1
|
Bradley S, Moore F, Duffy F, Clark L, Suratwala T, Knightsmith P, Gillespie-Smith K. Camouflaging, not sensory processing or autistic identity, predicts eating disorder symptoms in autistic adults. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024:13623613241245749. [PMID: 38634458 DOI: 10.1177/13623613241245749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the impact of Autistic identity (i.e. feeling like you belong to the Autistic community), sensory profiles (e.g. being over or under responsive to sensations) and camouflaging behaviours (i.e. masking) on eating disorder symptoms in Autistic adults. 180 Autistic people were recruited from the community and NHS. The Autistic people completed online questionnaires measuring Autistic identity, sensory profiles, camouflaging behaviours, autistic traits and eating disorder symptoms. The analysis showed that higher levels of camouflaging behaviour predicted higher levels of eating disorder symptoms. Sensory profiles were related to but did not predict eating disorder symptoms and there was no relationship between level of Autistic identity and eating disorder symptoms. This shows that camouflaging is the most important predictor of eating disorder symptoms in Autistic people, and warrants further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiona Duffy
- The University of Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schröder SS, Danner UN, Spek AA, van Elburg AA. Exploring the intersection of autism spectrum disorder and eating disorders: understanding the unique challenges and treatment considerations for autistic women with eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023; 36:419-426. [PMID: 37781983 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autistic women struggle with high levels of both autistic eating behaviours and disordered eating behaviours , which might make them particularly vulnerable to develop eating disorders. Research investigating the presence and characteristics of eating disorders in autistic women is however limited, as is research examining the role of autism in the treatment and recovery of an eating disorder in autistic women. RECENT FINDINGS The link between autism and eating disorders has mainly been investigated from the field of eating disorder research, with studies finding an overrepresentation of autism or autistic traits in eating disorders populations. Findings also suggest that autism or autistic traits are associated with a more serious presentation of the eating disorders, including a higher chance of a chronic course of the eating disorders. Most studies however lack comprehensive autism assessments, making it difficult to determine the actual prevalence of autism and its role in women with eating disorders. SUMMARY Autistic women with an eating disorder seem to suffer from more complex eating disorders and seem to not benefit from current treatment modalities. This could be partly related to specific autism characteristics such as sensory sensitivities, which are not being considered by current treatment protocols. Future research needs to shed light on what underlies the eating behaviours of autistic women with an eating disorder, in order to help to adapt current treatment modalities to meet the unique needs of these women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Schröder
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht
| | - Unna N Danner
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht
| | - Annelies A Spek
- Autism Expert Center, Goyergracht Zuid 39, Eemnes, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A van Elburg
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kemp AF, Bentz M, Olsen EM, Moslet U, Plessen KJ, Koch SV. Predictors for and duration of hospitalization among children and adolescents with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1866-1874. [PMID: 37365947 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the predictive value of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) score, social risk factors, and psychiatric comorbidities for hospitalization and hospitalization duration among children and adolescents suffering from eating disorders. METHOD This prospective cohort study involved 522 consecutive patients who had been referred to a specialized eating disorder unit between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2015; participants were followed up until August 1, 2016 by medical records. We used regression analyses to evaluate the prognostic value of sex, age, BMI, EDE, eating disorder diagnoses, social risk factors, and psychiatric comorbidities concerning inpatient hospitalization and hospitalization duration. RESULTS We found that younger age, higher EDE global score, lower BMI percentile, anorexia nervosa, a higher number of social risk factors, and the presence of diagnosed self-harm increased the odds of being hospitalized, while being female and having a comorbid autism spectrum condition increased the duration of hospitalization. No other psychiatric comorbidity was found to significantly predict hospitalization or duration of hospitalization. DISCUSSION The odds of being hospitalized were predicted by the severity of anorexia nervosa and indicators of social risk factors in the family, whereas the duration of hospitalization was predicted by having a comorbid autism spectrum condition, indicating a difference between the factors affecting the risk of hospitalization and the factors affecting the duration of hospitalization. This calls for further exploration of tailored treatments for eating disorders. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study finds that hospitalization for an eating disorder is predicted by the severity of the illness, self-harm, and social risk factors. Duration of hospitalization is predicted by having a comorbid autism spectrum condition. These findings indicate that the treatment of eating disorders may require different treatment approaches depending on the presentation of the individual patient to reduce both the need for hospitalization and the length of inpatient stay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Kemp
