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Bai S, Shi L, Yang K. Deep learning in disease vector image identification. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 39422093 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent a critical global public health concern, with approximately 80% of the world's population at risk of one or more VBD. Manual disease vector identification is time-consuming and expert-dependent, hindering disease control efforts. Deep learning (DL), widely used in image, text, and audio tasks, offers automation potential for disease vector identification. This paper explores the substantial potential of combining DL with disease vector identification. Our aim is to comprehensively summarize the current status of DL in disease vector identification, covering data collection, data preprocessing, model construction, evaluation methods, and applications in identification spanning from species classification to object detection and breeding site identification. We also discuss the challenges and possible prospects for DL in disease vector identification for further research. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Bai
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Bi B, Wu L, Liu Y, Zhou XN, Shen T, Cao L, White M, Yang GJ. Intervention portfolios analysis of Plasmodium vivax control in central China. Malar J 2024; 23:242. [PMID: 39138510 PMCID: PMC11321059 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of a diverse spectrum of malaria interventions were evaluated through a deterministic Plasmodium vivax transmission model. This approach aimed to provide theoretical evidence of the performance of these interventions once implemented for achieving malaria elimination. METHODS An integrated intervention portfolio, including mass drug administration, insecticide treatment, and untreated bed nets, was analyzed through modeling. Additionally, data-driven calibration was implemented to infer coverages that effectively reproduced historical malaria patterns in China from 1971 to 1983. RESULTS MDA utilizing primaquine emerged as the most effective single intervention, achieving a 70% reduction in malaria incidence when implemented at full coverage. Furthermore, a strategic combination of MDA with primaquine, chloroquine, untreated bed nets, and seasonal insecticide treatments effectively eradicated malaria, attaining elimination at a coverage level of 70%. It was conclusively demonstrated that an integrated approach combining MDA and vector control measures is essential for the successful elimination of malaria. CONCLUSION High coverage of mass drug administration with primaquine and chloroquine before transmission was the key driver of the malaria decline in China from 1971 to 1983. The best-fit intervention coverage combinations derived from calibration are provided as a reference for malaria control in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Logan Wu
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianren Shen
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Li Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael White
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guo-Jing Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.
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Hardy A. New directions for malaria vector control using geography and geospatial analysis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 125:1-52. [PMID: 39095110 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
As we strive towards the ambitious goal of malaria elimination, we must embrace integrated strategies and interventions. Like many diseases, malaria is heterogeneously distributed. This inherent spatial component means that geography and geospatial data is likely to have an important role in malaria control strategies. For instance, focussing interventions in areas where malaria risk is highest is likely to provide more cost-effective malaria control programmes. Equally, many malaria vector control strategies, particularly interventions like larval source management, would benefit from accurate maps of malaria vector habitats - sources of water that are used for malarial mosquito oviposition and larval development. In many landscapes, particularly in rural areas, the formation and persistence of these habitats is controlled by geographical factors, notably those related to hydrology. This is especially true for malaria vector species like Anopheles funestsus that show a preference for more permanent, often naturally occurring water sources like small rivers and spring-fed ponds. Previous work has embraced geographical concepts, techniques, and geospatial data for studying malaria risk and vector habitats. But there is much to be learnt if we are to fully exploit what the broader geographical discipline can offer in terms of operational malaria control, particularly in the face of a changing climate. This chapter outlines potential new directions related to several geographical concepts, data sources and analytical approaches, including terrain analysis, satellite imagery, drone technology and field-based observations. These directions are discussed within the context of designing new protocols and procedures that could be readily deployed within malaria control programmes, particularly those within sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular focus on experiences in the Kilombero Valley and the Zanzibar Archipelago, United Republic of Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hardy
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom.
