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Resolution of eicosanoid/cytokine storm prevents carcinogen and inflammation-initiated hepatocellular cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21576-21587. [PMID: 32801214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007412117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic environmental carcinogens promote cancer via genotoxic and nongenotoxic pathways, but nongenetic mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Carcinogen-induced apoptosis may trigger escape from dormancy of microtumors by interfering with inflammation resolution and triggering an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. While eicosanoid and cytokine storms are well-characterized in infection and inflammation, they are poorly characterized in cancer. Here, we demonstrate that carcinogens, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), induce apoptotic cell death and the resulting cell debris stimulates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor growth via an "eicosanoid and cytokine storm." AFB1-generated debris up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), ER stress-response genes including BiP, CHOP, and PDI in macrophages. Thus, selective cytokine or eicosanoid blockade is unlikely to prevent carcinogen-induced cancer progression. Pharmacological abrogation of both the COX-2 and sEH pathways by PTUPB prevented the debris-stimulated eicosanoid and cytokine storm, down-regulated ER stress genes, and promoted macrophage phagocytosis of debris, resulting in suppression of HCC tumor growth. Thus, inflammation resolution via dual COX-2/sEH inhibition is an approach to prevent carcinogen-induced cancer.
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Nourmohammadi S, Aung TN, Cui J, Pei JV, De Ieso ML, Harata-Lee Y, Qu Z, Adelson DL, Yool AJ. Effect of Compound Kushen Injection, a Natural Compound Mixture, and Its Identified Chemical Components on Migration and Invasion of Colon, Brain, and Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2019; 9:314. [PMID: 31106149 PMCID: PMC6498862 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines are promising sources of new agents for controlling cancer metastasis. Compound Kushen Injection (CKI), prepared from medicinal plants Sophora flavescens and Heterosmilax chinensis, disrupts cell cycle and induces apoptosis in breast cancer; however, effects on migration and invasion remained unknown. CKI, fractionated mixtures, and isolated components were tested in migration assays with colon (HT-29, SW-480, DLD-1), brain (U87-MG, U251-MG), and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines. Human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) served as non-cancerous controls. Wound closure, transwell invasion, and live cell imaging showed CKI reduced motility in all eight lines. Fractionation and reconstitution of CKI demonstrated combinations of compounds were required for activity. Live cell imaging confirmed CKI strongly reduced migration of HT-29 and MDA-MB-231 cells, moderately slowed brain cancer cells, and had a small effect on HEK-293. CKI uniformly blocked invasiveness through extracellular matrix. Apoptosis was increased by CKI in breast cancer but not in non-cancerous lines. Cell viability was unaffected by CKI in all cell lines. Transcriptomic analyses of MDA-MB-231indicated down-regulation of actin cytoskeletal and focal adhesion genes with CKI treatment, consistent with observed impairment of cell migration. The pharmacological complexity of CKI is important for effective blockade of cancer migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nourmohammadi
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thazin Nwe Aung
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jinxin V. Pei
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Yuka Harata-Lee
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zhipeng Qu
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David L. Adelson
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea J. Yool
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ratajczak MZ, Bujko K, Mack A, Kucia M, Ratajczak J. Cancer from the perspective of stem cells and misappropriated tissue regeneration mechanisms. Leukemia 2018; 32:2519-2526. [PMID: 30375490 PMCID: PMC6286324 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis can be considered as pathologically misappropriated tissue regeneration. In this review we will address some unresolved issues that support this concept. First, we will address the issue of the identity of cancer-initiating cells and the presence of cancer stem cells in growing tumors. We will also ask are there rare and distinct populations of cancer stem cells in established tumor cell lines, or are all of the cells cancer stem cells? Second, the most important clinical problem with cancer is its metastasis, and here a challenging question arises: by employing radio-chemotherapy for tumor treatment, do we unintentionally create a prometastatic microenvironment in collateral organs? Specifically, many factors upregulated in response to radio-chemotherapy-induced injury may attract highly migratory cancer cells that survived initial treatment. Third, what is the contribution of normal circulating stem cells to the growing malignancy? Do circulating normal stem cells recognize a tumor as a hypoxia-damaged tissue that needs vascular and stromal support and thereby contribute to tumor expansion? Fourth, is it reasonable to inhibit only one prometastatic ligand-receptor axis when cancer stem cells express several receptors for several chemotactic factors that may compensate for inhibition of the targeted receptor? Fifth, since most aggressive cancer cells mimic early-development stem cells, which properties of embryonic stem cells are retained in cancer cells? Would it be reasonable to inhibit cancer cell signaling pathways involved in the migration and proliferation of embryonic stem cells? We will also briefly address some new players in cancerogenesis, including extracellular microvesicles, bioactive phospholipids, and extracellular nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, 40202, Kentucky, USA.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamila Bujko
- Stem Cell Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, 40202, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aaron Mack
- Stem Cell Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, 40202, Kentucky, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, 40202, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, 40202, Kentucky, USA