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Psychiatric Research Academy, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Bentz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Olsen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Fr. Berg-Bispebjerg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
- Psychiatric Center Ballerup, Outpatient Clinic for Eating Disorders in Adults, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Moslet
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Vinkel Koch
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic for Eating Disorders, Copenhagen University Hospital-Psychiatry Region Zealand, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nimbley E, Gillespie-Smith K, Duffy F, Maloney E, Ballantyne C, Sharpe H. "It's not about wanting to be thin or look small, it's about the way it feels": an IPA analysis of social and sensory differences in autistic and non-autistic individuals with anorexia and their parents. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:89. [PMID: 37277884 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence to support an overlap between autism and anorexia nervosa (AN), underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Social and sensory factors have emerged as promising targets in both autism and AN, however there remains scope to compare these differences across autistic and non-autistic experiences of AN. Drawing on dyadic multi-perspectives, this study explored experiences of social and sensory differences in autistic and non-autistic adults and their parents and/or carers. METHODS Using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), dyadic interviews were conducted with 14 dyads, with seven autistic dyads and seven non-autistic dyads. Data analysis was subjected to a triangulation of interpretations: (1) the participants themselves; (2) a neurotypical researcher; (3) and an Autistic researcher with lived/living experience of AN. RESULTS IPA identified three themes in each group, with similarities and differences between autistic and non-autistic dyads. Similar themes were identified regarding the importance of social connectedness and socio-emotional difficulties, as well a common lack of trust in the social and sensory self and body. Autism-specific themes centred on feelings of social 'defectiveness', disparities between sensing and expressing certain cues, and lifelong, multi-sensory processing differences. Non-autistic themes reflected social comparisons and inadequacy, and sensitivities to the learning of ideals and behaviour through early experiences. CONCLUSIONS While similarities were observed across both groups, there appeared to be notable differences in the perceived role and influence of social and sensory differences. These findings may have important implications on the delivery and modification of eating disorder interventions. Specifically, they suggest that while treatment targets may look similar, subtle differences in underlying mechanisms and approaches may be required for Autistic individuals with AN across sensory, emotion and communication-based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emy Nimbley
- Department of Clinical Psychology in the School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quadrangle, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK.
| | - Karri Gillespie-Smith
- Department of Clinical Psychology in the School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quadrangle, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Fiona Duffy
- Department of Clinical Psychology in the School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quadrangle, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
- NHS Lothian Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ellen Maloney
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Carrie Ballantyne
- School of Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Helen Sharpe
- Department of Clinical Psychology in the School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quadrangle, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parsons MA. Autism diagnosis in females by eating disorder professionals. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:73. [PMID: 37170136 PMCID: PMC10173598 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Autism and eating disorders cooccur at high rates, with autism impacting the efficacy of eating disorder treatments and outcomes. Females are underdiagnosed with autism and diagnosed later in life than their male counterparts. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to define the incidence of eating disorder professionals identifying autism in female adolescents and young adults engaged in treatment for an eating disorder. DESIGN The research design is a cross-sectional retrospective records review. The charts reviewed were from the medical records of forty assigned-at-birth females between the ages of 13-25 who received treatment for an eating disorder at the partial hospitalization program (PHP) level of care between 2020 and 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES Upon entering PHP for an eating disorder, 10% of the study participants had a pre-existing diagnosis of autism. A total of 27.5% of participants had clinical suspicion of autism. The number of autism traits that an individual possessed directly correlated with the number of calendar days in treatment. CONCLUSION Eating disorder professionals in this study identified autism in 17.5% of adolescent and young adult females who entered PHP treatment for an eating disorder who had not previously been diagnosed with autism. Eating disorder professionals can anticipate that individuals with autism may be in treatment for a longer duration. Further studies should explore effective treatment measures for those with autism in treatment for an eating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Parsons
