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Qu L, Cui G, Sun Y, Ye R, Sun Y, Meng F, Wang S, Zhong Z. A Biomimetic Autophagosomes-Based Nanovaccine Boosts Anticancer Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2409590. [PMID: 39194369 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines based on tumor cell lysates offer promise for cancer immunotherapy yet fail to elicit a robust therapeutic effect due to the weak immunogenicity of tumor antigens. Autophagosomes, obtained from pleural effusions and ascites of cancer patients, have been identified as abundant reservoirs of tumor neoantigens that exhibit heightened immunogenicity. However, their potential as personalized cancer vaccines have been constrained by suboptimal lymphatic-targeting performances and challenges in antigen-presenting cell endocytosis. Here,a reinforced biomimetic autophagosome-based (BAPs) nanovaccine generated by precisely amalgamating autophagosome-derived neoantigens and two types of adjuvants capable of targeting lymph nodes is developed to potently elicit antitumor immunity. The redox-responsive BAPs facilitate cytosolic vaccine opening within antigen-presenting cells, thereby exposing adjuvants and antigens to stimulate a strong immune response. BAPs evoke broad-spectrum T-cell responses, culminating in the effective eradication of 71.4% of established tumors. Notably, BAPs vaccination triggers enduring T-cell responses that confer robust protection, with 100% of mice shielded against tumor rechallenge and a significant reduction in tumor incidence by 87.5%. Furthermore, BAPs synergize with checkpoint blockade therapy to inhibit tumor growth in the poorly immunogenic breast cancer model. The biomimetic approach presents a powerful nanovaccine formula with high versatility for personalized cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guanhong Cui
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yinping Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Ye
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shenqiang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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2
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Jin Z, Sun X, Wang Y, Zhou C, Yang H, Zhou S. Regulation of autophagy fires up the cold tumor microenvironment to improve cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018903. [PMID: 36300110 PMCID: PMC9589261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have revolutionized the treatment of patients with advanced and metastatic tumors resistant to traditional therapies. However, the immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment (TME) results in a weak response to immunotherapy. Therefore, to realize the full potential of immunotherapy and obstacle barriers, it is essential to explore how to convert cold TME to hot TME. Autophagy is a crucial cellular process that preserves cellular stability in the cellular components of the TME, contributing to the characterization of the immunosuppressive TME. Targeted autophagy ignites immunosuppressive TME by influencing antigen release, antigen presentation, antigen recognition, and immune cell trafficking, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy and overcoming resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and components of TME, explore the mechanisms and functions of autophagy in the characterization and regulation of TME, and discuss autophagy-based therapies as adjuvant enhancers of immunotherapy to improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Suna Zhou, ; HaihuaYang,
| | - Suna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xi’an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Suna Zhou, ; HaihuaYang,
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3
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Targeting Drug Chemo-Resistance in Cancer Using Natural Products. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101353. [PMID: 34680470 PMCID: PMC8533186 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to reduce the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, thereby causing chemotherapy failure. Natural products are accessible, inexpensive, and less toxic sources of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, they have multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit various targets involved in the development of drug resistance. In this review, we have summarized the basic research and clinical applications of natural products as possible inhibitors for drug resistance in cancer. The molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of each natural product are also explained. Diverse drug resistance biomarkers were sensitive to natural products. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can be targeted by a large number of natural products. On the other hand, protein kinase C and topoisomerases were less sensitive to most of the studied natural products. The studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for scientists to explore the possible use of natural products in combination anticancer therapies to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple drug resistance mechanisms.
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4
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The Dual Role of Autophagy in Crizotinib-Treated ALK + ALCL: From the Lymphoma Cells Drug Resistance to Their Demise. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102517. [PMID: 34685497 PMCID: PMC8533885 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been described as harboring a dual role in cancer development and therapy. Depending on the context, it can exert either pro-survival or pro-death functions. Here, we review what is known about autophagy in crizotinib-treated ALK+ ALCL. We first present our main findings on the role and regulation of autophagy in these cells. Then, we provide literature-driven hypotheses that could explain mechanistically the pro-survival properties of autophagy in crizotinib-treated bulk and stem-like ALK+ ALCL cells. Finally, we discuss how the potentiation of autophagy, which occurs with combined therapies (ALK and BCL2 or ALK and RAF1 co-inhibition), could convert it from a survival mechanism to a pro-death process.
