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Zhou M, Tang J, Fan J, Wen X, Shen J, Jia R, Chai P, Fan X. Recent progress in retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis and management. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2024; 13:100058. [PMID: 38615905 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2024.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, the primary ocular malignancy in pediatric patients, poses a substantial threat to mortality without prompt and effective management. The prognosis for survival and preservation of visual acuity hinges upon the disease severity at the time of initial diagnosis. Notably, retinoblastoma has played a crucial role in unraveling the genetic foundations of oncogenesis. The process of tumorigenesis commonly begins with the occurrence of biallelic mutation in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene, which is then followed by a cascade of genetic and epigenetic alterations that correspond to the clinical stage and pathological features of the tumor. The RB1 gene, recognized as a tumor suppressor, encodes the retinoblastoma protein, which plays a vital role in governing cellular replication through interactions with E2F transcription factors and chromatin remodeling proteins. The diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma necessitate consideration of numerous factors, including disease staging, germline mutation status, family psychosocial factors, and the resources available within the institution. This review has systematically compiled and categorized the latest developments in the diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma which enhanced the quality of care for this pediatric malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieling Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China.
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Mollick T, Darekar S, Dalarun B, Plastino F, Zhang J, Fernández AP, Alkasalias T, André H, Laín S. Retinoblastoma vulnerability to combined de novo and salvage pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis pharmacologic blockage. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23831. [PMID: 38332874 PMCID: PMC10851301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is an eye cancer that commonly affects young children. Despite significant advances, current treatments cause side effects even when administered locally, and patients may still have to undergo enucleation. This is particularly disheartening in cases of bilateral retinoblastoma. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Inhibitors of the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), which is involved in the de novo pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis pathway, have proven to be effective in preclinical trials against several cancers including pediatric cancers. Here we tested whether blocking pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis promotes retinoblastoma cell death. Cultured retinoblastoma cell lines were treated with small molecule inhibitors of DHODH alone or in combination with inhibitors of nucleoside uptake to also block the salvage pathway for pyrimidine ribonucleotide formation. On their own, DHODH inhibitors had a moderate killing effect. However, the combination with nucleoside uptake inhibitors greatly enhanced the effect of DHODH inhibition. In addition, we observed that pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis blockage can cause cell death in a p53 mutant retinoblastoma cell line derived from a patient with metastasis. Explaining these results, the analysis of a published patient cohort revealed that loss of chr16q22.2 (containing the DHODH gene) is amongst the most frequent alterations in retinoblastoma and that these tumors often show gains in chromosome regions expressing pyrimidine ribonucleotide salvage factors. Furthermore, these genome alterations associate with malignancy. These results indicate that targeting pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis may be an effective therapeutic strategy to consider as a treatment for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Mollick
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suhas Darekar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Basile Dalarun
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flavia Plastino
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andres Pastor Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Twana Alkasalias
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- General Directorate of Scientific Research Center, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Helder André
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonia Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gulati K, Manukonda R, Kairamkonda M, Kaliki S, Poluri KM. Serum Metabolomics of Retinoblastoma: Assessing the Differential Serum Metabolic Signatures of Unilateral and Bilateral Patients. