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Visser N, Herreman LCM, Vandooren J, Pereira RVS, Opdenakker G, Spelbrink REJ, Wilbrink MH, Bremer E, Gosens R, Nawijn MC, van der Ende-Metselaar HH, Smit JM, Laus MC, Laman JD. Novel high-yield potato protease inhibitor panels block a wide array of proteases involved in viral infection and crucial tissue damage. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:521-536. [PMID: 38381158 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Viruses critically rely on various proteases to ensure host cell entry and replication. In response to viral infection, the host will induce acute tissue inflammation pulled by granulocytes. Upon hyperactivation, neutrophil granulocytes may cause undue tissue damage through proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix. Here, we assess the potential of protease inhibitors (PI) derived from potatoes in inhibiting viral infection and reducing tissue damage. The original full spectrum of potato PI was developed into five fractions by means of chromatography and hydrolysis. Individual fractions showed varying inhibitory efficacy towards a panel of proteases including trypsin, chymotrypsin, ACE2, elastase, and cathepsins B and L. The fractions did not interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in vitro. Importantly, two of the fractions fully inhibited elastin-degrading activity of complete primary human neutrophil degranulate. These data warrant further development of potato PI fractions for biomedical purposes, including tissue damage crucial to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. KEY MESSAGES: Protease inhibitor fractions from potato differentially inhibit a series of human proteases involved in viral replication and in tissue damage by overshoot inflammation. Protease inhibition of cell surface receptors such as ACE2 does not prevent virus infection of Vero cells in vitro. Protease inhibitors derived from potato can fully inhibit elastin-degrading primary human neutrophil proteases. Protease inhibitor fractions can be produced at high scale (hundreds of thousands of kilograms, i.e., tons) allowing economically feasible application in lower and higher income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Visser
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Rafaela Vaz Sousa Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC) Research Institute, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC) Research Institute, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi H van der Ende-Metselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C Laus
- Avebe Innovation Center Groningen, 9747 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Lin Y, Choukrani G, Dubbel L, Rockstein L, Freile JA, Qi Y, Wiersma V, Zhang H, Koch KW, Ammatuna E, Schuringa JJ, van Meerten T, Huls G, Bremer E. VISTA drives macrophages towards a pro-tumoral phenotype that promotes cancer cell phagocytosis yet down-regulates T cell responses. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:35. [PMID: 38553748 PMCID: PMC10979580 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VISTA is a well-known immune checkpoint in T cell biology, but its role in innate immunity is less established. Here, we investigated the role of VISTA on anticancer macrophage immunity, with a focus on phagocytosis, macrophage polarization and concomitant T cell activation. METHODS Macrophages, differentiated from VISTA overexpressed THP-1 cells and cord blood CD34+ cell-derived monocytes, were used in phagocytosis assay using B lymphoma target cells opsonized with Rituximab. PBMC-derived macrophages were used to assess the correlation between phagocytosis and VISTA expression. qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to analyze the impact of VISTA on other checkpoints and M1/M2-like macrophage biology. Additionally, flow cytometry was used to assess the frequency of CD14+ monocytes expressing VISTA in PBMCs from 65 lymphoma patients and 37 healthy donors. RESULTS Ectopic expression of VISTA in the monocytic model cell line THP-1 or in primary monocytes triggered differentiation towards the macrophage lineage, with a marked increase in M2-like macrophage-related gene expression and decrease in M1-like macrophage-related gene expression. VISTA expression in THP-1 and monocyte-derived macrophages strongly downregulated expression of SIRPα, a prominent 'don't eat me' signal, and augmented phagocytic activity of macrophages against cancer cells. Intriguingly, expression of VISTA's extracellular domain alone sufficed to trigger phagocytosis in ∼ 50% of cell lines, with those cell lines also directly binding to recombinant human VISTA, indicating ligand-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Endogenous VISTA expression was predominantly higher in M2-like macrophages compared to M0- or M1-like macrophages, with a positive correlation observed between VISTA expression in M2c macrophages and their phagocytic activity. VISTA-expressing macrophages demonstrated a unique cytokine profile, characterized by reduced IL-1β and elevated IL-10 secretion. Furthermore, VISTA interacted with MHC-I and downregulated its surface expression, leading to diminished T cell activation. Notably, VISTA surface expression was identified in monocytes from all lymphoma patients but was less prevalent in healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, VISTA expression associates with and drives M2-like activation of macrophages with a high phagocytic capacity yet a decrease in antigen presentation capability to T cells. Therefore, VISTA is a negative immune checkpoint regulator in macrophage-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Lin
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ghizlane Choukrani
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Dubbel
- Faculty VI, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department for human Medicine, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, University Clinic for Gynecology, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lena Rockstein
- Faculty VI, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department for human Medicine, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, University Clinic for Gynecology, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jimena Alvarez Freile
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Yuzhu Qi
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Karl-Wilhelm Koch
- Faculty VI, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dept. of Neuroscience, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Emanuele Ammatuna
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 EZ, The Netherlands.
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Nelemans LC, Melo VA, Buzgo M, Bremer E, Simaite A. Antibody desolvation with sodium chloride and acetonitrile generates bioactive protein nanoparticles. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300416. [PMID: 38483950 PMCID: PMC10939210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
About 30% of the FDA approved drugs in 2021 were protein-based therapeutics. However, therapeutic proteins can be unstable and rapidly eliminated from the blood, compared to conventional drugs. Furthermore, on-target but off-tumor protein binding can lead to off-tumor toxicity, lowering the maximum tolerated dose. Thus, for effective treatment therapeutic proteins often require continuous or frequent administration. To improve protein stability, delivery and release, proteins can be encapsulated inside drug delivery systems. These drug delivery systems protect the protein from degradation during (targeted) transport, prevent premature release and allow for long-term, sustained release. However, thus far achieving high protein loading in drug delivery systems remains challenging. Here, the use of protein desolvation with acetonitrile as an intermediate step to concentrate monoclonal antibodies for use in drug delivery systems is reported. Specifically, trastuzumab, daratumumab and atezolizumab were desolvated with high yield (∼90%) into protein nanoparticles below 100 nm with a low polydispersity index (<0.2). Their size could be controlled by the addition of low concentrations of sodium chloride between 0.5 and 2 mM. Protein particles could be redissolved in aqueous solutions and redissolved antibodies retained their binding activity as evaluated in cell binding assays and exemplified for trastuzumab in an ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Collin Nelemans
- R&D Center, InoCure s.r.o, Celákovice, Central Bohemian, Czech Republic
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vinicio Alejandro Melo
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matej Buzgo
- R&D Center, InoCure s.r.o, Celákovice, Central Bohemian, Czech Republic
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aiva Simaite
- R&D Center, InoCure s.r.o, Celákovice, Central Bohemian, Czech Republic
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4
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Bilemjian V, Lin Y, Wan W, Egri G, Huls G, Heinze T, Bremer E, Gericke M, Dähne L. Direct Functionalization of Polysaccharide-Based Xylan Phenyl Carbonate Nanoparticles with Tumor Cell Specific Antibodies. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300828. [PMID: 38236789 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and easy-to-use approach is presented for obtaining biocompatible polysaccharide-based nanoparticles (NP) that can act as tumor-specific drug delivery agents. Two antibodies are directly immobilized onto reactive xylan phenyl carbonate (XPC) NP; namely Cetuximab (CTX) that binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Atezolizumab (ATZ) that binds to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). High coupling efficiency (up to 100 %) are achieved without any pre-activation and no aggregation occurs during antibody immobilization. By quartz crystal microbalance experiments with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), flow cytometry assays, and confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging it is demonstrated that the functionalized XPC-NP specifically bind to cells carrying the corresponding antigens. Moreover, the NP retain the antibody specific bioactivities (growth inhibition for CTX and induction of T-cell cytotoxicity for ATZ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrouyr Bilemjian
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Wan
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gericke
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Dähne