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5
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Ascierto PA, Blank C, Dummer R, Ernstoff MS, Ferrone S, Fox BA, Gajewski TF, Garbe C, Hwu P, Kalinski P, Krogsgaard M, Lo RS, Luke JJ, Neyns B, Postow MA, Quezada SA, Teng MWL, Trinchieri G, Testori A, Caracò C, Osman I, Puzanov I, Thurin M. Perspectives in Melanoma: meeting report from the Melanoma Bridge (December 3rd-5th, 2020, Italy). J Transl Med 2021; 19:278. [PMID: 34193182 PMCID: PMC8243582 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in immune checkpoint therapy and targeted therapy have led to improvement in overall survival for patients with advanced melanoma. Single agent checkpoint PD-1 blockade and combination with BRAF/MEK targeted therapy demonstrated benefit in overall survival (OS). Superior response rates have been demonstrated with combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade, with a significant OS benefit compared with single-agent PD-1 blockade. Despite the progress in diagnosis of melanocytic lesions, correct classification of patients, selection of appropriate adjuvant and systemic therapies, and prediction of response to therapy remain real challenges in melanoma. Improved understanding of the tumor microenvironment, tumor immunity and response to therapy has prompted extensive translational and clinical research in melanoma. Development of novel biomarker platforms may help to improve diagnostics and predictive accuracy for selection of patients for specific treatment. There is a growing evidence that genomic and immune features of pre-treatment tumor biopsies may correlate with response in patients with melanoma and other cancers but they have yet to be fully characterized and implemented clinically. Overall, the progress in melanoma therapeutics and translational research will help to optimize treatment regimens to overcome resistance and develop robust biomarkers to guide clinical decision-making. During the Melanoma Bridge meeting (December 3rd-5th, 2020, Italy) we reviewed the currently approved systemic and local therapies for advanced melanoma and discussed novel biomarker strategies and advances in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- Department of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy, Instituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Therapy & Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine (Section of Hematology/Oncology), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Claus Garbe
- Center for Dermato-Oncology, University-Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Pawel Kalinski
- Cancer Vaccine and Dendritic Cell Therapies, Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Developmental Therapeutics, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Roger S Lo
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- Cancer Immunotherapeutic Center of UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bart Neyns
- Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael A Postow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Hematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Michele W L Teng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology (LICI), Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Testori
- Image Rigenerative Clinic-Skin Oncology Division, Milan, Italy
- Chairman Surgical Subgroup EORTC Melanoma Group Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Corrado Caracò
- Division of Surgery of Melanoma and Skin Cancer, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Iman Osman
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
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6
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Zhang TY, Ren HY, Pan N, Dong HX, Zhao SM, Wen ZF, Wang XR, Wang LX. Tumor cell-derived autophagosomes (DRibbles)-activated B cells induce specific naïve CD8 + T cell response and exhibit antitumor effect. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:463-474. [PMID: 32809049 PMCID: PMC10991864 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine has been proved to be an effective way in cancer immunotherapy in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, limitations in DC isolation and culture have hampered its practice and promoted the development of other antigen-presenting cells (APCs) sources to fulfill that role. Our previous studies have shown that B cells loaded by tumor cell-derived autophagosomes, which we named as DRibbles (defective ribosomal products-containing blebs), could reactivate DC-induced effector T cell response. In this study, the roles of DRibble-loaded B cells in priming naïve CD8+ T cell responses and controlling tumors were investigated. We found that high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) on DRibbles was involved in DRibble-induced B cell activation, and the DRibble-triggered B cell phagocytosis via the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway. By using OT-I mouse-derived T cells, we demonstrated that DRibble-loaded B cells could activate specific naïve CD8+ T cells in vitro and ex vivo. In a tumor-bearing mouse model, DRibble-loaded B cells elicited systemic antitumor immunity and significantly suppressed the tumor growth. Moreover, the antitumor efficacy of DRibble-loaded B cells was enhanced when they were combined with CpG and anti-CD40 stimulation. These results suggest that DRibble-loaded B cells represent a viable and practical therapeutic vaccination strategy that might have important clinical implications for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xia Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Min Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fa Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Li W, Peng A, Wu H, Quan Y, Li Y, Lu L, Cui M. Anti-Cancer Nanomedicines: A Revolution of Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601497. [PMID: 33408716 PMCID: PMC7779686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have been accelerating the development of anti-cancer clinical treatment, but its low objective responses and severe off-target immune-related adverse events (irAEs) limit the range of application. Strategies to remove these obstacles primarily focus on the combination of different therapies and the exploitation of new immunotherapeutic agents. Nanomedicine potentiates the effects of activating immune cells selectively and reversing tumor induced immune deficiency microenvironment through multiple mechanisms. In the last decade, a variety of nano-enabled tumor immunotherapies was under clinical investigation. As time goes by, the advantages of nanomedicine are increasingly prominent. With the continuous development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine will offer more distinctive perspectives in imaging diagnosis and treatment of tumors. In this Review, we wish to provide an overview of tumor immunotherapy and the mechanisms of nanomaterials that aim to enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy under development or in clinic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Anghui Peng
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huajun Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yingyao Quan
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yong Li
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
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8
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Koustas E, Sarantis P, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. The Resistance Mechanisms of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Solid Tumors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E666. [PMID: 32344837 PMCID: PMC7277892 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of cancer immunotherapy has already shown some remarkable results, having changed the treatment strategy in clinical practice for solid tumors. Despite these promising long-term responses, patients seem to lack the ability to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, thus demonstrating a primary resistance to immunotherapy. Moreover, a significant number of patients who initially respond to treatment eventually acquire resistance to immunotherapy. Both resistance mechanisms are a result of a complex interaction among different molecules, pathways, and cellular processes. Several resistance mechanisms, such as tumor microenvironment modification, autophagy, genetic and epigenetic alterations, tumor mutational burden, neo-antigens, and modulation of gut microbiota have already been identified, while more continue to be uncovered. In this review, we discuss the latest milestones in the field of immunotherapy, resistance mechanisms against this type of therapy as well as putative therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (P.S.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (P.S.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (P.S.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (P.S.); (A.G.P.)