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48233-48250. [PMID: 38144138 PMCID: PMC10733957 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common pediatric eye cancer. To identify the biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring the progression of Rb in patients, mapping of the alterations in their metabolic profiles is essential. The present study aims at exploring the metabolic disparity in serum from Rb patients and controls using NMR-based metabolomics. A total of 72 metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids, were quantified in serum samples from 24 Rb patients and 26 controls. Distinct clusters of Rb patients and controls were obtained using the partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model. Further, univariate and multivariate analyses of unilateral and bilateral Rb patients with respect to their age-matched controls depicted their distinct metabolic fingerprints. Metabolites including 2-phosphoglycerate, 4-aminobutyrate, proline, O-phosphocholine, O-phosphoethanolamine, and Sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Sn-GPC) showed significant perturbation in both unilateral and bilateral Rb patients. However, metabolic differences among the bilateral Rb cases were more pronounced than those in unilateral Rb cases with respect to controls. In addition to major discriminatory metabolites for Rb, unilateral and bilateral Rb cases showed specific metabolic changes, which might be the result of their differential genetic/somatic mutational backgrounds. This further suggests that the aberrant metabolic perturbation in bilateral patients signifies the severity of the disease in Rb patients. The present study demonstrated that identified serum metabolites have potential to serve as a noninvasive method for detection of Rb, discriminate bilateral from unilateral Rb patients, and aid in better understanding of the RB tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Gulati
- The
Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
- Brien
Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad
Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
| | - Radhika Manukonda
- The
Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
- Brien
Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad
Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
| | - Manikyaprabhu Kairamkonda
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The
Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Zeng Q, Wang S, Chen L, Wang J. Transcriptome analysis reveals molecularly distinct subtypes in retinoblastoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16475. [PMID: 37777551 PMCID: PMC10542806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intraocular malignancy in children. Little is known on the molecular basis underlying the biological and clinical behavior of this cancer. Here, using gene expression profiles, we demonstrate the existence of two major retinoblastoma subtypes that can be divided into six subgroups. Subtype 1 has higher expression of cone related genes and higher percentage of RB1 germline mutation. By contrast, subtype 2 tumors harbor more genes with ganglion/neuronal features. The dedifferentiation in subtype 2 is associated with stemness features including low immune infiltration. Gene Otology analysis demonstrates that immune response regulations and visual related pathways are the key molecular difference between subtypes. Subtype 1b has the highest risk of invasiveness across all subtypes. The recognition of these molecular subtypes shed a light on the important biological and clinical perspectives for retinoblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Lu Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinwei Wang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Cerna-Chavez R, Rozanska A, Poretti GL, Benvenisty N, Parulekar M, Lako M. Retinal pigment epithelium exhibits gene expression and phagocytic activity alterations when exposed to retinoblastoma chemotherapeutics. Exp Eye Res 2023; 233:109542. [PMID: 37331647 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare malignant disorder affecting the developing retina of children under the age of five. Chemotherapeutic agents used for treating Rb have been associated with defects of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), such as hyperplasia, gliosis, and mottling. Herein, we have developed two pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-RPE models to assess the cytotoxicity of known Rb chemotherapeutics such as Melphalan, Topotecan and TW-37. Our findings demonstrate that these drugs alter the RPE by decreasing the monolayer barrier's trans-epithelial resistance and affecting the cells' phagocytic activity. Transcriptional analyses demonstrate an altered expression of genes involved in melanin and retinol processing, tight junction and apical-basal polarity pathways in both models. When applied within the clinical range, none of the drug treatments caused significant cytotoxic effects, changes to the apical-basal polarity, tight junction network or cell cycle. Together, our results demonstrate that although the most commonly used Rb chemotherapeutic drugs do not cause cytotoxicity in RPE, their application in vitro leads to compromised phagocytosis and strength of the barrier function, in addition to changes in gene expression that could alter the visual cycle in vivo. Our data demonstrate that widely used Rb chemotherapeutic drugs can have a deleterious impact on RPE cells and thus great care has to be exercised with regard to their delivery so the adjacent healthy RPE is not damaged during the course of tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nissim Benvenisty