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Visser N, Nelemans LC, He Y, Lourens HJ, Corrales MG, Huls G, Wiersma VR, Schuringa JJ, Bremer E. Signal regulatory protein beta 2 is a novel positive regulator of innate anticancer immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287256. [PMID: 38116002 PMCID: PMC10729450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the therapeutic (re)activation of innate anticancer immunity has gained prominence, with therapeutic blocking of the interaction of Signal Regulatory Protein (SIRP)-α with its ligand CD47 yielding complete responses in refractory and relapsed B cell lymphoma patients. SIRP-α has as crucial inhibitory role on phagocytes, with e.g., its aberrant activation enabling the escape of cancer cells from immune surveillance. SIRP-α belongs to a family of paired receptors comprised of not only immune-inhibitory, but also putative immune-stimulatory receptors. Here, we report that an as yet uninvestigated SIRP family member, SIRP-beta 2 (SIRP-ß2), is strongly expressed under normal physiological conditions in macrophages and granulocytes at protein level. Endogenous expression of SIRP-ß2 on granulocytes correlated with trogocytosis of cancer cells. Further, ectopic expression of SIRP-ß2 stimulated macrophage adhesion, differentiation and cancer cell phagocytosis as well as potentiated macrophage-mediated activation of T cell Receptor-specific T cell activation. SIRP-ß2 recruited the immune activating adaptor protein DAP12 to positively regulate innate immunity, with the charged lysine 202 of SIRP-ß2 being responsible for interaction with DAP12. Mutation of lysine 202 to leucine lead to a complete loss of the increased adhesion and phagocytosis. In conclusion, SIRP-ß2 is a novel positive regulator of innate anticancer immunity and a potential costimulatory target for innate immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, Netherlands
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Johanna I, Daudeij A, Devina F, Nijenhuis C, Nuijen B, Romberg B, de Haar C, Haanen J, Dolstra H, Bremer E, Sebestyen Z, Straetemans T, Jedema I, Kuball J. Basics of advanced therapy medicinal product development in academic pharma and the role of a GMP simulation unit. Immunooncol Technol 2023; 20:100411. [PMID: 38192616 PMCID: PMC10772236 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Following successes of authorized chimeric antigen receptor T-cell products being commercially marketed in the United States and European Union, product development of T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy consisting of cell-based advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) has gained further momentum. Due to their complex characteristics, pharmacological properties of living cell products are, in contrast to classical biological drugs such as small molecules, more difficult to define. Despite the availability of many new advanced technologies that facilitate ATMP manufacturing, translation from research-grade to clinical-grade manufacturing in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) needs a thorough product development process in order to maintain the same product characteristics and activity of the therapeutic product after full-scale clinical GMP production as originally developed within a research setting. The same holds true for transferring a fully developed GMP-grade production process between different GMP facilities. Such product development from the research to GMP-grade manufacturing and technology transfer processes of established GMP-compliant procedures between facilities are challenging. In this review, we highlight some of the main obstacles related to the product development, manufacturing process, and product analysis, as well as how these hinder rapid access to ATMPs. We elaborate on the role of academia, also referred to as 'academic pharma', and the added value of GMP production and GMP simulation facilities to keep innovation moving by reducing the development time and to keep final production costs reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Johanna
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - A. Daudeij
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - F. Devina
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - C. Nijenhuis
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - B. Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - B. Romberg
- Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - C. de Haar
- Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - J. Haanen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - H. Dolstra
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - E. Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Z. Sebestyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - T. Straetemans
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - I. Jedema
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - J. Kuball
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
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7
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Li K, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Xiong X, Wang L, Li J, Zhou F, Guo Y, Chen S, Chen Y, Tang H, Qiu X, Cai S, Zhang D, Bremer E, Jim Yeung SC, Zhang H. Salivary Extracellular MicroRNAs for Early Detection and Prognostication of Esophageal Cancer: A Clinical Study. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:932-945.e9. [PMID: 37399999 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Early detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) will facilitate curative treatment. We aimed to establish a microRNA (miRNA) signature derived from salivary extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) for early ESCC detection and prognostication. METHODS Salivary EVP miRNA expression was profiled in a pilot cohort (n = 54) using microarray. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) and least absolute shrinkage and selector operation regression analyses were used to prioritize miRNAs that discriminated patients with ESCC from controls. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the candidates were measured in a discovery cohort (n = 72) and cell lines. The prediction models for the biomarkers were derived from a training cohort (n = 342) and validated in an internal cohort (n = 207) and an external cohort (n = 226). RESULTS The microarray analysis identified 7 miRNAs for distinguishing patients with ESCC from control subjects. Because 1 was not always detectable in the discovery cohort and cell lines, the other 6 miRNAs formed a panel. A signature of this panel accurately identified patients with all-stage ESCC in the training cohort (AUROC = 0.968) and was successfully validated in 2 independent cohorts. Importantly, this signature could distinguish patients with early-stage (stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ) ESCC from control subjects in the training cohort (AUROC = 0.969, sensitivity = 92.00%, specificity = 89.17%) and internal (sensitivity = 90.32%, specificity = 91.04%) and external (sensitivity = 91.07%, specificity = 88.06%) validation cohorts. Moreover, a prognostic signature based on the panel was established and efficiently predicted the high-risk cases with poor progression-free survival and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The salivary EVP-based 6-miRNA signature can serve as noninvasive biomarkers for early detection and risk stratification of ESCC. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000031507.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science and Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Graduate School, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Xiong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science and Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junkuo Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Endoscopy Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Heyuan, China
| | - Xiaofu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songwang Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sai-Ching Jim Yeung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Álvarez Freile J, Qi Y, Jacob L, Lobo MF, Lourens HJ, Huls G, Bremer E. A luminescence-based method to assess antigen presentation and antigen-specific T cell responses for in vitro screening of immunomodulatory checkpoints and therapeutics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233113. [PMID: 37559730 PMCID: PMC10407562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the strength of antigen-specific responses in vitro is becoming increasingly relevant for decision making in early-phase research of novel immunotherapeutic approaches, including adoptive cell but also immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies. In the latter, antigen-specific rapid and high throughput tools to investigate MHC/antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) activation haven't been implemented yet. Here, we present a simple and rapid luminescence-based approach using the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E711-20 peptide as model antigen and E7-TCR transgenic Jurkat.NFAT-luciferase reporter cells. Upon E7 peptide pulsing of HLA-A2+ cell lines and macrophages, an effector to target ratio dependent increase in luminescence compared to non-pulsed cells was observed after co-incubation with E7-TCR expressing Jurkat, but not with parental cells. Analogous experiments with cells expressing full-length HPV16 identified that E7-specific activation of Jurkat cells enabled detection of endogenous antigen processing and MHC-I presentation. As proof of concept, overexpression of established checkpoints/inhibitory molecules (e.g., PD-L1 or HLA-G) significantly reduced the E7-specific TCR-induced luminescence, an effect that could be restored after treatment with corresponding targeting antagonistic antibodies. Altogether, the luminescence-based method described here represents an alternative approach for the rapid evaluation of MHC-dependent antigen-specific T cell responses in vitro. It can be used as a rapid tool to evaluate the impact of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment or novel ICI in triggering effective T cell responses, as well as speeding up the development of novel therapeutics within the immune-oncology field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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9