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Xing SY, Zhang HT, Wang LM, Lu HZ, Peng ZY, Liu M, Li CX, Deng SQ. Examining the paradox: increased malaria risk in children under 5 in female-headed households in Nigeria. Malar J 2024; 23:171. [PMID: 38816783 PMCID: PMC11140880 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nigeria is facing a severe malaria crisis, accounting for a significant proportion of global cases and deaths of malaria. This study aimed to investigate the differences between female-headed households (FHHs) and male-headed households (MHHs) and their impact on malaria risk among children under five (U5) in Nigeria. METHODS Data from the 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS) were used for this cross-sectional study. A representative sample of 10,988 households was analysed, with key variables subjected to frequency calculations, descriptive statistics, and bivariate analyses using t-tests and chi-square analyses to compare the differences between FHHs and MHHs. RESULTS Among all participants, 92.1% (N = 10,126) reported residing in male-headed households, while 7.8% (N = 862) reported living in female-headed households. MHHs were significantly more likely to own insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) than FHHs (64.7% vs. 53.6%, P < 0.001). U5 children in MHHs had a greater likelihood of sleeping under a bed net the night before the survey than U5 children in FHHs (35.3% vs. 30.0%, P < 0.05). The prevalence of fever in the previous two weeks among U5 children was similar in MHHs and FHHs (35.4% vs. 31.4%), and the testing rates for malaria among U5 children who experienced febrile episodes were higher in MHHs than FHHs (22.4% vs. 15.4%, P < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, FHHs exhibited a higher percentage of U5 children testing positive for malaria compared to MHHs (87.8% vs. 78.9%). On the other hand, FHHs had higher education levels, overall wealth index scores, and a larger presence in urban areas compared to MHHs (P < 0.001). Moreover, FHHs reported higher adherence to malaria prevention awareness (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In Nigeria, FHHs enjoy relatively better socioeconomic conditions and stronger awareness of malaria prevention compared to their male-headed counterparts. Contrary to expectations, FHHs are at an increased risk of malaria in children under 5 years old. This phenomenon is associated with entrenched gender inequality and the challenges women face in accessing critical assets. As women in FHHs bear the responsibility of income generation while caring for their children, it is crucial to prioritize interventions that address malaria management in FHHs to reduce both malaria incidence and mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hai-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lin-Min Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hong-Zheng Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhe-Yu Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Sheng-Qun Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Manzoni G, Try R, Guintran JO, Christiansen-Jucht C, Jacoby E, Sovannaroth S, Zhang Z, Banouvong V, Shortus MS, Reyburn R, Chanthavisouk C, Linn NYY, Thapa B, Khine SK, Sudathip P, Gopinath D, Thieu NQ, Ngon MS, Cong DT, Hui L, Kelley J, Valecha NNK, Bustos MD, Rasmussen C, Tuseo L. Progress towards malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion: perspectives from the World Health Organization. Malar J 2024; 23:64. [PMID: 38429807 PMCID: PMC10908136 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global health challenge, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities. Despite substantial progress, the emergence of anti-malarial drug resistance poses a constant threat. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), which includes Cambodia, China's Yunnan province, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam has been the epicentre for the emergence of resistance to successive generations of anti-malarial therapies. From the perspective of the World Health Organization (WHO), this article considers the collaborative efforts in the GMS, to contain Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin partial resistance and multi-drug resistance and to advance malaria elimination. The emergence of artemisinin partial resistance in the GMS necessitated urgent action and regional collaboration resulting in the Strategy for Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion (2015-2030), advocating for accelerated malaria elimination interventions tailored to country needs, co-ordinated and supported by the WHO Mekong malaria elimination programme. The strategy has delivered substantial reductions in malaria across all GMS countries, with a 77% reduction in malaria cases and a 97% reduction in malaria deaths across the GMS between 2012 and 2022. Notably, China was certified malaria-free by WHO in 2021. Countries' ownership and accountability have been pivotal, with each GMS country outlining its priorities in strategic and annual work plans. The development of strong networks for anti-malarial drug resistance surveillance and epidemiological surveillance was essential. Harmonization of policies and guidelines enhanced collaboration, ensuring that activities were driven by evidence. Challenges persist, particularly in Myanmar, where security concerns have limited recent progress, though an intensification and acceleration plan aims to regain momentum. Barriers to implementation can slow progress and continuing innovation is needed. Accessing mobile and migrant populations is key to addressing remaining transmission foci, requiring effective cross-border collaboration. In conclusion, the GMS has made significant progress towards malaria elimination, particularly in the east where several countries are close to P. falciparum elimination. New and persisting challenges require sustained efforts and continued close collaboration. The GMS countries have repeatedly risen to every obstacle presented, and now is the time to re-double efforts and achieve the 2030 goal of malaria elimination for the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Manzoni
- WHO Mekong Malaria Elimination Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- Independent Consultant, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Rady Try
- WHO Mekong Malaria Elimination Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jean Olivier Guintran