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Bisht S, Chawla B, Kumar A, Vijayan V, Kumar M, Sharma P, Dada R. Identification of novel genes by targeted exome sequencing in Retinoblastoma. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:771-788. [PMID: 35930312 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) is initiated by mutation in both alleles of RB1 gene. However, few cases may occur even in the absence of RB1 mutation suggesting the role of genes other than RB1. METHODOLOGY The current study was planned to utilize targeted exome sequencing in Indian RB patients affected with unilateral non-familial RB. 75 unilateral RB patients below 5 years of age were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood and tumor tissue. From peripheral blood DNA, all coding and exon/intron regions were amplified using PCR and direct sequencing. Cases which did not harbor pathogenic variants in peripheral blood DNA were further screened for mutations in their tumor tissue DNA using targeted exome sequencing. Three pathogenicity prediction tools (Mutation Taster, SIFT, and PolyPhen-2) were used to determine the pathogenicity of non-synonymous variations. An in-house bioinformatics pipeline was devised for the mutation screening by targeted exome sequencing. Protein modeling studies were also done to predict the effect of the mutations on the protein structure and function. RESULTS Using the mentioned approach, we found two novel variants (g.69673_69674insT and g.48373314C>A) in RB1 gene in peripheral blood DNA. We also found novel variants in eight genes (RB1, ACAD11, GPR151, KCNA1, OTOR, SOX30, ARL11, and MYCT1) that may be associated with RB pathogenesis. CONCLUSION The present study expands our current knowledge regarding the genomic landscape of RB and also highlights the importance of NGS technologies to detect genes and novel variants that may play an important role in cancer initiation, progression, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Bisht
- Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavna Chawla
- Ocular Oncology Service, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Computational Genomics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Vijayan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Development and characterization of DNA aptamer against Retinoblastoma by Cell-SELEX. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16178. [PMID: 36171412 PMCID: PMC9519959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common paediatric intraocular tumour. The management of RB has improved the survival and vision with recent advances in the treatment. Improved therapeutic approaches focussing on targeting tumours and minimizing the treatment-associated side effects are being developed. In this study, we generated a ssDNA aptamer against RB by cell-SELEX and high-throughput sequencing using Weri-RB1 cell line as the target, and Muller glial cell line Mio-M1 as the control. Three aptamers were selected based on the number of repetitions in NGS and phylogenetic relationship and evaluated by flow cytometry to assess their binding affinity and selectivity. The dissociation constant, Kd values of three selected aptamers were found to be in the nanomolar range. Aptamer VRF-CSRB-01 with the best binding affinity and a Kd value of 49.41 ± 7.87 nM was further characterized. The proteinase and temperature treatment indicated that VRF-CSRB-01 targets surface proteins, and has a good binding affinity and excellent selectivity under physiological conditions. The aptamer VRF-CSRB-01 was stable over 72 h in serum and 96 h in cerebral spinal fluid and vitreous. With the high affinity, specificity, stability and specific recognition of clinical RB tumours, VRF-CSRB-01 aptamer holds potential for application in diagnosis and targeting RB.
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Single-cell characterization of malignant phenotypes and microenvironment alteration in retinoblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:438. [PMID: 35523772 PMCID: PMC9076657 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood. It is known that the tumor microenvironment (TME) regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, how the malignant progression in RB is determined by the heterogeneity of tumor cells and TME remains uncharacterized. Here, we conducted integrative single-cell transcriptome and whole-exome sequencing analysis of RB patients with detailed pathological and clinical measurements. By single-cell transcriptomic sequencing, we profiled around 70,000 cells from tumor samples of seven RB patients. We identified that the major cell types in RB were cone precursor-like (CP-like) and MKI67+ cone precursor (MKI67+ CP) cells. By integrating copy number variation (CNV) analysis, we found that RB samples had large clonal heterogeneity, where the malignant MKI67+ CP cells had significantly larger copy number changes. Enrichment analysis revealed that the conversion of CP-like to MKI67+ CP resulted in the loss of photoreceptor function and increased cell proliferation ability. The TME in RB was composed of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), astrocyte-like, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Particularly, during the invasion process, TAMs created an immunosuppressive environment, in which the proportion of TAMs decreased, M1-type macrophage was lost, and the TAMs-related immune functions were depressed. Finally, we identified that TAMs regulated tumor cells through GRN and MIF signaling pathways, while TAMs self-regulated through inhibition of CCL and GALECTIN signaling pathways during the invasion process. Altogether, our study creates a detailed transcriptomic map of RB with single-cell characterization of malignant phenotypes and provides novel molecular insights into the occurrence and progression of RB.