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Melo V, Nelemans LC, Vlaming M, Lourens HJ, Wiersma VR, Bilemjian V, Huls G, de Bruyn M, Bremer E. EGFR-selective activation of CD27 co-stimulatory signaling by a bispecific antibody enhances anti-tumor activity of T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191866. [PMID: 37545491 PMCID: PMC10399592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher density of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor microenvironment, particularly cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, is associated with improved clinical outcome in various cancers. However, local inhibitory factors can suppress T cell activity and hinder anti-tumor immunity. Notably, TILs from various cancer types express the co-stimulatory Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor CD27, making it a potential target for co-stimulation and re-activation of tumor-infiltrated and tumor-reactive T cells. Anti-cancer therapeutics based on exploiting CD27-mediated T cell co-stimulation have proven safe, but clinical responses remain limited. This is likely because current monoclonal antibodies fail to effectively activate CD27 signaling, as this receptor requires higher-order receptor cross-linking. Here, we report on a bispecific antibody, CD27xEGFR, that targets both CD27 and the tumor antigen, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). By targeting EGFR, which is commonly expressed on carcinomas, CD27xEGFR induced cancer cell-localized crosslinking and activation of CD27. The design of CD27xEGFR includes an Fc-silent domain, which is designed to minimize potential toxicity by reducing Fc gamma receptor-mediated binding and activation of immune cells. CD27xEGFR bound to both of its targets simultaneously and triggered EGFR-restricted co-stimulation of T cells as measured by T cell proliferation, T cell activation markers, cytotoxicity and IFN-γ release. Further, CD27xEGFR augmented T cell cytotoxicity in a panel of artificial antigen-presenting carcinoma cell line models, leading to Effector-to-Target ratio-dependent elimination of cancer cells. Taken together, we present the in vitro characterization of a novel bispecific antibody that re-activates T cell immunity in EGFR-expressing cancers through targeted co-stimulation of CD27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Melo
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Levi Collin Nelemans
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vlaming
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Lourens
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Valerie R. Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Vrouyr Bilemjian
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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10
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Choukrani G, Visser N, Ustyanovska Avtenyuk N, Olthuis M, Marsman G, Ammatuna E, Lourens HJ, Niki T, Huls G, Bremer E, Wiersma VR. Galectin-9 has non-apoptotic cytotoxic activity toward acute myeloid leukemia independent of cytarabine resistance. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:228. [PMID: 37407572 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignancy still associated with poor survival rates, among others, due to frequent occurrence of therapy-resistant relapse after standard-of-care treatment with cytarabine (AraC). AraC triggers apoptotic cell death, a type of cell death to which AML cells often become resistant. Therefore, therapeutic options that trigger an alternate type of cell death are of particular interest. We previously identified that the glycan-binding protein Galectin-9 (Gal-9) has tumor-selective and non-apoptotic cytotoxicity towards various types of cancer, which depended on autophagy inhibition. Thus, Gal-9 could be of therapeutic interest for (AraC-resistant) AML. In the current study, treatment with Gal-9 was cytotoxic for AML cells, including for CD34+ patient-derived AML stem cells, but not for healthy cord blood-derived CD34+ stem cells. This Gal-9-mediated cytotoxicity did not rely on apoptosis but was negatively associated with autophagic flux. Importantly, both AraC-sensitive and -resistant AML cell lines, as well as AML patient samples, were sensitive to single-agent treatment with Gal-9. Additionally, Gal-9 potentiated the cytotoxic effect of DNA demethylase inhibitor Azacytidine (Aza), a drug that is clinically used for patients that are not eligible for intensive AraC treatment. Thus, Gal-9 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AML, including AraC-resistant AML, by inducing caspase-independent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Choukrani
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Visser
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natasha Ustyanovska Avtenyuk
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Olthuis
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn Marsman
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Ammatuna
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Lourens
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Qi Y, Li M, Li S, Zeng D, Xiao Y, Li J, Ye Q, Bremer E, Zhang GJ. Notch1 promotes resistance to cisplatin by up-regulating Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:204. [PMID: 37391408 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive molecular subtype that due to lack of druggable targets is treated with chemotherapy as standard of care. However, TNBC is prone to chemoresistance and associates with poor survival. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in TNBC. Firstly, we found that the mRNA expression of Notch1 and CD73 in cisplatin-treated patient material associated with poor clinical outcome. Further, both were upregulated at the protein level in cisplatin-resistant TNBC cell lines. Overexpression of Notch1 intracellular domain (termed N1ICD) increased expression of CD73, whereas knockdown of Notch1 decreased CD73 expression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and Dual-Luciferase assay it was identified that N1ICD directly bound the CD73 promoter and activated transcription. Taken together, these findings suggest CD73 as a direct downstream target of Notch1, providing an additional layer to the mechanisms underlying Notch1-mediated cisplatin resistance in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Qi
- Cancer Center & Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361101, Xiamen, China
- Department Of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Meifang Li
- The first affiliated hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shaozhong Li
- Shenshan Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 516621, Shanwei, China
| | - De Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingsheng Xiao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qianqian Ye
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department Of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Cancer Center & Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361101, Xiamen, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 361101, Xiamen, China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 361101, Xiamen, China.
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 361101, Xiamen, China.
- Central Laboratory, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 361101, Xiamen, China.
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12
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Ghantous L, Volman Y, Hefez R, Wald O, Stern E, Friehmann T, Chajut A, Bremer E, Elhalel MD, Rachmilewitz J. The DNA damage response pathway regulates the expression of the immune checkpoint CD47. Commun Biol 2023; 6:245. [PMID: 36882648 PMCID: PMC9992352 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a cell surface ligand expressed on all nucleated cells. It is a unique immune checkpoint protein acting as "don't eat me" signal to prevent phagocytosis and is constitutively overexpressed in many tumors. However, the underlying mechanism(s) for CD47 overexpression is not clear. Here, we show that irradiation (IR) as well as various other genotoxic agents induce elevated expression of CD47. This upregulation correlates with the extent of residual double-strand breaks (DSBs) as determined by γH2AX staining. Interestingly, cells lacking mre-11, a component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex that plays a central role in DSB repair, or cells treated with the mre-11 inhibitor, mirin, fail to elevate the expression of CD47 upon DNA damage. On the other hand, both p53 and NF-κB pathways or cell-cycle arrest do not play a role in CD47 upregualtion upon DNA damage. We further show that CD47 expression is upregulated in livers harvested from mice treated with the DNA-damage inducing agent Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and in cisplatin-treated mesothelioma tumors. Hence, our results indicate that CD47 is upregulated following DNA damage in a mre-11-dependent manner. Chronic DNA damage response in cancer cells might contribute to constitutive elevated expression of CD47 and promote immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Ghantous
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Volman
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth Hefez
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Wald
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Stern
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomer Friehmann
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Dranitzki Elhalel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Jacob Rachmilewitz
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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13
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Vlaming M, Bilemjian V, Freile JÁ, Melo V, Plat A, Huls G, Nijman H, de Bruyn M, Bremer E. Tumor infiltrating CD8/CD103/TIM-3-expressing lymphocytes in epithelial ovarian cancer co-express CXCL13 and associate with improved survival. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031746. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) with immune checkpoint inhibitors or co-stimulators has proven to be an effective anti-cancer strategy for a broad range of malignancies. However, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains largely refractory to current T cell-targeting immunotherapeutics. Therefore, identification of novel immune checkpoint targets and biomarkers with prognostic value for EOC is warranted. Combining multicolor immunofluorescent staining’s with single cell RNA-sequencing analysis, we here identified a TIM-3/CXCL13-positive tissue-resident memory (CD8/CD103-positive) T cell (Trm) population in EOC. Analysis of a cohort of ~175 patients with high-grade serous EOC revealed TIM-3-positive Trm were significantly associated with improved patient survival. As CXCL13-positive CD8-positive T cells have been strongly linked to patient response to anti-PD1 immune checkpoint blockade, combinatorial TIM-3 and PD-1 blockade therapy may be of interest for the (re)activation of anti-cancer immunity in EOC.