- World Health Organization Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Independent Consultant, Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | | | - Elodie Jacoby
- WHO Mekong Malaria Elimination Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Independent Consultant, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Zaixing Zhang
- World Health Organization Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Rita Reyburn
- World Health Organization Country Office, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | - Nay Yi Yi Linn
- National Malaria Control Programme, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Badri Thapa
- World Health Organization Country Office, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Prayuth Sudathip
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Deyer Gopinath
- World Health Organization Country Office, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Quang Thieu
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Liu Hui
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan, China
| | - James Kelley
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Maria Dorina Bustos
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Luciano Tuseo
- WHO Mekong Malaria Elimination Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
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Zhao T, Xue RD. Vector Biology and Integrated Management of Malaria Vectors in China. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:333-354. [PMID: 38270986 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-021323-085255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted by Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles lesteri, Anopheles minimus, and Anopheles dirus in China. In 2021, the disease was eliminated in China after more than 70 years of efforts implementing an integrated mosquito management strategy. This strategy comprised indoor residual spray, insecticide-treated bed nets, irrigation management, and rice-fish coculture based on an understanding of taxonomic status and ecological behaviors of vector species, in conjunction with mass drug administration and promotion of public education. However, China still faces postelimination challenges, including the importation of approximately 2,000-4,000 cases of malaria into the country each year, as well as widespread resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in An. sinensis; these challenges require long-term vector surveillance to understand the distribution, population density, and development of resistance in vector mosquitoes to prevent local epidemics caused by imported malaria cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China;
| | - Rui-De Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District of St. Johns County, St. Augustine, Florida, USA;
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An Q, Li Y, Sun Z, Gao X, Wang H. Seasonal prediction of the distribution of three major malaria vectors in China: Based on an ecological niche model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011884. [PMID: 38236812 PMCID: PMC10796015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Against the backdrop of a global malaria epidemic that remains severe, China has eradicated indigenous malaria but still has to be alert to the risk of external importation. Understanding the distribution of vectors can provide an adequate and reliable basis for the development and implementation of vector control strategies. However, with the decline of malaria prevalence in recent years, the capacity of vector monitoring and identification has been greatly weakened. Here we have used new sampling records, climatic data, and topographic data to establish ecological niche models of the three main malaria vectors in China. The model results accurately identified the current habitat suitability areas for the three species of Anopheles and revealed that in addition to precipitation and temperature as important variables affecting the distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes, topographic variables also influenced the distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles sinensis is the most widespread malaria vector in China, with a wide region from the northeast (Heilongjiang Province) to the southwest (Yunnan Province) suitable for its survival. Suitable habitat areas for Anopheles lesteri are concentrated in the central, eastern, and southern regions of China. The suitable habitat areas of Anopheles minimus are the smallest and are only distributed in the border provinces of southern China. On this basis, we further assessed the seasonal variation in habitat suitability areas for these three major malaria vectors in China. The results of this study provide new and more detailed evidence for vector monitoring. In this new era of imported malaria prevention in China, regular reassessment of the risk of vector transmission is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuepeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Marinović M, Rimac H, de Carvalho LP, Rôla C, Santana S, Pavić K, Held J, Prudêncio M, Rajić Z. Design, synthesis and antiplasmodial evaluation of new amide-, carbamate-, and ureido-type harmicines. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 94:117468. [PMID: 37696205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, one of the oldest parasitic diseases, remains a global health threat, and the increasing resistance of the malaria parasite to current antimalarials is forcing the discovery of new, effective drugs. Harmicines, hybrid compounds in which harmine/β-carboline alkaloids and cinnamic acid derivatives are linked via an amide bond or a triazole ring, represent new antiplasmodial agents. In this work, we used a multiple linear regression technique to build a linear quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model, based on a group of 40 previously prepared amide-type (AT) harmicines and their antiplasmodial activities against erythrocytic stage of chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. falciparum (Pf3D7). After analysing the QSAR model, new harmicines were designed and synthesized: six amide-type, eleven carbamate-type and two ureido-type harmicines at the N-9 position of the β-carboline core. Subsequently, we evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of the new harmicines against the erythrocytic and hepatic stages of the Plasmodium life cycle in vitro and their antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cells. UT harmicine (E)-1-(2-(7-methoxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-9-yl)ethyl)-3-(3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)allyl)urea at the N-9 position of the β-carboline ring exhibited pronounced antiplasmodial activity against both the erythrocytic and the hepatic stages of the Plasmodium life cycle, accompanied by good selectivity towards Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marinović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Rimac