- First Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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9
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Humbert M, Morán M, de la Cruz-Ojeda P, Muntané J, Wiedmer T, Apostolova N, McKenna SL, Velasco G, Balduini W, Eckhart L, Janji B, Sampaio-Marques B, Ludovico P, Žerovnik E, Langer R, Perren A, Engedal N, Tschan MP. Assessing Autophagy in Archived Tissue or How to Capture Autophagic Flux from a Tissue Snapshot. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E59. [PMID: 32245178 PMCID: PMC7150830 DOI: 10.3390/biology9030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation mechanism that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. In human disease, autophagy pathways are frequently deregulated and there is immense interest in targeting autophagy for therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, there is a need to determine autophagic activity in human tissues, an endeavor that is hampered by the fact that autophagy is characterized by the flux of substrates whereas histology informs only about amounts and localization of substrates and regulators at a single timepoint. Despite this challenging task, considerable progress in establishing markers of autophagy has been made in recent years. The importance of establishing clear-cut autophagy markers that can be used for tissue analysis cannot be underestimated. In this review, we attempt to summarize known techniques to quantify autophagy in human tissue and their drawbacks. Furthermore, we provide some recommendations that should be taken into consideration to improve the reliability and the interpretation of autophagy biomarkers in human tissue samples.
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Grants
- none Bernese Cancer League
- none Stiftung für klinisch-experimentelle Tumorforschung
- none Werner and Hedy Berger-Janser Foundation for Cancer Research
- PI14/01085 and PI17/00093 FIS and FEDER funds from the EU
- CPII16/00023 ISCIII and FSE funds
- RTI2018-096748-B-100 the Spanish Minsitry of Science, Innovation and Universities
- none University Professor Training Fellowship, Ministry of Science, Innovation and University, Government of Spain
- PI18/00442 the State Plan for R & D + I2013-2016 and funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- none European Regional Development Fund
- C18/BM/12670304/COMBATIC Luxembourg National Research Fund
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013 Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), through the Competitiveness Factors Operational Programme (COMPETE)
- POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028159 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030782 FEDER, through the COMPETE
- none National funds, through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT
- none ARRS - the Slovenian research agency, programme P1-0140: Proteolysis and its regulation
- KFS-3360-02-2014 the Swiss Cancer Research
- KFS-3409-02-2014 the Swiss Cancer Research
- 31003A_173219 Swiss National Science Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Humbert
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (T.W.); (R.L.); (A.P.)
| | - María Morán
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital ‘12 de Octubre’ (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia de la Cruz-Ojeda
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University “Virgen del Rocío”/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University “Virgen del Rocío”/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tabea Wiedmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (T.W.); (R.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sharon L. McKenna
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Cancer Research at UCC, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Guillermo Velasco
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, and Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Balduini
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Bassam Janji
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology—Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paula Ludovico
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eva Žerovnik
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (T.W.); (R.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (T.W.); (R.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mario P. Tschan
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (J.M.); (N.A.); (S.L.M.); (G.V.); (W.B.); (L.E.); (B.J.); (B.S.-M.); (P.L.); (E.Ž.); (N.E.)
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (T.W.); (R.L.); (A.P.)