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14
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Bouwstra R, van Meerten T, Bremer E. CD47‐SIRPα blocking‐based immunotherapy: Current and prospective therapeutic strategies. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e943. [PMID: 35908284 PMCID: PMC9339239 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The CD47‐signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) ‘don't eat me’ signalling axis is perhaps the most prominent innate immune checkpoint to date. However, from initial clinical trials, it is evident that monotherapy with CD47‐SIRPα blocking has a limited therapeutic effect at the maximum tolerated dose. Furthermore, treatment is associated with severe side effects, most notably anaemia, that are attributable to the ubiquitous expression of CD47. Nevertheless, promising clinical responses have been reported upon combination with the tumour‐targeting antibody rituximab or azacytidine, although toxicity issues still hamper clinical application. Main body Here, we discuss the current state of CD47‐SIRPα blocking therapy with a focus on limitations of current strategies, such as depletion of red blood cells. Subsequently, we focus on innovations designed to overcome these limitations. These include novel antibody formats designed to selectively target CD47 on tumour cells as well as tumour‐targeted bispecific antibodies with improved selectivity. In addition, the rationale and outcome of combinatorial approaches to improve the therapeutic effect of CD47 blockade are discussed. Such combinations include those with tumour‐targeted opsonizing antibodies, systemic therapy, epigenetic drugs, other immunomodulatory T‐cell‐targeted therapeutics or dual immunomodulatory CD47 bispecific antibodies. Conclusion With these advances in the design of CD47‐SIRPα‐targeting therapeutic strategies and increasing insight into the mechanism of action of this innate checkpoint, including the role of adaptive immunity, further advances in the clinical application of this checkpoint can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Bouwstra
- Department of Hematology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- Department of Hematology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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15
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Melo V, Bremer E, Martin JD. Towards Immunotherapy-Induced Normalization of the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:908389. [PMID: 35712656 PMCID: PMC9196132 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.908389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies modulate the function of immune cells to eradicate cancer cells through various mechanisms. These therapies are successful across a spectrum of cancers, but they are curative only in a subset of patients. Indeed, a major obstacle to the success of immunotherapies is the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising the stromal component and immune infiltrate of tumors. Importantly, the TME in most solid cancers is characterized by sparsely perfused blood vessels resulting from so-called pathological angiogenesis. In brief, dysregulated development of new vessels results in leaky tumor blood vessels that inefficiently deliver oxygen and other nutrients. Moreover, the occurrence of dysregulated fibrosis around the lesion, known as pathological desmoplasia, further compresses tumor blood vessels and impairs blood flow. TME normalization is a clinically tested treatment strategy to reverse these tumor blood vessel abnormalities resulting in stimulated antitumor immunity and enhanced immunotherapy efficacy. TME normalization includes vascular normalization to reduce vessel leakiness and reprogramming of cancer-associated fibroblast to decompress vessels. How immunotherapies themselves normalize the TME is poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current concepts and progress in TME normalization. Then, we review observations of immunotherapy-induced TME normalization and discuss the considerations for combining vascular normalizing and immunotherapies. If TME could be more completely normalized, immunotherapies could be more effective in more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Melo
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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16
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Freile JÁ, Ustyanovska Avtenyuk N, Corrales MG, Lourens HJ, Huls G, van Meerten T, Cendrowicz E, Bremer E. CD24 Is a Potential Immunotherapeutic Target for Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1175. [PMID: 35625912 PMCID: PMC9138264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD24 and its ligand Siglec-10 were described as an innate immune checkpoint in carcinoma. Here, we investigated this axis in B-cell lymphoma by assessing CD24 expression and evaluating pro-phagocytic effects of CD24 antibody treatment in comparison to hallmark immune checkpoint CD47. In mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and follicular lymphoma patients, high mRNA expression of CD24 correlated with poor overall survival, whereas CD47 expression did not. Conversely, CD24 expression did not correlate with survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), whereas CD47 did. CD24 was also highly expressed on MCL cell lines, where treatment with CD24 antibody clones SN3 or ML5 potently induced phagocytosis, with SN3 yielding >90% removal of MCL cells and triggering phagocytosis of primary patient-derived MCL cells by autologous macrophages. Treatment with CD24 mAb was superior to CD47 mAb in MCL and was comparable in magnitude to the effect observed in carcinoma lines. Reversely, CD24 mAb treatment was less effective than CD47 mAb treatment in DLBCL. Finally, phagocytic activity of clone SN3 appeared at least partly independent of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), suggesting CD24/Siglec-10 checkpoint activity, whereas clone ML5 solely induced ADCP. In conclusion, CD24 is an immunotherapeutic target of potential clinical relevance for MCL, but not DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Álvarez Freile
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.Á.F.); (N.U.A.); (M.G.C.); (H.J.L.); (G.H.); (T.v.M.)
| | - Natasha Ustyanovska Avtenyuk
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.Á.F.); (N.U.A.); (M.G.C.); (H.J.L.); (G.H.); (T.v.M.)
| | - Macarena González Corrales
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.Á.F.); (N.U.A.); (M.G.C.); (H.J.L.); (G.H.); (T.v.M.)
| | - Harm Jan Lourens
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.Á.F.); (N.U.A.); (M.G.C.); (H.J.L.); (G.H.); (T.v.M.)
| | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.Á.F.); (N.U.A.); (M.G.C.); (H.J.L.); (G.H.); (T.v.M.)
| | - Tom van Meerten
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.Á.F.); (N.U.A.); (M.G.C.); (H.J.L.); (G.H.); (T.v.M.)
| | - Ewa Cendrowicz
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.Á.F.); (N.U.A.); (M.G.C.); (H.J.L.); (G.H.); (T.v.M.)
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.Á.F.); (N.U.A.); (M.G.C.); (H.J.L.); (G.H.); (T.v.M.)
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17
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Lubbers JM, Ważyńska MA, van Rooij N, Kol A, Workel HH, Plat A, Paijens ST, Vlaming MR, Spierings DCJ, Elsinga PH, Bremer E, Nijman HW, de Bruyn M. Expression of CD39 Identifies Activated Intratumoral CD8+ T Cells in Mismatch Repair Deficient Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081924. [PMID: 35454831 PMCID: PMC9028869 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Identification of human cancer-reactive CD8+ T cells is crucial for the stratification of patients for immunotherapy and determination of immune-therapeutic effects. Here, we report on the CD103− CD39+ subset of CD8+ T cells in tumors and reveal this subset to be activated and likely tumor-reactive. Our data further suggest that TGF-β signaling in the tumor micro-environment causes the differentiation of these recently activated CD103− CD39+ CD8+ T cells towards a CD39+ CD103+ tissue-resident memory-like phenotype. Abstract Identification of human cancer-reactive CD8+ T cells is crucial for the stratification of patients for immunotherapy and determination of immune-therapeutic effects. To date, these T cells have been identified mainly based on cell surface expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or co-expression of CD103 and CD39. A small subset of CD103− CD39+ CD8+ T cells is also present in tumors, but little is known about these T cells. Here, we report that CD103− CD39+ CD8+ T cells from mismatch repair-deficient endometrial tumors are activated and characterized predominantly by expression of TNFRSF9. In vitro, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) drives the disappearance of this subset, likely through the conversion of CD103− CD39+ cells to a CD103+ phenotype. On the transcriptomic level, T cell activation and induction of CD39 was associated with a number of tissue residence and TGF-β responsive transcription factors. Altogether, our data suggest CD39+ CD103− CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cells are recently activated and likely rapidly differentiate towards tissue residence upon exposure to TGF-β in the tumor micro-environment, explaining their relative paucity in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M. Lubbers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
| | - Marta A. Ważyńska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
| | - Nienke van Rooij
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
| | - Arjan Kol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
| | - Hagma H. Workel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
| | - Annechien Plat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
| | - Sterre T. Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
| | - Martijn R. Vlaming
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.V.); (E.B.)
| | - Diana C. J. Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.V.); (E.B.)
