNA was successfully detected in all 200 patients. Overall concordance rate for mutant KRAS DNA within urine specimens and primary tissue biopsies was 95% (k = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.82-0.95). Patients with positive results at baseline had lower median overall survival (OS) than the wildtype group. More importantly, longitudinal monitoring of urine specimens showed an increase in the quantity of transrenal DNA, which were highly associated with disease progression and outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed a highly associative link to the patient's tumor KRAS profile. Monitoring its variations aided in stratifying patients with worse outcome. Urinary specimens that can be extracted non-invasively presents new opportunities to track patients with KRAS mutation undergoing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Wang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhai Wang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Fajiu Li
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Zhu
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Chen
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghong Li
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Wuhan No. 6 Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Jianghan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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Tomasini P, Walia P, Labbe C, Jao K, Leighl NB. Targeting the KRAS Pathway in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2016; 21:1450-1460. [PMID: 27807303 PMCID: PMC5153335 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, significant progress has been made individualizing therapy based on molecular aberrations (e.g., EGFR, ALK) and pathologic subtype. KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), found in approximately 30% of lung adenocarcinomas, and is thus an appealing target for new therapies. Although no targeted therapy has yet been approved for the treatment of KRAS-mutant NSCLC, there are multiple potential therapeutic approaches. These may include direct inhibition of KRAS protein, inhibition of KRAS regulators, alteration of KRAS membrane localization, and inhibition of effector molecules downstream of mutant KRAS. This article provides an overview of the KRAS pathway in lung cancer and related therapeutic strategies under investigation. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The identification of oncogene-addicted cancers and specific inhibitors has revolutionized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment and outcomes. One of the most commonly mutated genes in adenocarcinoma is KRAS, found in approximately 30% of lung adenocarcinomas, and thus it is an appealing target for new therapies. This review provides an overview of the KRAS pathway and related targeted therapies under investigation in NSCLC. Some of these agents may play a key role in KRAS-mutant NSCLC treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Tomasini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Preet Walia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Labbe
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Jao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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You C, Liang H, Sun W, Li J, Liu Y, Fan Q, Zhang H, Yue X, Li J, Chen X, Ba Y. Deregulation of the miR-16-KRAS axis promotes colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37459. [PMID: 27857191 PMCID: PMC5114589 DOI: 10.1038/srep37459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS plays a significant role in the etiology and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the mechanism underlying this process has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the KRAS protein levels were higher in CRC tissues than in the normal adjacent tissues, whereas its mRNA levels varied irregularly, suggesting that a post-transcriptional mechanism is involved in the regulation of KRAS. Then, we performed bioinformatic analyses to search for miRNAs that potentially target KRAS. We predicted and experimentally validated that miR-16 directly recognizes the 3'-UTR of the KRAS transcript and regulates KRAS expression. Furthermore, the in vitro results showed that the repression of KRAS by miR-16 suppressed the proliferation and invasion and induced the apoptosis of CRC cells, and the in vivo results revealed that miR-16 exerted a tumor-suppressive effect by negatively regulating KRAS in xenograft mice. Taken together, our findings provide evidence supporting the role of miR-16 as a tumor suppressor in CRC by targeting KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying You
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Wu Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xin Yue
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yi Ba
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
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Wang L, Wang H, Song D, Xu M, Liebmen M. New strategies for targeting drug combinations to overcome mutation-driven drug resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 42:44-51. [PMID: 27840276 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies are suggested as an effective alternative for patients with cancer that harbor mutations, but treatment outcomes are frequently limited by primary or acquired drug resistance. The present review describes potential mechanisms of primary or acquired drug resistances to provide a resource for considering how to be overcome. We focus on strategies of targeted drug combinations to minimize the development of drug resistance within the context how resistance develops. Strategies benefit from the combined use of "omics" technologies, i.e., high-throughput functional genomics data, pharmacogenomics, or genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening, to analyze and design targeted drug combinations for mutation-driven drug resistance. We also introduce new insights towards pathway-centric combined therapies as an alternative to overcome the heterogeneity and benefit patient prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haiyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongli Song
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Menglin Xu
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Liebmen
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China.