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10
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Ascierto PA, Bifulco C, Buonaguro L, Emens LA, Ferris RL, Fox BA, Delgoffe GM, Galon J, Gridelli C, Merlano M, Nathan P, Odunsi K, Okada H, Paulos CM, Pignata S, Schalper KA, Spranger S, Tortora G, Zarour H, Butterfield LH, Puzanov I. Perspectives in immunotherapy: meeting report from the "Immunotherapy Bridge 2018" (28-29 November, 2018, Naples, Italy). J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:332. [PMID: 31783779 PMCID: PMC6884742 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now widely established as a potent and effective treatment option across several types of cancer. However, there is increasing recognition that not all patients respond to immunotherapy, focusing attention on the immune contexture of the tumor microenvironment (TME), drivers of the immune response and mechanisms of tumor resistance to immunity. The development of novel immunotherapeutics and their use in combination with checkpoint inhibitors and other standard of care and novel treatment modalities is an area of particular attention across several tumor types, including melanoma, lung, ovarian, breast, pancreatic, renal, head and neck, brain and non-melanoma skin cancers. The 4th Immunotherapy Bridge meeting (28-29 November, 2018, Naples, Italy) focused on a wide range of evolving topics and trends in the field of cancer immunotherapy and key presentations from this meeting are summarised in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bifulco
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Leisha A Emens
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center in the Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jérôme Galon
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Cesare Gridelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Hospital "San Giuseppe Moscati", Avellino, Italy
| | - Marco Merlano
- Oncology Department, ASO Santa Croce e Carle Cuneo, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Paul Nathan
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex, UK
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Executive Director, Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Uro-Gynaecological Department, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Translational Immuno-oncology Laboratory, Yale Cancer Center, Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Hassane Zarour
- Melanoma Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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11
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Chun BM, Page DB, McArthur HL. Combination Immunotherapy Strategies in Breast Cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-019-00333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
We summarize combination immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of breast cancer, with a focus on metastatic disease. First, a general overview of combination approaches is presented according to breast cancer subtype. Second, additional review of promising combination approaches is presented.
Recent Findings
Combination strategies utilizing chemotherapy or radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibition are being evaluated across multiple phase III trials. Dual immunotherapy strategies, such as dual immune checkpoint inhibition or combined co-stimulation/co-inhibition, have supportive preclinical evidence and are under early clinical investigation. Modulation of the immune microenvironment via cytokines and vaccination strategies, as well as locally focused treatments to enhance antigenic responses, are active areas of research.
Summary
Pre-clinical and translational research sheds new light on numerous ways the immune system may be modulated to fight against cancer. We describe current and emerging combination approaches which may improve patient outcomes in metastatic breast cancer.
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12
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Kim I, Sanchez K, McArthur HL, Page D. Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Present and Future. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-019-00345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Immunotherapy is emerging as an effective treatment option for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. In this review, we summarize clinical data of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer and comment on future directions in the field.
Recent Findings
IMpassion130 was a phase III trial that demonstrated progression-free survival benefit, and potentially overall survival benefit, of first-line chemotherapy (nab-paclitaxel) plus anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) atezolizumab, among PD-L1-positive metastatic triple-negative breast cancers. Studies are ongoing to evaluate other combination therapies with immune checkpoint blockade in TNBC, and to evaluate efficacy in PD-L1-negative tumors and in later lines of therapy.
Summary
Immunotherapy is now a standard option in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Ongoing trials may expand the degree of clinical benefit. Further work is ongoing to identify novel predictive biomarkers, which in the future may enable a personalized approach of combination immunotherapy.
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13
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Cheung LH, Zhao Y, Alvarez-Cienfuegos A, Mohamedali KA, Cao YJ, Hittelman WN, Rosenblum MG. Development of a human immuno-oncology therapeutic agent targeting HER2: targeted delivery of granzyme B. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:332. [PMID: 31362764 PMCID: PMC6668111 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Immunotherapeutic approaches designed to augment T and B cell mediated killing of tumor cells has met with clinical success in recent years suggesting tremendous potential for treatment in a broad spectrum of tumor types. After complex recognition of target cells by T and B cells, delivery of the serine protease granzyme B (GrB) to tumor cells comprises the cytotoxic insult resulting in a well-characterized, multimodal apoptotic cascade. Methods We designed a recombinant fusion construct, GrB-Fc-4D5, composed of a humanized anti-HER2 scFv fused to active GrB for recognition of tumor cells and internal delivery of GrB, simulating T and B cell therapy. We assessed the construct’s antigen-binding specificity and GrB enzymatic activity, as well as in vitro cytotoxicity and internalization into target and control cells. We also assessed pharmacokinetic and toxicology parameters in vivo. Results GrB-Fc-4D5 was highly cytotoxic to Her2 positive cells such as SKBR3, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 56, 99 and 27 nM, respectively, and against a panel of HER2+ cell lines regardless of endogenous expression levels of the PI-9 inhibitor. Contemporaneous studies with Kadcyla demonstrated similar levels of in vitro activity against virtually all cells tested. GrB-Fc-4D5 internalized rapidly into target SKOV3 cells within 1 h of exposure rapidly delivering GrB to the cytoplasmic compartment. In keeping with its relatively high molecular weight (160 kDa), the construct demonstrated a terminal-phase serum half-life in mice of 39.2 h. Toxicity studies conducted on BALB/c mice demonstrated no statistically significant changes in SGPT, SGOT or serum LDH. Histopathologic analysis of tissues from treated mice demonstrated no drug-related changes in any tissues examined. Conclusion GrB-Fc-4D5 shows excellent, specific cytotoxicity and demonstrates no significant toxicity in normal, antigen-negative murine models. This construct constitutes a novel approach against HER2-expressing tumors and is an excellent candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H Cheung