| | - Hans W. Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.M.L.); (M.A.W.); (N.v.R.); (A.K.); (H.H.W.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (H.W.N.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Cendrowicz E, Jacob L, Greenwald S, Tamir A, Pecker I, Tabakman R, Ghantous L, Tamir L, Kahn R, Avichzer J, Aronin A, Amsili S, Zorde-Khvalevsky E, Gozlan Y, Vlaming M, Huls G, van Meerten T, Dranitzki ME, Foley-Comer A, Pereg Y, Peled A, Chajut A, Bremer E. DSP107 combines inhibition of CD47/SIRPα axis with activation of 4-1BB to trigger anticancer immunity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:97. [PMID: 35287686 PMCID: PMC8919572 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) patients with rituximab and the CHOP treatment regimen is associated with frequent intrinsic and acquired resistance. However, treatment with a CD47 monoclonal antibody in combination with rituximab yielded high objective response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL in a phase I trial. Here, we report on a new bispecific and fully human fusion protein comprising the extracellular domains of SIRPα and 4-1BBL, termed DSP107, for the treatment of DLBCL. DSP107 blocks the CD47:SIRPα ‘don’t eat me’ signaling axis on phagocytes and promotes innate anticancer immunity. At the same time, CD47-specific binding of DSP107 enables activation of the costimulatory receptor 4-1BB on activated T cells, thereby, augmenting anticancer T cell immunity. Methods Using macrophages, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), and T cells of healthy donors and DLBCL patients, DSP107-mediated reactivation of immune cells against B cell lymphoma cell lines and primary patient-derived blasts was studied with phagocytosis assays, T cell activation and cytotoxicity assays. DSP107 anticancer activity was further evaluated in a DLBCL xenograft mouse model and safety was evaluated in cynomolgus monkey. Results Treatment with DSP107 alone or in combination with rituximab significantly increased macrophage- and PMN-mediated phagocytosis and trogocytosis, respectively, of DLBCL cell lines and primary patient-derived blasts. Further, prolonged treatment of in vitro macrophage/cancer cell co-cultures with DSP107 and rituximab decreased cancer cell number by up to 85%. DSP107 treatment activated 4-1BB-mediated costimulatory signaling by HT1080.4-1BB reporter cells, which was strictly dependent on the SIRPα-mediated binding of DSP107 to CD47. In mixed cultures with CD47-expressing cancer cells, DSP107 augmented T cell cytotoxicity in vitro in an effector-to-target ratio-dependent manner. In mice with established SUDHL6 xenografts, the treatment with human PBMCs and DSP107 strongly reduced tumor size compared to treatment with PBMCs alone and increased the number of tumor-infiltrated T cells. Finally, DSP107 had an excellent safety profile in cynomolgus monkeys. Conclusions DSP107 effectively (re)activated innate and adaptive anticancer immune responses and may be of therapeutic use alone and in combination with rituximab for the treatment of DLBCL patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02256-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Cendrowicz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Jacob
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shirley Greenwald
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Tamir
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iris Pecker
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rinat Tabakman
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lucy Ghantous
- Departments of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Tamir
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy Kahn
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jasmine Avichzer
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexandra Aronin
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Amsili
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Yosi Gozlan
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Martijn Vlaming
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Huls
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Elhalel Dranitzki
- Departments of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adam Foley-Comer
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Pereg
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Peled
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayelet Chajut
- Kahr Medical Ltd, 1 Kiryat Hadassah POB 9779, 9109701, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Medler J, Kucka K, Melo V, Zhang T, von Rotenhan S, Ulrich J, Bremer E, Hudecek M, Beilhack A, Wajant H. CD40- and 41BB-specific antibody fusion proteins with PDL1 blockade-restricted agonism. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1486-1499. [PMID: 35198053 PMCID: PMC8825603 DOI: 10.7150/thno.66119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A strategy to broaden the applicability of checkpoint inhibitors is the combined use with antibodies targeting the immune stimulatory receptors CD40 and 41BB. However, the use of anti-CD40 and anti-41BB antibodies as agonists is problematic in two ways. First, anti-CD40 and anti-41BB antibodies need plasma membrane-associated presentation by FcγR binding to exert robust agonism but this obviously limits their immune stimulatory efficacy by triggering ADCC, CDC or anti-inflammatory FcγRIIb activities. Second, off tumor activation of CD40 and 41BB may cause dose limiting systemic inflammation. Methods: To overcome the FcγR-dependency of anti-41BB and anti-CD40 antibodies, we genetically fused such antibodies with a PDL1-specific blocking scFv as anchoring domain to enable FcγR-independent plasma membrane-associated presentation of anti-CD40- and anti-41BB antibodies. By help of GpL-tagged variants of the resulting bispecific antibodies, binding to their molecular targets was evaluated by help of cellular binding studies. Membrane PDL1-restricted engagement of CD40 and 41BB but also inhibition of PDL1-induced PD1 activation were evaluated in coculture assays with PDL1-expressing tumor cell lines and 41BB, CD40 and PD1 responsible cell lines or T-cells. Results: The binding properties of the bispecific antibody fusion proteins remained largely unchanged compared to their parental molecules. Upon anchoring to membrane PDL1, the bispecific antibody fusion proteins activated CD40/41BB signaling as efficient as the parental anti-CD40/anti-41BB antibodies when bound to FcγRs or cells expressing membrane-bound CD40L/41BBL. PD1 inhibition remained intact and the anti-41BB fusion protein thus showed PDL1-restricted costimulation of T-cells activated in vitro with anti-CD3 or a BiTe. Conclusions: Targeting of anti-CD40 and anti-41BB fusion proteins to membrane PDL1 with a blocking PDL1 scFv links PD1-PDL1 checkpoint blockade intrinsically with engagement of CD40 or 41BB.
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20
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Abdullah TM, Whatmore J, Bremer E, Slibinskas R, Michalak M, Eggleton P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced release and binding of calreticulin from human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1655-1669. [PMID: 34800147 PMCID: PMC9188521 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calreticulin (CRT) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, but can appear surface bound on cancers cells, including ovarian cancers (OC). We investigated at what stage of cell viability, CRT appeared associated with surface of human OC cells. CRT on pre-apoptotic tumour cells is thought to initiate their eradication via a process termed immunogenic cell death (ICD). METHODS We treated OC cells with the chemotherapeutic-doxorubicin (DX) known to induce translocation of CRT to some tumour cell surfaces, with and without the ER stressor-thapsigargin (TG)-and/or an ER stress inhibitor-TUDCA. We monitored translocation/release of CRT in pre-apoptotic cells by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and ELISA. We investigated the difference in binding of FITC-CRT to pre-apoptotic, apoptotic and necrotic cells and the ability of extracellular CRT to generate immature dendritic cells from THP-1 monocytes. RESULTS Dx-treatment increased endogenously released CRT and extracellular FITC_CRT binding to human pre-apoptotic OC cells. DX and TG also promoted cell death in OC cells which also increased CRT release. These cellular responses were significantly inhibited by TUDCA, suggesting that ER stress is partially responsible for the changes in CRT cellular distribution. Extracellular CRT induces maturation of THP-1 towards a imDC phenotype, an important component of ICD. CONCLUSION Collectively, these cellular responses suggest that ER stress is partially responsible for the changes in CRT cellular distribution. ER-stress regulates in part the release and binding of CRT to human OC cells where it may play a role in ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trefa M Abdullah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.,College of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Sulaimani, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Jacqueline Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.,Department of Experimental Hematology, Section Immunohematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Department of Eukaryote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marek Michalak
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.,Revolo Biotherapeutics, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
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21
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Lin Y, Wang S, Bremer E, Zhang H. Harnessing the soil: reshaping the tumor microenvironment towards an antitumor immune state by low-dose metformin. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:637-641. [PMID: 34288597 PMCID: PMC8360638 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Lin
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical CollegeGuangzhouGuangdong510632P. R. China
- Department of HematologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen 9700 RBThe Netherlands
- Graduate SchoolShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdong515041P. R. China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical CollegeGuangzhouGuangdong510632P. R. China
- Graduate SchoolShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdong515041P. R. China
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of HematologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen 9700 RBThe Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical CollegeGuangzhouGuangdong510632P. R. China
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22
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Cendrowicz E, Sas Z, Bremer E, Rygiel TP. The Role of Macrophages in Cancer Development and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1946. [PMID: 33919517 PMCID: PMC8073377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis and influence various aspects of immunity. Tumor-associated macrophages are one of the main cellular components of the tumor microenvironment. Depending on their activation status, macrophages can exert a dual influence on tumorigenesis by either antagonizing the cytotoxic activity of immune cells or, less frequently, by enhancing antitumor responses. In most situations, TAMs suppress T cell recruitment and function or regulate other aspects of tumor immunity. The importance of TAMs targeting in cancer therapy is derived from the strong association between the high infiltration of TAMs in the tumor tissue with poor patient prognosis. Several macrophage-targeting approaches in anticancer therapy are developed, including TAM depletion, inhibition of new TAM differentiation, or re-education of TAM activation for cancer cell phagocytosis. In this review, we will describe the role of TAMs in tumor development, including such aspects as protumorigenic inflammation, immune suppression, neoangiogenesis, and enhancement of tissue invasion and distant metastasis. Furthermore, we will discuss therapeutic approaches that aim to deplete TAMs or, on the contrary, re-educate TAMs for cancer cell phagocytosis and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Cendrowicz
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Zuzanna Sas
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, Building F, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Tomasz P. Rygiel
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, Building F, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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23
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Visser N, Lourens HJ, Huls G, Bremer E, Wiersma VR. Inhibition of Autophagy Does Not Re-Sensitize Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Resistant to Cytarabine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052337. [PMID: 33652766 PMCID: PMC7956277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated activation of the autophagy pathway is currently thought to be one of the survival mechanisms allowing therapy-resistant cancer cells to escape elimination, including for cytarabine (AraC)-resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Consequently, the use of autophagy inhibitors such as chloroquine (CQ) is being explored for the re-sensitization of AraC-resistant cells. In our study, no difference in the activity of the autophagy pathway was detected when comparing AraC-Res AML cell lines to parental AraC-sensitive AML cell lines. Furthermore, treatment with autophagy inhibitors CQ, 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), and bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) did not re-sensitize AraC-Res AML cell lines to AraC treatment. However, in parental AraC-sensitive AML cells, treatment with AraC did activate autophagy and, correspondingly, combination of AraC with autophagy inhibitors strongly reduced cell viability. Notably, the combination of these drugs also yielded the highest level of cell death in a panel of patient-derived AML samples even though not being additive. Furthermore, there was no difference in the cytotoxic effect of autophagy inhibition during AraC treatment in matched de novo and relapse samples with differential sensitivity to AraC. Thus, inhibition of autophagy may improve AraC efficacy in AML patients, but does not seem warranted for the treatment of AML patients that have relapsed with AraC-resistant disease.