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Teixeira SF, de Azevedo RA, Silva AC, Braga RC, Jorge SD, Barbuto JAM, Andrade CH, Ferreira AK. Evaluation of cytotoxic effect of the combination of a pyridinyl carboxamide derivative and oxaliplatin on NCI-H1299 human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1019-1028. [PMID: 27768927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Even with all improvements in both diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, lung cancer remains as the most lethal and prevalent cancer in the world. Therefore, new therapeutic drugs and new strategies of drug combination are necessary to provide treatments that are more efficient. Currently, standard therapy regimen for lung cancer includes platinum drugs, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin. Besides of the better toxicity profile of oxaliplatin when compared with cisplatin, peripheral neuropathy remains as a limitation of oxaliplatin dose. This study presents LabMol-12, a new pyridinyl carboxamide derivative with antileishmanial and antichagasic activity, as a new hit for lung cancer treatment, which induces apoptosis dependent of caspases in NCI-H1299 lung cancer cells both in monolayer and 3D culture. Moreover, LabMol-12 allows a reduction of oxaliplatin dose when they are combined, thereby, it is a relevant strategy for reducing the side effects of oxaliplatin with the same response. Molecular modeling studies corroborated the biological findings and suggested that the combined therapy can provide a better therapeutically profile effects against NSCLC. All these findings support the fact that the combination of oxaliplatin and LabMol-12 is a promising drug combination for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fernandes Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1730 Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alexandre de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1730 Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Carvalho Silva
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, 240 Street, 74605-170, Goiania - GO, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho Campos Braga
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, 240 Street, 74605-170, Goiania - GO, Brazil
| | - Salomão Dória Jorge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1730 Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Marzagão Barbuto
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1730 Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, 240 Street, 74605-170, Goiania - GO, Brazil
| | - Adilson Kleber Ferreira
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1730 Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil.
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Hou J, Zhang Y, Zhu Z. Gene heterogeneity in metastasis of colorectal cancer to the lung. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 64:58-64. [PMID: 27590223 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) as a heterogeneous disease, is one of the most common and serious cancers with high metastases and mortality. Lung is one of the most common sites of CRC metastases with high heterogeneity between cells, pathways, or molecules. The present review will focus on potential roles of gene heterogeneity in KRAS pathway in the development of CRC metastasis to lung and clinical therapies, which would lead to better understanding of the metastatic control and benefit to the treatment of metastases. KRAS is the central relay for pathways originating at the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. KRAS mutation exists in about 40% CRC, associated with higher cumulative incidence of CRC lung metastasis, and acts as an independent predictor of metastasis to lung. Mutations in KRAS can lead to poor response of patients to panitumumab, and inferior progression-free survival. However, most patients with KRAS wild-type tumors still do not respond, which indicates other mutations. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutation was associated with lung metastases in metastatic colorectal cancer. PIK3CA mutation in exon 20 was found to be correlated with patient survival in the metastatic setting after the treatment with cetuximab and chemotherapy. The heterogeneity of KRAS pathway was found in the phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten loss, disheveled binding antagonist of beta catenin 2 overexpression and increased dual-specificity protein phosphatase 4 expression of CRC lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Hou
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhitu Zhu
- Jinzhou Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, JinZhou, China.
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Could drugs inhibiting the mevalonate pathway also target cancer stem cells? Drug Resist Updat 2016; 25:13-25. [PMID: 27155373 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the connection between metabolic pathways and cancer is very important for the development of new therapeutic approaches based on regulatory enzymes in pathways associated with tumorigenesis. The mevalonate cascade and its rate-liming enzyme HMG CoA-reductase has recently drawn the attention of cancer researchers because strong evidences arising mostly from epidemiologic studies, show that it could promote transformation. Hence, these studies pinpoint HMG CoA-reductase as a candidate proto-oncogene. Several recent epidemiological studies, in different populations, have proven that statins are beneficial for the treatment-outcome of various cancers, and may improve common cancer therapy strategies involving alkylating agents, and antimetabolites. Cancer stem cells/cancer initiating cells (CSC) are key to cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, in the current review we address the different effects of statins on cancer stem cells. The mevalonate cascade is among the most pleiotropic, and highly interconnected signaling pathways. Through G-protein-coupled receptors (GRCP), it integrates extra-, and intracellular signals. The mevalonate pathway is implicated in cell stemness, cell proliferation, and organ size regulation through the Hippo pathway (e.g. Yap/Taz signaling axis). This pathway is a prime preventive target through the administration of statins for the prophylaxis of obesity-related cardiovascular diseases. Its prominent role in regulation of cell growth and stemness also invokes its role in cancer development and progression. The mevalonate pathway affects cancer metastasis in several ways by: (i) affecting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), (ii) affecting remodeling of the cytoskeleton as well as cell motility, (iii) affecting cell polarity (non-canonical Wnt/planar pathway), and (iv) modulation of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Herein we provide an overview of the mevalonate signaling network. We then briefly highlight diverse functions of various elements of this mevalonate pathway. We further discuss in detail the role of elements of the mevalonate cascade in stemness, carcinogenesis, cancer progression, metastasis and maintenance of cancer stem cells.
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