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Present address: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Ana Alvarez-Cienfuegos
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Khalid A Mohamedali
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yu J Cao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Present Address: Shenzhen Graduate School, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Walter N Hittelman
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael G Rosenblum
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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14
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Keenan TE, Burke KP, Van Allen EM. Genomic correlates of response to immune checkpoint blockade. Nat Med 2019; 25:389-402. [PMID: 30842677 PMCID: PMC6599710 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite impressive durable responses, immune checkpoint inhibitors do not provide a long-term benefit to the majority of patients with cancer. Understanding genomic correlates of response and resistance to checkpoint blockade may enhance benefits for patients with cancer by elucidating biomarkers for patient stratification and resistance mechanisms for therapeutic targeting. Here we review emerging genomic markers of checkpoint blockade response, including those related to neoantigens, antigen presentation, DNA repair, and oncogenic pathways. Compelling evidence also points to a role for T cell functionality, checkpoint regulators, chromatin modifiers, and copy-number alterations in mediating selective response to immune checkpoint blockade. Ultimately, efforts to contextualize genomic correlates of response into the larger understanding of tumor immune biology will build a foundation for the development of novel biomarkers and therapies to overcome resistance to checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E Keenan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelly P Burke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Smith M, García-Martínez E, Pitter MR, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists in cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1526250. [PMID: 30524908 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1526250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists demonstrate therapeutic promise as immunological adjuvants for anticancer immunotherapy. To date, three TLR agonists have been approved by US regulatory agencies for use in cancer patients. Additionally, the potential of hitherto experimental TLR ligands to mediate clinically useful immunostimulatory effects has been extensively investigated over the past few years. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical advances in the development of TLR agonists for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Smith
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena García-Martínez
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Michael R Pitter
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/ Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/ Paris V, Paris, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Folkerts H, Hilgendorf S, Vellenga E, Bremer E, Wiersma VR. The multifaceted role of autophagy in cancer and the microenvironment. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:517-560. [PMID: 30302772 PMCID: PMC6585651 DOI: 10.1002/med.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial recycling process that is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in cancer initiation, cancer (stem) cell maintenance as well as the development of resistance to cancer therapy in both solid and hematological malignancies. Furthermore, it is being recognized that autophagy also plays a crucial and sometimes opposing role in the complex cancer microenvironment. For instance, autophagy in stromal cells such as fibroblasts contributes to tumorigenesis by generating and supplying nutrients to cancerous cells. Reversely, autophagy in immune cells appears to contribute to tumor‐localized immune responses and among others regulates antigen presentation to and by immune cells. Autophagy also directly regulates T and natural killer cell activity and is required for mounting T‐cell memory responses. Thus, within the tumor microenvironment autophagy has a multifaceted role that, depending on the context, may help drive tumorigenesis or may help to support anticancer immune responses. This multifaceted role should be taken into account when designing autophagy‐based cancer therapeutics. In this review, we provide an overview of the diverse facets of autophagy in cancer cells and nonmalignant cells in the cancer microenvironment. Second, we will attempt to integrate and provide a unified view of how these various aspects can be therapeutically exploited for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Folkerts
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Hilgendorf
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Vellenga
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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van de Ven R, Hilton TL, Hu HM, Dubay CJ, Haley D, Paustian C, Puri S, Urba WJ, Curti BD, Aung S, Fox BA. Autophagosome-based strategy to monitor apparent tumor-specific CD8 T cells in patients with prostate cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1466766. [PMID: 30524883 PMCID: PMC6279418 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1466766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays an essential role in eradicating cancer in concert with various treatment modalities. In the absence of autologous tumor material, no standardized method exists to assess T cell responses against the many antigens that may serve as cancer rejection antigens. Thus, development of methods to screen for therapy-induced anti-tumor responses is a high priority that could help tailor therapy. Here we tested whether a tumor-derived antigen source called DRibbles®, which contain a pool of defective ribosomal products (DRiPs), long-lived and short-lived proteins (SLiPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), can be used to identify tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific responses in patients before or after immunotherapy treatment. Protein content, gene expression and non-synonymous - single nucleotide variants (ns-SNVs) present in UbiLT3 DRibbles were compared with prostate adenocarcinomas and the prostate GVAX vaccine cell lines (PC3/LNCaP). UbiLT3 DRibbles were found to share proteins, as well as match tumor sequences for ns-SNVs with prostate adenocarcinomas and with the cell lines PC3 and LNCaP. UbiLT3 DRibbles were used to monitor anti-tumor responses in patients vaccinated with allogeneic prostate GVAX. UbiLT3-DRibble-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses were detected in post-vaccine PBMC of 6/12 patients (range 0.85-22% of CD8+ cells) after 1 week in vitro stimulation (p = 0.007 vs. pre-vaccine). In conclusion, a cancer-derived autophagosome-enriched preparation, packaging over 100 proteins over-expressed in prostate cancer into microvesicles containing DAMPs, could be used to identify CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood from patients after prostate GVAX vaccination and may represent a general method to monitor anti-cancer T cell responses following immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieneke van de Ven
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University medical center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology
- UbiVac LLC, Portland, OR
| | | | | | | | - Sachin Puri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology
| | - Walter J. Urba
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center at the Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR
| | - Brendan D. Curti
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center at the Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR
| | | | - Bernard A. Fox
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology
- UbiVac LLC, Portland, OR
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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18
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Novel frontiers in detecting cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:403-412. [PMID: 30022365 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer microenvironment is the critical battle ground between the cancer cells and host response. Thus, more emphasis is directed to study the relationship between cancer cells and the stromal cells. Multiplex microscopy is an emerging technique in which multiple cell populations within the cancer microenvironment may be stained so that spatial relationship between cancer cells and, in particular, the immune cells may be studied during different stages of cancer development. Recent discovery of mutational burden and neoantigens in cancer has opened new landscapes in the interaction of host immune cells and cancer neoantigens. The emerging role of miRNAs may become an added dimension to study cancer beyond traditional pathway of DNA directed RNA being associated with the malignant behavior of cancer. Circulating tumor cells, cancer markers and ctDNA can be used as markers for circulating cancer cells in the blood. Further studies are needed to validate if liquid biopsy of cancer may become a routine clinical tool to screen cancer or follow patients for recurrence or responses to treatment.
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19
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Hulett TW, Jensen SM, Wilmarth PA, Reddy AP, Ballesteros-Merino C, Afentoulis ME, Dubay C, David LL, Fox BA. Coordinated responses to individual tumor antigens by IgG antibody and CD8+ T cells following cancer vaccination. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:27. [PMID: 29618380 PMCID: PMC5885379 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of today’s greatest hurdles for cancer immunotherapy is the absence of information regarding which tumor antigens are already recognized by patients receiving immunotherapies, and whether those therapies then boost or generate an immune response against tumor proteins. For CD8+ T cells in particular, patient-specific immune recognition and responses at the level of individual tumor antigens are rarely characterized. Because of this, some immunologists have turned to serum antibodies as an alternative measure of antigen-specific anti-tumor immunity. In this work, we sought to simultaneously interrogate serum IgG and CD8+ T cell recognition of individual tumor antigens to determine whether antigen-specific serum IgG antibodies provide a window into the behavior of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Using antibody-based assays to evaluate immune response repertoires and focus T cell antigen exploration could afford substantial advantages for discovering and monitoring the anti-cancer immune responses of patients enrolled on clinical trials. Methods We vaccinated female BALB/c mice with a novel combination of an autophagosome-enriched vaccine derived from 4T1 mammary carcinoma along with poly-I:C adjuvant, then screened serum for IgG binding to arrays of 15mer peptides containing known mutation sites in 4T1. Simultaneously, we primed CD8+ T cell cultures from these same animals with 8-11mer peptides derived from these antigens. These primed T cells were then stimulated to measure recognition of the peptides or live 4T1 cells by IFNγ release. Results Vaccinated animals demonstrate increases in antigen-specific CD8+ T cell recognition of 4T1 tumor cells and peptides. For proteins confirmed in 4T1 cells and vaccine by mass spectrometry, there is a correlation between this increased CD8+ T cell IFNγ release and serum IgG binding to individual peptide antigens. Conclusions These results suggest it is possible to observe some features of a patient’s antigen-specific T cell repertoire via an antibody surrogate, which has implications for tumor antigen discovery and clinical monitoring of antigen-specific anti-tumor immunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-018-0331-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Hulett
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 2N56 North Pavilion, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Shawn M Jensen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 2N56 North Pavilion, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Ashok P Reddy
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Carmen Ballesteros-Merino
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 2N56 North Pavilion, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Michael E Afentoulis
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 2N56 North Pavilion, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Christopher Dubay
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 2N56 North Pavilion, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Larry L David
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 2N56 North Pavilion, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR, 97213, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA.