- Recovery and Wellness Center of Eastern Washington, 1950 Keene Rd Bldg G, Richland, WA, 99336, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Field SL, Fox JRE, Jones CRG, Williams MO. "Work WITH us": a Delphi study about improving eating disorder treatment for autistic women with anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:17. [PMID: 36759874 PMCID: PMC9909870 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increased prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN) in autistic women and this group has poorer treatment outcomes compared to non-autistic women with AN. However, there is little research into improving eating disorder treatment for autistic women. This study investigated how best to support autistic women with AN within eating disorder services. METHOD A three-stage Delphi study was conducted with 49 participants with relevant expertise as a researcher, clinician, or expert by experience. RESULTS A total of 70 statements were generated, with 56 reaching consensus after the final round. Statements reaching consensus made recommendations for adaptations to treatment, staff training, and service organisation. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the need to distinguish between autism- and AN-related difficulties, accommodate autistic traits such as sensory sensitivities and communication differences, and ensure the autistic voice is present in both the development and delivery of care. Future research should investigate the impact of these adaptations on outcomes. The applicability of these recommendations to autistic people with other eating disorders and of other genders needs to be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Field
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff University, 11Th Floor, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - John R E Fox
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff University, 11Th Floor, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Catherine R G Jones
- Wales Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Marc O Williams
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff University, 11Th Floor, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Finding the Proportion of Females with Autistic Spectrum Disorder Who Develop Anorexia Nervosa, the True Prevalence of Female ASD and Its Clinical Significance. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020272. [PMID: 36832401 PMCID: PMC9955974 DOI: 10.3390/children10020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It appears that up to 80% of females with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) have not been diagnosed by the age of 18. This translates to a prevalence of about 5-6%, and if true, has serious implications for female mental health. One way of finding the true value is to use Bayes' Theorem with a comorbid condition as a more easily recognizable flag. An obvious choice is anorexia nervosa (AN), but it transpires that the proportion of women with ASD who develop AN is unknown. This study uses published data in novel ways to provide two methods of estimating a range for this variable, and gives a median value of 8.3% for AN in ASD and, with four other methods, a median prevalence of 6% for female ASD. The clinical implications of the diagnosis and management of ASD and its comorbidities are discussed and, as an example, a solution is provided for the rate of ASD in symptomatic generalized joint hypermobility. It is probable that one in six women with a mental health condition is autistic.
Collapse
|
8
|
Saure E, Ålgars M, Laasonen M, Raevuori A. Cognitive Behavioral and Cognitive Remediation Strategies for Managing Co-Occurring Anorexia Nervosa and Elevated Autism Spectrum Traits. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:1005-1016. [PMID: 35480715 PMCID: PMC9035441 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s246056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a potentially severe eating disorder whose core characteristics include energy intake restriction leading to low body weight. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive, stereotyped behavior and interests. Both high ASD traits and diagnosed ASD are overrepresented among individuals with AN, and AN and ASD appear to share certain neurocognitive features. These features are associated with the severity of eating disorder symptoms and prolongation of AN. Thus, individuals with AN and high ASD traits or ASD may benefit less from traditional treatment when compared to those with low ASD traits. No previous reviews have summarized what is known about treatment adaptations for individuals with AN and high ASD traits or ASD. The purpose of this narrative review was to investigate the feasibility of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), cognitive remediation and emotional skill training (CREST), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and give an overview of treatment modifications for individuals with AN and co-occurring ASD or high ASD traits. We found nine studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The combined results suggest that individuals with AN and high ASD traits or ASD benefit less from CRT, CREST, and CBT than those with AN and low ASD traits. However, CRT and CREST administered in individual format may be associated with improved cognitive flexibility, motivation for change, and decreased alexithymia among adults with AN and high ASD traits or ASD. Individuals with comorbid AN and ASD themselves highlight the importance of treatment adaptations that take the characteristics of ASD into account. In the future, controlled studies of the treatment strategies for individuals with AN and ASD/high ASD traits are needed in order to improve the outcome of individuals with this challenging comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Saure
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- BABA Center and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: Emma Saure, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland, Tel +358443035828, Email
| | - Monica Ålgars
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Marja Laasonen
- Logopedics, School of Humanities, Philosophical Faculty, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Raevuori
- Department Psychiatry, Division of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|