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Sradhanjali S, Rout P, Tripathy D, Kaliki S, Rath S, Modak R, Mittal R, Chowdary TK, Reddy MM. The Oncogene MYCN Modulates Glycolytic and Invasive Genes to Enhance Cell Viability and Migration in Human Retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205248. [PMID: 34680394 PMCID: PMC8533785 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is usually initiated by biallelic RB1 gene inactivation. In addition, MYCN copy number alterations also contribute to RB pathogenesis. However, MYCN expression, its role in disease progression and correlation with RB histological risk factors are not well understood. We studied the expression of MYCN in enucleated RB patient specimens by immunohistochemistry. MYCN is overexpressed in RB compared to control retina. Our microarray gene expression analysis followed by qRT-PCR validation revealed that genes involved in glucose metabolism and migration are significantly downregulated in MYCN knockdown cells. Further, targeting MYCN in RB cells using small molecule compounds or shRNAs led to decreased cell survival and migration, increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, suggesting that MYCN inhibition can be a potential therapeutic strategy. We also noted that MYCN inhibition results in reduction in glucose uptake, lactate production, ROS levels and gelatinolytic activity of active-MMP9, explaining a possible mechanism of MYCN in RB. Taking clues from our findings, we tested a combination treatment of RB cells with carboplatin and MYCN inhibitors to find enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared to single drug treatment. Thus, MYCN inhibition can be a potential therapeutic strategy in combination with existing chemotherapy drugs to restrict tumor cell growth in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatishree Sradhanjali
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Padmalochan Rout
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- Novo Nordisk, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Devjyoti Tripathy
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (D.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, Telangana, India;
| | - Suryasnata Rath
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (D.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Rahul Modak
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Ruchi Mittal
- Kanupriya Dalmia Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Tirumala Kumar Chowdary
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
| | - Mamatha M. Reddy
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-674-3987175
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Carbone E. T-type calcium channels as therapeutic targets for treating "giant" retinoblastoma cancer cells. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1689-1690. [PMID: 34491442 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science, Lab of Cell Physiology and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Giant Y79 retinoblastoma cells contain functionally active T-type calcium channels. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1631-1639. [PMID: 34392423 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children. Y79 human retinoblastoma cells are in vitro models of retinal tumors used for drug screening. Undifferentiated Y79 cells originate from a primitive multi-potential neuroectodermal cell and express neuronal and glial properties. However, the nature of cellular heterogeneity in Y79 cells is unclear because functional methods to characterize neurons or glial cells have not been employed to Y79 cells. Here, we perform patch-clamp recordings to characterize electrophysiological properties in retinoblastoma cells. We identified a population of large-sized Y79 cells (i.e., giant cells, ~ 40-µm diameter), hyperpolarized resting membrane potential (-54 mV), and low input resistance (~ 600 MΩ), indicating electrically mature cells. We also found that giant Y79 cells contain increased density of T-type calcium channels. Finally, we found that T-type calcium channels are active only in giant cells suggesting that cancer treatments aimed to prevent calcium influx in retinoblastomas should be tested in giant cells.
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Li J, Min Y. Pre-clinical evidence that salinomycin is active against retinoblastoma via inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and AMPK activation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:513-523. [PMID: 34365583 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The poor outcomes in retinoblastoma necessitate new treatments. Salinomycin is an attractive candidate, and has demonstrated selective anti-cancer properties in different cancer types. This work addressed the efficacy of salinomycin in retinoblastoma models and probe the associated mechanisms. Cellular functional assays were conducted to determine the effects salinomycin in vitro. Xenograft retinoblastoma mouse model was established to investigate the efficacy of salinomycin in vivo. Biochemical assays were conducted to analyze the mechanism of salinomycin's action focusing on mitochondrial functions, energy reduction-related signaling pathways. Salinomycin has positive effects towards retinoblastoma cells regardless of heterogeneity through suppressing growth and inducing apoptosis. Salinomycin also specifically inhibits cells displaying stemness and highly invasive phenotypes. Using retinoblastoma xenograft mouse model, we show that salinomycin at non-toxic dose effectively inhibits growth and induces apoptosis. Mechanistic studies show that salinomycin inhibits mitochondrial respiration via specifically suppressing complex I and II activities, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and decreases energy reduction, followed by induction of oxidative stress and damage, AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition. Our study highlights that adding salinomycin to the existing treatment armamentarium for retinoblastoma is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China.