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24
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Ustyanovska Avtenyuk N, Visser N, Bremer E, Wiersma VR. The Neutrophil: The Underdog That Packs a Punch in the Fight against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7820. [PMID: 33105656 PMCID: PMC7659937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has had a major impact on the outcome and overall survival in many types of cancer. Current immunotherapeutic strategies typically aim to (re)activate anticancer T cell immunity, although the targeting of macrophage-mediated anticancer innate immunity has also emerged in recent years. Neutrophils, although comprising ≈ 60% of all white blood cells in the circulation, are still largely overlooked in this respect. Nevertheless, neutrophils have evident anticancer activity and can induce phagocytosis, trogocytosis, as well as the direct cytotoxic elimination of cancer cells. Furthermore, therapeutic tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies trigger anticancer immune responses through all innate Fc-receptor expressing cells, including neutrophils. Indeed, the depletion of neutrophils strongly reduced the efficacy of monoclonal antibody treatment and increased tumor progression in various preclinical studies. In addition, the infusion of neutrophils in murine cancer models reduced tumor progression. However, evidence on the anticancer effects of neutrophils is fragmentary and mostly obtained in in vitro assays or murine models with reports on anticancer neutrophil activity in humans lagging behind. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the available knowledge of anticancer activity by neutrophils. Furthermore, we will describe strategies being explored for the therapeutic activation of anticancer neutrophil activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1/DA13, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.U.A.); (N.V.)
| | - Valerie R. Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1/DA13, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.U.A.); (N.V.)
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25
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Wang S, Lin Y, Xiong X, Wang L, Guo Y, Chen Y, Chen S, Wang G, Lin P, Chen H, Yeung SCJ, Bremer E, Zhang H. Low-Dose Metformin Reprograms the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Human Esophageal Cancer: Results of a Phase II Clinical Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4921-4932. [PMID: 32646922 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has an important impact on response to cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Specifically, an "infiltrated-excluded"/"cold" TIME is predictive of poor response. The antidiabetic agent metformin may influence anticancer immunity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed matched pre- and posttreatment ESCC specimens in a phase II clinical trial of low-dose metformin treatment (250 mg/day) to evaluate direct anti-ESCC activity and TIME reprogramming. Follow-up correlative studies using a carcinogen-induced ESCC mouse model were performed with short-term (1 week) or long-term (12 weeks) low-dose metformin (50 mg/kg/day) treatment. RESULTS In the clinical trial, low-dose metformin did not affect proliferation or apoptosis in ESCC tumors as assayed by Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining. However, metformin reprogrammed the TIME toward "infiltrated-inflamed" and increased the numbers of infiltrated CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte and CD20+ B lymphocyte. Further, an increase in tumor-suppressive (CD11c+) and a decrease in tumor-promoting (CD163+) macrophages were observed. Metformin augmented macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of ESCC cells in vitro. In the ESCC mouse model, short-term metformin treatment reprogrammed the TIME in a similar fashion to humans, whereas long-term treatment further shifted the TIME toward an active state (e.g., reduction in CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells) and inhibited ESCC growth. In both humans and mice, metformin triggered AMPK activation and STAT3 inactivation, and altered the production of effector cytokines (i.e., TNFα, IFNγ, and IL10) in the immune cells. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose metformin reprograms the TIME to an activated status and may be a suitable immune response modifier for further investigation in patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xiao Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Endoscopy Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongcai Chen
- Department of Immunotherapy and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sai-Ching Jim Yeung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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26
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Bouwstra R, He Y, de Boer J, Kooistra H, Cendrowicz E, Fehrmann RSN, Ammatuna E, Zu Eulenburg C, Nijland M, Huls G, Bremer E, van Meerten T. CD47 Expression Defines Efficacy of Rituximab with CHOP in Non-Germinal Center B-cell (Non-GCB) Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Patients (DLBCL), but Not in GCB DLBCL. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1663-1671. [PMID: 31409608 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Addition of rituximab (R) to "CHOP" (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy improved outcome for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. Approximately 40% of patients who receive R-CHOP still succumb to disease due to intrinsic resistance or relapse. A potential negative regulator of DLBCL treatment outcome is the CD47 "don't eat me" immune checkpoint. To delineate the impact of CD47, we used a clinically and molecularly well-annotated cohort of 939 DLBCL patients, comprising both germinal center B-cell (GCB) and non-GCB DLBCL subtypes, treated with either CHOP or R-CHOP. High (above median) CD47 mRNA expression correlated with a detrimental effect on overall survival (OS) when DLBCL patients received R-CHOP therapy (P = 0.001), but not CHOP therapy (P = 0.645). Accordingly, patients with low CD47 expression benefited most from the addition of rituximab to CHOP [HR, 0.32; confidence interval (CI), 0.21-0.50; P < 0.001]. This negative impact of high CD47 expression on OS after R-CHOP treatment was only evident in cancers of non-GCB origin (HR, 2.09; CI, 1.26-3.47; P = 0.004) and not in the GCB subtype (HR, 1.16; CI, 0.68-1.99; P = 0.58). This differential impact of CD47 in non-GCB and GCB was confirmed in vitro, as macrophage-mediated phagocytosis stimulated by rituximab was augmented by CD47-blocking antibody only in non-GCB cell lines. Thus, high expression of CD47 mRNA limited the benefit of addition of rituximab to CHOP in non-GCB patients, and CD47-blockade only augmented rituximab-mediated phagocytosis in non-GCB cell lines. Patients with non-GCB DLBCL may benefit from CD47-targeted therapy in addition to rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Bouwstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuan He
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke de Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Kooistra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Cendrowicz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf S N Fehrmann
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Oncology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Ammatuna
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Zu Eulenburg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Nijland
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Huls
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom van Meerten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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27
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Koopmans I, Hendriks MAJM, van Ginkel RJ, Samplonius DF, Bremer E, Helfrich W. Bispecific Antibody Approach for Improved Melanoma-Selective PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2343-2351.e3. [PMID: 31128201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of functionally-impaired anticancer T cells by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death receptor ligand-1 (PD-L1)-blocking antibodies shows prominent therapeutic benefit in advanced melanoma and patients with non-small cell lung cancer. However, current PD-L1-blocking antibodies lack intrinsic tumor selectivity. Therefore, efficacy may be reduced resulting from on-target and off-tumor binding to PD-L1-expressing normal cells. This may lead to indiscriminate activation of antigen-experienced T cells, including those implicated in autoimmune-related adverse events. To direct PD-L1 blockade to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4)-expressing cancers and to reactivate anticancer T cells more selectively, we constructed bispecific antibody PD-L1xCSPG4. CSPG4 is an established target antigen that is selectively overexpressed on malignant melanoma and various other difficult-to-treat cancers. PD-L1xCSPG4 showed enhanced capacity for CSPG4-directed blockade of PD-L1 on cancer cells. Importantly, treatment of mixed cultures containing primary patient-derived CSPG4-expressing melanoma cells and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with PD-L1xCSPG4 significantly enhanced activation status, IFN-γ production, and cytolytic activity of anticancer T cells. In conclusion, tumor-directed blockade of PD-L1 by PD-L1xCSPG4 may improve efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade for treatment of melanoma and other CSPG4-overexpressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koopmans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J M Hendriks
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Ginkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Samplonius
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Bouwstra R, van Meerten T, Bremer E. Does cancer cell-expressed SLAMF7 impact on CD47-mediated phagocytosis? Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 6:1600349. [PMID: 31131314 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune checkpoint CD47 has emerged as a prominent target for cancer immunotherapy and defining biomarkers predictive of response will be a crucial step towards clinical implementation. Hereto, we investigated the importance of a previously reported requisite for SLAM family member 7(SLAMF7) expression on cancer cell phagocytosis for effective CD47 antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Bouwstra