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - C Rôla
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Santana
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kristina Pavić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jana Held
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Zrinka Rajić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hardy A, Haji K, Abbas F, Hassan J, Ali A, Yussuf Y, Cook J, Rosu L, Houri-Yafin A, Vigodny A, Oakes G, Majambere S, Worrall E. Cost and quality of operational larviciding using drones and smartphone technology. Malar J 2023; 22:286. [PMID: 37759213 PMCID: PMC10523724 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larval Source Management (LSM) is an important tool for malaria vector control and is recommended by WHO as a supplementary vector control measure. LSM has contributed in many successful attempts to eliminate the disease across the Globe. However, this approach is typically labour-intensive, largely due to the difficulties in locating and mapping potential malarial mosquito breeding sites. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential for drone imaging technology to map malaria vector breeding sites. However, key questions remain unanswered related to the use and cost of this technology within operational vector control. METHODS Using Zanzibar (United Republic of Tanzania) as a demonstration site, a protocol was collaboratively designed that employs drones and smartphones for supporting operational LSM, termed the Spatial Intelligence System (SIS). SIS was evaluated over a four-month LSM programme by comparing key mapping accuracy indicators and relative costs (both mapping costs and intervention costs) against conventional ground-based methods. Additionally, malaria case incidence was compared between the SIS and conventional study areas, including an estimation of the incremental cost-effectiveness of switching from conventional to SIS larviciding. RESULTS The results demonstrate that the SIS approach is significantly more accurate than a conventional approach for mapping potential breeding sites: mean % correct per site: SIS = 60% (95% CI 32-88%, p = 0.02), conventional = 18% (95% CI - 3-39%). Whilst SIS cost more in the start-up phase, overall annualized costs were similar to the conventional approach, with a simulated cost per person protected per year of $3.69 ($0.32 to $15.12) for conventional and $3.94 ($0.342 to $16.27) for SIS larviciding. The main economic benefits were reduced labour costs associated with SIS in the pre-intervention baseline mapping of habitats. There was no difference in malaria case incidence between the three arms. Cost effectiveness analysis showed that SIS is likely to provide similar health benefits at similar costs compared to the conventional arm. CONCLUSIONS The use of drones and smartphones provides an improved means of mapping breeding sites for use in operational LSM. Furthermore, deploying this technology does not appear to be more costly than a conventional ground-based approach and, as such, may represent an important tool for Malaria Control Programmes that plan to implement LSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hardy
- Deptartment of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.
| | - Khamis Haji
- Deptartment of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Faiza Abbas
- PharmAccess Foundation, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Juma Hassan
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Abdullah Ali
- Ministry of Health, Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | | | - Jackie Cook
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Laura Rosu
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Gregory Oakes
- Deptartment of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | - Eve Worrall
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Dong H, Yuan H, Yang X, Shan W, Zhou Q, Tao F, Zhao C, Bai J, Li X, Ma Y, Peng H. Phylogenetic Analysis of Some Species of the Anopheles hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in China Based on Complete Mitochondrial Genomes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1453. [PMID: 37510357 PMCID: PMC10379722 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Some species of the Hyrcanus group are vectors of malaria in China. However, the member species are difficult to identify accurately by morphology. The development of sequencing technologies offers the possibility of further studies based on the complete mitochondrial genome. In this study, samples of mosquitoes of the Hyrcanus group were collected in China between 1997 and 2015. The mitochondrial genomes of ten species of the Hyrcanus group were analyzed, including the structure and base composition, codon usage, secondary structure of tRNA, and base difference sites in protein coding regions. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference were performed based on mitochondrial genes and complete mitochondrial genomes The mitochondrial genome of 10 Hyrcanus group members ranged from 15,403 bp to 15,475 bp, with an average 78.23% (A + T) content, comprising of 13 PCGs (protein coding genes), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. Site differences between some closely related species in the PCGs were small. There were only 36 variable sites between Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles belenrae for a variation ratio of 0.32% in all PCGs. The pairwise interspecies distance based on 13 PCGs was low, with an average of 0.04. A phylogenetic tree constructed with the 13 PCGs was consistent with the known evolutionary relationships. Some phylogenetic trees constructed by single coding regions (such as COI or ND4) or combined coding regions (COI + ND2 + ND4 + ND5 or ND2 + ND4) were consistent with the phylogenetic tree constructed using the 13 PCGs. The phylogenetic trees constructed using some coding genes (COII, ND5, tRNAs, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA) differed from the phylogenetic tree constructed using PCGs. The difference in mitochondrial genome sequences between An. sinensis and An. belenrae was very small, corresponding to intraspecies difference, suggesting that the species was in the process of differentiation. The combination of all 13 PCG sequences was demonstrated to be optimal for phylogenetic analysis in closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Dong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xusong Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenqi Shan