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Wittkowski KM, Dadurian C, Seybold MP, Kim HS, Hoshino A, Lyden D. Complex polymorphisms in endocytosis genes suggest alpha-cyclodextrin as a treatment for breast cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199012. [PMID: 29965997 PMCID: PMC6028090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most breast cancer deaths are caused by metastasis and treatment options beyond radiation and cytotoxic drugs, which have severe side effects, and hormonal treatments, which are or become ineffective for many patients, are urgently needed. This study reanalyzed existing data from three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using a novel computational biostatistics approach (muGWAS), which had been validated in studies of 600-2000 subjects in epilepsy and autism. MuGWAS jointly analyzes several neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms while incorporating knowledge about genetics of heritable diseases into the statistical method and about GWAS into the rules for determining adaptive genome-wide significance. Results from three independent GWAS of 1000-2000 subjects each, which were made available under the National Institute of Health's "Up For A Challenge" (U4C) project, not only confirmed cell-cycle control and receptor/AKT signaling, but, for the first time in breast cancer GWAS, also consistently identified many genes involved in endo-/exocytosis (EEC), most of which had already been observed in functional and expression studies of breast cancer. In particular, the findings include genes that translocate (ATP8A1, ATP8B1, ANO4, ABCA1) and metabolize (AGPAT3, AGPAT4, DGKQ, LPPR1) phospholipids entering the phosphatidylinositol cycle, which controls EEC. These novel findings suggest scavenging phospholipids as a novel intervention to control local spread of cancer, packaging of exosomes (which prepare distant microenvironment for organ-specific metastases), and endocytosis of β1 integrins (which are required for spread of metastatic phenotype and mesenchymal migration of tumor cells). Beta-cyclodextrins (βCD) have already been shown to be effective in in vitro and animal studies of breast cancer, but exhibits cholesterol-related ototoxicity. The smaller alpha-cyclodextrins (αCD) also scavenges phospholipids, but cannot fit cholesterol. An in-vitro study presented here confirms hydroxypropyl (HP)-αCD to be twice as effective as HPβCD against migration of human cells of both receptor negative and estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer. If the previous successful animal studies with βCDs are replicated with the safer and more effective αCDs, clinical trials of adjuvant treatment with αCDs are warranted. Ultimately, all breast cancer are expected to benefit from treatment with HPαCD, but women with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) will benefit most, because they have fewer treatment options and their cancer advances more aggressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut M. Wittkowski
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christina Dadurian
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin P. Seybold
- Institut für Formale Methoden der Informatik, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ayuko Hoshino
- Department of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Somplatzki S, Mühlenhoff M, Kröger A, Gerardy-Schahn R, Böldicke T. Intrabodies against the Polysialyltransferases ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV inhibit Polysialylation of NCAM in rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:42. [PMID: 28499450 PMCID: PMC5429572 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polysialic acid (polySia) is a carbohydrate modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is implicated in neural differentiation and plays an important role in tumor development and metastasis. Polysialylation of NCAM is mediated by two Golgi-resident polysialyltransferases (polyST) ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV. Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies; IB) expressed inside the ER and retaining proteins passing the ER such as cell surface receptors or secretory proteins provide an efficient means of protein knockdown. To inhibit the function of ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV specific ER IBs were generated starting from two corresponding hybridoma clones. Both IBs αST8SiaII-IB and αST8SiaIV-IB were constructed in the scFv format and their functions characterized in vitro and in vivo. Results IBs directed against the polySTs prevented the translocation of the enzymes from the ER to the Golgi-apparatus. Co-immunoprecipitation of ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV with the corresponding IBs confirmed the intracellular interaction with their cognate antigens. In CHO cells overexpressing ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, respectively, the transfection with αST8SiaII-IB or αST8SiaIV-IB inhibited significantly the cell surface expression of polysialylated NCAM. Furthermore stable expression of ST8SiaII-IB, ST8SiaIV-IB and luciferase in the rhabdomyosarcoma cell line TE671 reduced cell surface expression of polySia and delayed tumor growth if cells were xenografted into C57BL/6 J RAG-2 mice. Conclusion Data obtained strongly indicate that αST8SiaII-IB and αST8SiaIV-IB are promising experimental tools to analyze the individual role of the two enzymes during brain development and during migration and proliferation of tumor cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-017-0360-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Somplatzki
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Structural and Functional Protein Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Group Innate Immunity and Infection, Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Böldicke
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Structural and Functional Protein Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Schneider G, Sellers ZP, Bujko K, Kakar SS, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Novel pleiotropic effects of bioactive phospholipids in human lung cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58247-58263. [PMID: 28938552 PMCID: PMC5601648 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously proposed that one of the unwanted side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the increase in several peptide- and non-peptide based chemoattractants in damaged tissues, leading to induction of a prometastatic microenvironment for remaining cancer cells. Herein, we turned out our attention to a potential role of bioactive phospholipids (BphsLs), such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in lung cancer (LC) metastasis. We report that LC cells express several functional BphL receptors (for S1P, LPC, and LPA) as well as several enzymes involved in their metabolism and that BphsLs are potent chemokinetic and adhesion factors for these cells. We also demonstrate for the first time the novel role of C1P as a prometastatic factor in LC cells. In addition to their chemokinetic activities, BphsLs also sensitize or prime the chemotactic responsiveness of LC cells to known prometastatic factors such as hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). Thus, for the first time we demonstrate a prometastatic effect that is based on the priming of a cell's responsiveness to chemotactic factors by chemokinetic factors. To our surprise, none of the bioactive lipids induced proliferation of LC cells or ameliorated toxic effects of vincristine treatment. Interestingly, BphsLs increase adhesion of LC cells to bone marrow-derived stromal cells and stimulate these cells to release ExNs, which additionally increase LC cell motility. In conclusion, our results show that BphsLs are important modulators of prometastatic environment. Therefore, their inhibitors could be considered as potential anti-metastatic drug candidates to be included as a part of post radio- and/or chemo- therapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Schneider
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zachariah Payne Sellers
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kamila Bujko
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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