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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He Y, Bouwstra R, Wiersma VR, de Jong M, Jan Lourens H, Fehrmann R, de Bruyn M, Ammatuna E, Huls G, van Meerten T, Bremer E. Cancer cell-expressed SLAMF7 is not required for CD47-mediated phagocytosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:533. [PMID: 30710089 PMCID: PMC6358615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a prominent new target in cancer immunotherapy, with antagonistic antibodies currently being evaluated in clinical trials. For effective evaluation of this strategy it is crucial to identify which patients are suited for CD47-targeted therapy. In this respect, expression of the pro-phagocytic signal SLAMF7 on both macrophages and cancer cells was recently reported to be a requisite for CD47 antibody-mediated phagocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that in fact SLAMF7 expression on cancer cells is not required and does not impact on CD47 antibody therapy. Moreover, SLAMF7 also does not impact on phagocytosis induction by CD20 antibody rituximab nor associates with overall survival of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma patients. In contrast, expression of CD47 negatively impacts on overall and progression free survival. In conclusion, cancer cell expression of SLAMF7 is not required for phagocytosis and, in contrast to CD47 expression, should not be used as selection criterion for CD47-targeted therapy. CD47 is a promising new target in cancer immunotherapy and recently the pro-phagocytic signal SLAMF7 has been shown to have a crucial role in phagocytosis induced by CD47-blocking antibody in hematological tumors. In this study, the authors demonstrate that SLAMF7 expressed by cancer cells is not required for phagocytosis suggesting that, in contrast to CD47 expression, SLAMF7 should not be used as selection criterion for CD47-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Renee Bouwstra
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde de Jong
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Lourens
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Fehrmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Ammatuna
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands.
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30
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Pandya UM, Egbuta C, Abdullah Norman TM, Chiang CYE, Wiersma VR, Panchal RG, Bremer E, Eggleton P, Gold LI. The Biophysical Interaction of the Danger-Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) Calreticulin with the Pattern-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Lipopolysaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020408. [PMID: 30669362 PMCID: PMC6359024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein, calreticulin (CRT), is essential for proper glycoprotein folding and maintaining cellular calcium homeostasis. During ER stress, CRT is overexpressed as part of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In addition, CRT can be released as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that may interact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during the innate immune response. One such PAMP is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall. In this report, we show that recombinant and native human placental CRT strongly interacts with LPS in solution, solid phase, and the surface of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, LPS induces oilgomerization of CRT with a disappearance of the monomeric form. The application of recombinant CRT (rCRT) to size exclusion and anion exchange chromatography shows an atypical heterogeneous elution profile, indicating that LPS affects the conformation and ionic charge of CRT. Interestingly, LPS bound to CRT is detected in sera of bronchiectasis patients with chronic bacterial infections. By ELISA, rCRT dose-dependently bound to solid phase LPS via the N- and C-domain globular head region of CRT and the C-domain alone. The specific interaction of CRT with LPS may be important in PAMP innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati M Pandya
- New York University School of Medicine--Langone Health, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Translational Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Chinaza Egbuta
- New York University School of Medicine--Langone Health, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Translational Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | - Chih-Yuan Edward Chiang
- Target Discovery and Experimental Microbiology Department, Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- Target Discovery and Experimental Microbiology Department, Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul Eggleton
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, Devon UK.
- UCB Pharma, Slough SL1 3WE, UK.
| | - Leslie I Gold
- New York University School of Medicine--Langone Health, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Translational Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Development of antibody-based immunotherapeutics has progressed from direct tumor-targeting, with antibodies such as rituximab, to blocking of immune checkpoints to reactivate antitumor immunity. In addition, bispecific antibodies/antibody fragments are also of great interest in cancer therapy, as these constructs have the ability to redirect immune effector cells to cancer targets and, thereby, enhance therapeutic efficacy. A number of bispecific antibody formats have been reported, with the first FDA-approved bispecific antibody being blinatumomab, a so-called bispecific T cell engager (BiTE), which redirects and potently activates T cell immune responses. Recently, we described an additional novel bispecific antibody derivative, termed RTX-CD47, which was designed to inhibit the innate immune checkpoint CD47-SIRPα only on -positive cancer cells. RTX-CD47 contains two antibody fragments in tandem and has monovalent binding specificity for CD47 and . Only upon dual binding to and CD47 RTX-CD47 blocks CD47 "Don't eat me" signaling. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the construction and functional evaluation of such a bispecific antibody derivative.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biological Assay/instrumentation
- Biological Assay/methods
- CD47 Antigen/genetics
- CD47 Antigen/immunology
- CD47 Antigen/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cell Culture Techniques/instrumentation
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Separation/instrumentation
- Cell Separation/methods
- Chromatography, Affinity/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Affinity/methods
- Cricetulus
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/instrumentation
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Folkerts H, Hilgendorf S, Vellenga E, Bremer E, Wiersma VR. The multifaceted role of autophagy in cancer and the microenvironment. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:517-560. [PMID: 30302772 PMCID: PMC6585651 DOI: 10.1002/med.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial recycling process that is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in cancer initiation, cancer (stem) cell maintenance as well as the development of resistance to cancer therapy in both solid and hematological malignancies. Furthermore, it is being recognized that autophagy also plays a crucial and sometimes opposing role in the complex cancer microenvironment. For instance, autophagy in stromal cells such as fibroblasts contributes to tumorigenesis by generating and supplying nutrients to cancerous cells. Reversely, autophagy in immune cells appears to contribute to tumor‐localized immune responses and among others regulates antigen presentation to and by immune cells. Autophagy also directly regulates T and natural killer cell activity and is required for mounting T‐cell memory responses. Thus, within the tumor microenvironment autophagy has a multifaceted role that, depending on the context, may help drive tumorigenesis or may help to support anticancer immune responses. This multifaceted role should be taken into account when designing autophagy‐based cancer therapeutics. In this review, we provide an overview of the diverse facets of autophagy in cancer cells and nonmalignant cells in the cancer microenvironment. Second, we will attempt to integrate and provide a unified view of how these various aspects can be therapeutically exploited for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Folkerts
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Hilgendorf
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Vellenga
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Koopmans I, Samplonius DF, Ginkel RJV, Wierstra PJ, Heskamp S, Bremer E, Helfrich W. Abstract 4553: A novel bispecific antibody for EGFR-directed blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
PD-L1-blocking antibodies produce significant clinical benefit in selected cancer patients by reactivating functionally-impaired anticancer T cells. However, their efficacy is potentially reduced by ‘on-target/off-tumor' binding to PD-L1 widely expressed on normal cells. This lack of tumor selectivity potentially induces a generalized activation of all antigen-experienced T cells as is evidenced by frequent autoimmune-related adverse events during and after treatment. To address these issues, we constructed a tetravalent bispecific antibody (bsAb), designated PD-L1xEGFR, to direct PD-L1-blockade to EGFR-expressing cancer cells and thus reactivate anticancer T cells more selectively. The IC50 of PD-L1xEGFR for binding to EGFR+ cancer cells was ~140 fold lower compared to an analogous PD-L1-blocking bsAb of irrelevant target antigen specificity (PD-L1xMock). Importantly, treatment with PD-L1xEGFR selectively enhanced activation status, INF-γ production, and activity of anti-CD3xanti-EpCAM-redirected T cells in presence of EGFR+/EpCAM+, but not EGFR-/EpCAM+ carcinoma cells. Similarly, capacity of PD-L1xEGFR to promote proliferation and IFN-γ production by CMVpp65-specific CD8+ effector T cells was enhanced in the presence of EGFR+/CMVpp65+ cancer cells. In contrast, the clinically-used PD-L1-blocking antibody MEDI4736 (durvalumab) promoted T cell activation indiscriminate of EGFR expression on cancer cells. Additionally, in tumor-bearing mice 111In-PD-L1xEGFR showed a significantly higher tumor uptake compared to 111In-PD-L1xMock. In conclusion, PD-L1xEGFR blocks the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in an EGFR-directed manner, which promotes a more selective reactivation of anticancer T cells. This novel targeted approach may be useful to enhance efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade in EGFR-overexpressing malignancies.