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Abstract
Immunotherapeutic interventions are showing effectiveness across a wide range of cancer types, but only a subset of patients shows clinical response to therapy. Responsiveness to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is favoured by the presence of a local, CD8+ T cell-based immune response within the tumour microenvironment. As molecular analyses of tumours containing or lacking a productive CD8+ T cell infiltrate are being pursued, increasing evidence is indicating that activation of oncogenic pathways in tumour cells can impair induction or execution of a local antitumour immune response. This Review summarizes our current knowledge of the influence of oncogenic effects on evasion of antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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21
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Sanborn RE, Ross HJ, Aung S, Acheson A, Moudgil T, Puri S, Hilton T, Fisher B, Coffey T, Paustian C, Neuberger M, Walker E, Hu HM, Urba WJ, Fox BA. A pilot study of an autologous tumor-derived autophagosome vaccine with docetaxel in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:103. [PMID: 29258618 PMCID: PMC5735525 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-derived autophagosome vaccines (DRibbles) have the potential to broaden immune response to poorly immunogenic tumors. METHODS Autologous vaccine generated from tumor cells harvested from pleural effusions was administered to patients with advanced NSCLC with the objectives of assessing safety and immune response. Four patients were vaccinated and evaluable for immune response; each received two to four doses of vaccine. Study therapy included two cycles of docetaxel 75 mg/m2 on days 1 and 29 to treat the tumor, release hidden antigens and produce lymphopenia. DRibbles were to be administered intradermally on days 14, 43, 57, 71, and 85, together with GM-CSF (50 μg/d x 6d, administered via SQ mini pump). Peripheral blood was tested for immune parameters at baseline and at each vaccination. RESULTS Three of four patients had tumor cells available for testing. Autologous tumor-specific immune response was seen in two of the three, manifested by IL-5 (1 patient after 3 doses), and IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-10 (after 4 doses in one patient). All 4 patients had evidence of specific antibody responses against potential tumor antigens. All patients came off study after 4 or fewer vaccine treatments due to progression of disease. No significant immune toxicities were seen during the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS DRibble vaccine given with GM-CSF appeared safe and capable of inducing an immune response against tumor cells in this small, pilot study. There was no evidence of efficacy in this small poor-prognosis patient population, with treatment not feasible. Trial registration NCT00850785, initial registration date February 23, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Sanborn
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, N.E. Glisan Street, 2N35, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| | | | - Sandra Aung
- UbiVac, Portland, OR USA
- Present address: Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anupama Acheson
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Tarsem Moudgil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Sachin Puri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | | | - Brenda Fisher
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Todd Coffey
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Christopher Paustian
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Michael Neuberger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
- Present address: Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Edwin Walker
- Immunological Monitoring Laboratory, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- UbiVac, Portland, OR USA
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Walter J. Urba
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Bernard A. Fox
- UbiVac, Portland, OR USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
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22
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Frentzel J, Sorrentino D, Giuriato S. Targeting Autophagy in ALK-Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E161. [PMID: 29186933 PMCID: PMC5742809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process, which is used by the cells for cytoplasmic quality control. This process is induced following different kinds of stresses e.g., metabolic, environmental, or therapeutic, and acts, in this framework, as a cell survival mechanism. However, under certain circumstances, autophagy has been associated with cell death. This duality has been extensively reported in solid and hematological cancers, and has been observed during both tumor development and cancer therapy. As autophagy plays a critical role at the crossroads between cell survival and cell death, its involvement and therapeutic modulation (either activation or inhibition) are currently intensively studied in cancer biology, to improve treatments and patient outcomes. Over the last few years, studies have demonstrated the occurrence of autophagy in different Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-associated cancers, notably ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), Neuroblastoma (NB), and Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). In this review, we will first briefly describe the autophagic process and how it can lead to opposite outcomes in anti-cancer therapies, and we will then focus on what is currently known regarding autophagy in ALK-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Frentzel
- Merck Serono S.A., Route de Fenil 25, Z.I. B, 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.
| | - Domenico Sorrentino
- Inserm, UMR1037, CNRS, ERL5294, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Sylvie Giuriato
- Inserm, UMR1037, CNRS, ERL5294, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA).
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138.