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiuming Zhou
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Tao
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajun Ma
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Heng Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Yan H, Wei S, Sui Y, Lu S, Zhang W, Feng X, Liu Y, Zhang T, Ruan W, Xia J, Lin W, Ley B, Auburn S, Li S, Li J, Wang D. Analysis of the relapse of imported Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale in five provinces of China. Malar J 2023; 22:209. [PMID: 37443070 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global battle against malaria is facing formidable challenges, particularly in controlling Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, whose cases have not been reduced as effectively as Plasmodium falciparum because of their relapse. This study investigates the current situation and underlying factors contributing to relapse or recrudescence of imported cases of P. vivax and P. ovale, and seeks to provide a reference for reducing relapse or recrudescence in malaria-free areas and offers a scientific basis for designing strategies to prevent imported re-transmission. METHODS This study analysed imported P. vivax and P. ovale in Anhui, Zhejiang, Henan, Hubei, and Guangxi provinces during 2014-2021 by retrospective analysis. A case-control study was conducted on patients who experienced relapse or recrudescence. RESULTS From 2014 to 2021, 306 cases of P.vivax and 896 cases of P.ovale were included in the study, while 75 cases had relapse or recrudescence, including 49 cases of P. ovale (65.33%) and 26 cases of P. vivax (34.67%). Within less than 5 weeks after returning to the country, 122 cases of P. vivax (39.87%, 122/306) and 265 cases of P. ovale (29.58%, 265/896) occurred. Within less than 53 weeks, the ratio of P. vivax was 94.77% (290/306), and that of P. ovale was 89.96% (806/896). Among the cases experiencing relapse or recrudescence, only 1 case of P. vivax (1/26 3.85%) and 3 cases of P. ovale (3/49 6.12%) occurred within less than 5 weeks after the first onset, whereas 21 cases of P. vivax (21/26 80.77%) and 42 cases of P. ovale (42/49 85.71%) occurred within less than 53 weeks after the first onset. The difference in relapse or recrudescence due to different drugs and medication regimens and medical activities at various levels of medical institutions was statistically significant. CONCLUSION In areas where malaria has been eliminated, routine health screening in a scientific time frame for people returning from at-risk areas can effectively improve the efficiency of preventing re-transmission, thereby reducing prevention costs and disease burden. Preventing patients from self-treating and strengthening medication regulations in health facilities are key measures to reduce relapse or recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Shujiao Wei
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shenning Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Xiangyang Feng
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Wei Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Benedikt Ley
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Shizhu Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China.
| | - Duoquan Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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12
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Ang S, Liang J, Zheng W, Zhang Z, Li J, Yan Z, Wong WL, Zhang K, Chen M, Wu P. Novel Matrine Derivatives as Potential Larvicidal Agents against Aedes albopictus: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Mechanistic Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073035. [PMID: 37049799 PMCID: PMC10096473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that matrine (MA) possesses various pharmacological activities and is one of the few natural, plant-derived pesticides with the highest prospects for promotion and application. Fifty-eight MA derivatives were prepared, including 10 intermediates and 48 target compounds in 3 series, to develop novel mosquitocidal agents. Compounds 4b, 4e, 4f, 4m, 4n, 6e, 6k, 6m, and 6o showed good larvicidal activity against Aedes albopictus, which is both a highly aggressive mosquito and an important viral vector that can transmit a wide range of pathogens. Dipping methods and a bottle bioassay were used for insecticidal activity evaluation. The LC50 values of 4e, 4m, and 6m reached 147.65, 140.08, and 205.79 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the LC50 value of MA was 659.34 μg/mL. Structure–activity relationship analysis demonstrated that larvicidal activity could be improved by the unsaturated heterocyclic groups introduced into the carboxyl group after opening the D ring. The MA derivatives with oxidized N-1 lost their mosquitocidal activities, indicating that the bareness of N-1 is crucial to maintain their anti-mosquito activity. However, the activity was not greatly influenced by introducing a cyan group at C-6 or a benzene sulfonyl group at N-16. Additionally, compounds 4e and 4m exhibited good inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase with inhibitory rates of 59.12% and 54.30%, respectively, at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, whereas the inhibitory rate of MA was 9.88%. Therefore, the structural modification and mosquitocidal activity of MA and its derivatives obtained here pave the way for those seeking strong mosquitocidal agents of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Jinfeng Liang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Wende Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Jinxuan Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Zhenping Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (M.C.); (P.W.); Tel.: +86-13822330019 (K.Z.); +86-18312066545 (M.C.); +86-18825179347 (P.W.)
| | - Min Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (M.C.); (P.W.); Tel.: +86-13822330019 (K.Z.); +86-18312066545 (M.C.); +86-18825179347 (P.W.)
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (M.C.); (P.W.); Tel.: +86-13822330019 (K.Z.); +86-18312066545 (M.C.); +86-18825179347 (P.W.)
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