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Collin J, Queen R, Zerti D, Steel DH, Bowen C, Parulekar M, Lako M. Dissecting the Transcriptional and Chromatin Accessibility Heterogeneity of Proliferating Cone Precursors in Human Retinoblastoma Tumors by Single Cell Sequencing-Opening Pathways to New Therapeutic Strategies? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:18. [PMID: 34003213 PMCID: PMC8132003 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a malignant neoplasm arising during retinal development from mutations in the RB1 gene. Loss or inactivation of both copies of RB1 results in initiation of retinoblastoma tumors; however, additional genetic changes are needed for the continued growth and spread of the tumor. Ex vivo research has shown that in humans, retinoblastoma may initiate from RB1-depleted cone precursors. Notwithstanding, it has not been possible to assess the full spectrum of clonal types within the tumor itself in vivo and the molecular changes occurring at the cells of origin, enabling their malignant conversion. To overcome these challenges, we have performed the first single cell (sc) RNA- and ATAC-Seq analyses of primary tumor tissues, enabling us to dissect the transcriptional and chromatin accessibility heterogeneity of proliferating cone precursors in human Rb tumors. Methods Two Rb tumors each characterized by two pathogenic RB1 mutations were dissociated to single cells and subjected to scRNA-Seq and scATAC-Seq using the 10× Genomics platform. In addition, nine human embryonic and fetal retina samples were dissociated to single cells and subjected to scRNA- and ATAC-Seq analyses. The scRNA- and ATAC-Seq data were embedded using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection and clustered with Seurat graph-based clustering. Integrated scATAC-Seq analysis of Rb tumors and human embryonic/fetal retina samples was performed to identify Rb cone enriched subclusters. Pseudo time analysis of proliferating cones in the Rb samples was performed with Monocle. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify the signaling pathway and upstream regulators in the Rb cone-enriched subclusters. Results Our single cell analyses revealed the predominant presence of cone precursors at different stages of the cell cycle in the Rb tumors and among those identified the G2/M subset as the cell type of origin. scATAC-Seq analysis identified two Rb enriched cone subclusters, each characterized by activation of different upstream regulators and signaling pathways, enabling proliferating cone precursors to escape cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Conclusions Our study provides evidence of Rb tumor heterogeneity and defines molecular pathways that can be targeted to define new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Collin
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Queen
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Darin Zerti
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - David H Steel
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Bowen
- Birmingham Women's and Children NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Parulekar
- Birmingham Women's and Children NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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14
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Xu L, Polski A, Prabakar RK, Reid MW, Chevez-Barrios P, Jubran R, Kim JW, Kuhn P, Cobrinik D, Hicks J, Berry JL. Chromosome 6p Amplification in Aqueous Humor Cell-Free DNA Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Retinoblastoma Ocular Survival. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1166-1175. [PMID: 32434859 PMCID: PMC7415535 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous humor contains tumor-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and can serve as a liquid biopsy for retinoblastoma. We previously associated somatic copy-number alteration (SCNA) 6p gain with a 10-fold increased risk of enucleation. Here we provide a 2-year update to further explore 6p gain as a prognostic biomarker for ocular survival. Patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma from December 2014 to July 2019 from whom aqueous humor was sampled were included. cfDNA was extracted and shallow whole-genome sequencing performed to identify highly recurrent retinoblastoma SCNAs (gain of 1q, 2p, 6p, loss of 13q, 16q). 116 aqueous humor samples from 50 eyes of 46 patients were included: 27 eyes were salvaged, 23 were enucleated. Highly recurrent retinoblastoma SCNAs were found in 66% eyes. 6p gain was the most prevalent SCNA (50% eyes). It was particularly more prevalent in enucleated eyes (73.9%) than in salvaged eyes (29.6%; P = 0.004). 6p gain in aqueous humor cfDNA portended nearly 10-fold increased odds of enucleation (OR = 9.87; 95% confidence interval = 1.75-55.65; P = 0.009). In the enucleated eyes, 6p gain was associated with aggressive histopathologic features, including necrosis, higher degrees of anaplasia, and focal invasion of ocular structures. With extended follow-up and nearly double the aqueous humor samples, we continue to demonstrate 6p gain as a potential prognostic biomarker for retinoblastoma. IMPLICATIONS: Aqueous humor is a high-yield source of tumor-derived DNA in retinoblastoma eyes. Detection of 6p gain in the aqueous humor allows for targeted, patient-centered therapies based on this molecular prognostic marker. Prospective, multicenter studies with aqueous humor sampled from all eyes at diagnosis are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ashley Polski
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck Medical School of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rishvanth K Prabakar
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark W Reid