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23
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Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism by which cellular material is delivered to lysosomes for degradation, leading to the basal turnover of cell components and providing energy and macromolecular precursors. Autophagy has opposing, context-dependent roles in cancer, and interventions to both stimulate and inhibit autophagy have been proposed as cancer therapies. This has led to the therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cancer to be sometimes viewed as controversial. In this Review, we suggest a way forwards for the effective targeting of autophagy by understanding the context-dependent roles of autophagy and by capitalizing on modern approaches to clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Stern PL. Is immunity in cancer the key to improving clinical outcome?: Report on the International Symposium on Immunotherapy, The Royal Society, London, UK, 12-13 May 2017. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2017; 5:55-68. [PMID: 28794878 DOI: 10.1177/2051013617720659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Stern
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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25
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Joffre C, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Pattingre S, Giuriato S. L’autophagie : le yin et le yang des cancers. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:328-334. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173303021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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26
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Ascierto PA, Agarwala S, Botti G, Cesano A, Ciliberto G, Davies MA, Demaria S, Dummer R, Eggermont AM, Ferrone S, Fu YX, Gajewski TF, Garbe C, Huber V, Khleif S, Krauthammer M, Lo RS, Masucci G, Palmieri G, Postow M, Puzanov I, Silk A, Spranger S, Stroncek DF, Tarhini A, Taube JM, Testori A, Wang E, Wargo JA, Yee C, Zarour H, Zitvogel L, Fox BA, Mozzillo N, Marincola FM, Thurin M. Future perspectives in melanoma research : Meeting report from the "Melanoma Bridge". Napoli, December 1st-4th 2015. J Transl Med 2016; 14:313. [PMID: 27846884 PMCID: PMC5111349 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The sixth "Melanoma Bridge Meeting" took place in Naples, Italy, December 1st-4th, 2015. The four sessions at this meeting were focused on: (1) molecular and immune advances; (2) combination therapies; (3) news in immunotherapy; and 4) tumor microenvironment and biomarkers. Recent advances in tumor biology and immunology has led to the development of new targeted and immunotherapeutic agents that prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients. Immunotherapies in particular have emerged as highly successful approaches to treat patients with cancer including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), bladder cancer, and Hodgkin's disease. Specifically, many clinical successes have been using checkpoint receptor blockade, including T cell inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1. Despite demonstrated successes, responses to immunotherapy interventions occur only in a minority of patients. Attempts are being made to improve responses to immunotherapy by developing biomarkers. Optimizing biomarkers for immunotherapy could help properly select patients for treatment and help to monitor response, progression and resistance that are critical challenges for the immuno-oncology (IO) field. Importantly, biomarkers could help to design rational combination therapies. In addition, biomarkers may help to define mechanism of action of different agents, dose selection and to sequence drug combinations. However, biomarkers and assays development to guide cancer immunotherapy is highly challenging for several reasons: (i) multiplicity of immunotherapy agents with different mechanisms of action including immunotherapies that target activating and inhibitory T cell receptors (e.g., CTLA-4, PD-1, etc.); adoptive T cell therapies that include tissue infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and T cell receptor (TCR) modified T cells; (ii) tumor heterogeneity including changes in antigenic profiles over time and location in individual patient; and (iii) a variety of immune-suppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment (TME) including T regulatory cells (Treg), myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and immunosuppressive cytokines. In addition, complex interaction of tumor-immune system further increases the level of difficulties in the process of biomarkers development and their validation for clinical use. Recent clinical trial results have highlighted the potential for combination therapies that include immunomodulating agents such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4. Agents targeting other immune inhibitory (e.g., Tim-3) or immune stimulating (e.g., CD137) receptors on T cells and other approaches such as adoptive cell transfer are tested for clinical efficacy in melanoma as well. These agents are also being tested in combination with targeted therapies to improve upon shorter-term responses thus far seen with targeted therapy. Various locoregional interventions that demonstrate promising results in treatment of advanced melanoma are also integrated with immunotherapy agents and the combinations with cytotoxic chemotherapy and inhibitors of angiogenesis are changing the evolving landscape of therapeutic options and are being evaluated to prevent or delay resistance and to further improve survival rates for melanoma patients' population. This meeting's specific focus was on advances in immunotherapy and combination therapy for melanoma. The importance of understanding of melanoma genomic background for development of novel therapies and biomarkers for clinical application to predict the treatment response was an integral part of the meeting. The overall emphasis on biomarkers supports novel concepts toward integrating biomarkers into personalized-medicine approach for treatment of patients with melanoma across the entire spectrum of disease stage. Translation of the knowledge gained from the biology of tumor microenvironment across different tumors represents a bridge to impact on prognosis and response to therapy in melanoma. We also discussed the requirements for pre-analytical and analytical as well as clinical validation process as applied to biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. The concept of the fit-for-purpose marker validation has been introduced to address the challenges and strategies for analytical and clinical validation design for specific assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A. Ascierto
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sanjiv Agarwala
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, St. Luke’s University Hospital and Temple University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Gerardo Botti
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael A. Davies
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yang Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Thomas F. Gajewski
- Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Immunology and Cancer Program, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermato Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Veronica Huber
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Samir Khleif
- Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | | | - Roger S. Lo
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Giuseppe Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Postow
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Early Phase Clinical Trials Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Ann Silk
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | | | - David F. Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Ahmad Tarhini
- Departments of Medicine, Immunology and Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Janis M. Taube
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University SOM, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Genomic Medicine and Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Cassian Yee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Hassane Zarour
- Departments of Medicine, Immunology and Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, U1015 INSERM, Villejuif, France
- University Paris XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bernard A. Fox
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Nicola Mozzillo
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
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