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patricia Chevez-Barrios
- Departments of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and Ophthalmology, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Rima Jubran
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan W Kim
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck Medical School of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck Medical School of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jesse L Berry
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck Medical School of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Raguraman R, Parameswaran S, Kanwar JR, Vasudevan M, Chitipothu S, Kanwar RK, Krishnakumar S. Gene expression profiling of tumor stroma interactions in retinoblastoma. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108067. [PMID: 32585195 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify the critical molecular pathways altered upon tumor stroma interactions in retinoblastoma (RB). In vitro 2 D cocultures of RB tumor cells (Weri-Rb-1 and NCC-RbC-51) with primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) was established. Global gene expression patterns in coculture samples were assessed using Affymetrix Prime view human gene chip microarray and followed with bioinformatics analyses. Key upregulated genes from Weri-Rb-1 + BMSC and NCC-RbC-51 + BMSC coculture were validated using qRT-PCR to ascertain their role in RB progression. Whole genome microarray experiments identified significant (P ≤ 0.05, 1.1 log 2 FC) transcriptome level changes induced upon coculture of RB cells with BMSC. A total of 1155 genes were downregulated and 1083 upregulated in Weri-Rb-1 + BMSC coculture. Similarly, 1865 genes showed downregulation and 1644 genes were upregulation in NCC-RbC-51 + BMSC coculture. The upregulated genes were significantly associated with pathways of focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt signalling, ECM-receptor interaction, JAK-STAT, TGF-β signalling thus contributing to RB progression. Validation of key genes by qRT-PCR revealed significant overexpression of IL8, IL6, MYC and SMAD3 in the case of Weri-Rb-1 + BMSC coculture and IL6 in the case of NCC-RbC-51 + BMSC coculture. The microarray expression study on in vitro RB coculture models revealed the pathways that could be involved in the progression of RB. The gene signature obtained in a stimulated model when a growing tumor interacts with its microenvironment may provide new horizons for potential targeted therapy in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Raguraman
- Larsen & Toubro Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, 600006, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Medicine, Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, 600006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jagat Rakesh Kanwar
- School of Medicine, Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Srujana Chitipothu
- Central Research Instrumentation Facility, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, 600006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Kanwar
- School of Medicine, Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Larsen & Toubro Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, 600006, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Medicine, Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, VIC, Australia.
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Deng L, Li J, Lu S, Su Y. Crocin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis through suppressing MYCN expression in retinoblastoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22292. [PMID: 30672053 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms of retinoblastoma are still not yet fully elucidated, putting limits to efficacious treatment. Crocin is the main component of saffron, which exhibits significant antitumorigenic properties. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of crocin on retinoblastoma. The effects of crocin on the proliferation of human retinoblastoma cells were determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, cell number assay, and colony formation assay. Cell apoptosis induced by crocin was measured by flow cytometry analysis. Cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase-3 were tested by western blot analysis. The expression levels of MYCN were assessed by western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the stability of MYCN messenger RNA was determined by in vitro RNA degradation assays. We found that crocin significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and clonogenicity and induced cell apoptosis in Y79 and WERI-RB-1 cells. In addition, crocin treatment significantly reduced the expression and the stability of MYCN. Besides, overexpression of MYCN rescued the inhibitory effect of crocin in Y79 cells. Our findings suggest that crocin exhibits antitumorigenic effects in human retinoblastoma cell lines through a MYCN-dependent manner, which may provide guidance to logical therapeutic designs in prevention and treatment of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Deng
- Department of TCM Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jincun Li
- Department of TCM, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shiyou Lu
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of TCM Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Ke F, Yu J, Chen W, Si X, Li X, Yang F, Liao Y, Zuo Z. The anti-malarial atovaquone selectively increases chemosensitivity in retinoblastoma via mitochondrial dysfunction-dependent oxidative damage and Akt/AMPK/mTOR inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:374-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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