Citation Format: Iris Koopmans, Douwe F. Samplonius, Robert J. van Ginkel, Peter J. Wierstra, Sandra Heskamp, Edwin Bremer, Wijnand Helfrich. A novel bispecific antibody for EGFR-directed blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4553.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koopmans
- 1University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Heskamp
- 2Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- 1University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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34
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Koopmans I, Hendriks D, Samplonius DF, van Ginkel RJ, Heskamp S, Wierstra PJ, Bremer E, Helfrich W. A novel bispecific antibody for EGFR-directed blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1466016. [PMID: 30221065 PMCID: PMC6136863 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1466016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-L1-blocking antibodies produce significant clinical benefit in selected cancer patients by reactivating functionally-impaired antigen-experienced anticancer T cells. However, the efficacy of current PD-L1-blocking antibodies is potentially reduced by ‘on-target/off-tumor’ binding to PD-L1 widely expressed on normal cells. This lack of tumor selectivity may induce a generalized activation of all antigen-experienced T cells which may explain the frequent occurrence of autoimmune-related adverse events during and after treatment. To address these issues, we constructed a bispecific antibody (bsAb), designated PD-L1xEGFR, to direct PD-L1-blockade to EGFR-expressing cancer cells and to more selectively reactivate anticancer T cells. Indeed, the IC50 of PD-L1xEGFR for blocking PD-L1 on EGFR+ cancer cells was ∼140 fold lower compared to that of the analogous PD-L1-blocking bsAb PD-L1xMock with irrelevant target antigen specificity. Importantly, activation status, IFN-γ production, and oncolytic activity of anti-CD3xanti-EpCAM-redirected T cells was enhanced when cocultured with EGFR-expressing carcinoma cells. Similarly, the capacity of PD-L1xEGFR to promote proliferation and IFN-γ production by CMVpp65-directed CD8+ effector T cells was enhanced when cocultured with EGFR-expressing CMVpp65-transfected cancer cells. In contrast, the clinically-used PD-L1-blocking antibody MEDI4736 (durvalumab) promoted T cell activation indiscriminate of EGFR expression on cancer cells. Additionally, in mice xenografted with EGFR-expressing cancer cells 111In-PD-L1xEGFR showed a significantly higher tumor uptake compared to 111In-PD-L1xMock. In conclusion, PD-L1xEGFR blocks the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in an EGFR-directed manner, thereby promoting the selective reactivation of anticancer T cells. This novel targeted approach may be useful to enhance efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade in EGFR-overexpressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koopmans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Djoke Hendriks
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Samplonius
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Ginkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Wierstra
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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35
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Bremer E, Moreales K, Vargas I, Grandner M, Ellis J, Perlis M. 0415 Does Time In Bed Vary with the Use of Hypnotics? Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Bremer
- Sleep Center, School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - K Moreales
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - I Vargas
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Grandner
- Sleep and Health Reserach Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - J Ellis
- Northumbria Center for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, New Castle, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - M Perlis
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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36
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SAINI P, Bremer E, Broyles S, Rye D, Trotti L. 0617 Working Memory and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance After Brief Naps in Hypersomnolent Patients: MSLT Correlates. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P SAINI
- EMORY UNIVERSITY, ATLANTA, GA
| | | | | | - D Rye
- EMORY UNIVERSITY, ATLANTA, GA
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Komdeur FL, Wouters MCA, Workel HH, Tijans AM, Terwindt ALJ, Brunekreeft KL, Plat A, Klip HG, Eggink FA, Leffers N, Helfrich W, Samplonius DF, Bremer E, Wisman GBA, Daemen T, Duiker EW, Hollema H, Nijman HW, de Bruyn M. CD103+ intraepithelial T cells in high-grade serous ovarian cancer are phenotypically diverse TCRαβ+ CD8αβ+ T cells that can be targeted for cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75130-75144. [PMID: 27650547 PMCID: PMC5342728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been linked to specific epithelial infiltration and a prolonged survival in high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HGSC). However, whether these cells are induced as part of an ongoing anti-HGSC immune response or represent non-specifically expanded resident or mucosal lymphocytes remains largely unknown. In this study, we first confirmed that CD103+ TIL from HGSC were predominantly localized in the cancer epithelium and were strongly correlated with an improved prognosis. We further demonstrate that CD103+ TIL were almost exclusively CD3+ TCRαβ+ CD8αβ+ CD4- T cells, but heterogeneously expressed T cell memory and differentiation markers. Activation of peripheral T cells in the presence of HGSC was sufficient to trigger induction of CD103 in over 90% of all CD8+ cells in a T cell receptor (TCR)- and TGFβR1-dependent manner. Finally, CD103+ TIL isolated from primary HGSC showed signs of recent activation and dominantly co-expressed key immunotherapeutic targets PD-1 and CD27. Taken together, our data indicate CD103+ TIL in HGSC are formed as the result of an adaptive anti-tumor immune response that might be reactivated by (dual) checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenne L Komdeur
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje C A Wouters
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, The Netherlands
| | - Hagma H Workel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Aline M Tijans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk L J Terwindt
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Kim L Brunekreeft
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien Plat
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Harry G Klip
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Florine A Eggink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Ninke Leffers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Samplonius
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, The Netherlands
| | - G Bea A Wisman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien W Duiker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Netherlands
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van Bommel PE, He Y, Schepel I, Hendriks MAJM, Wiersma VR, van Ginkel RJ, van Meerten T, Ammatuna E, Huls G, Samplonius DF, Helfrich W, Bremer E. CD20-selective inhibition of CD47-SIRPα "don't eat me" signaling with a bispecific antibody-derivative enhances the anticancer activity of daratumumab, alemtuzumab and obinutuzumab. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1386361. [PMID: 29308308 PMCID: PMC5749665 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1386361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on a novel bispecific antibody-derivative, designated RTX-CD47, with unique capacity for CD20-directed inhibition of CD47-SIRPα “don't eat me” signaling. RTX-CD47 comprises a CD20-targeting scFv antibody fragment derived from rituximab fused in tandem to a CD47-blocking scFv. Single agent treatment with RTX-CD47 triggered significant phagocytic removal of CD20pos/CD47pos malignant B-cells, but not of CD20neg/CD47pos cells, and required no pro-phagocytic FcR-mediated signaling. Importantly, treatment with RTX-CD47 synergistically enhanced the phagocytic elimination of primary malignant B cells by autologous phagocytic effector cells as induced by therapeutic anticancer antibodies daratumumab (anti-CD38), alemtuzumab (anti-CD52) and obinutuzumab (anti-CD20). In conclusion, RTX-CD47 blocks CD47 “don't eat me” signaling by cancer cells in a CD20-directed manner with essentially no activity towards CD20neg/CD47pos cells and enhances the activity of therapeutic anticancer antibodies directed to B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E van Bommel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuan He
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Hematology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilona Schepel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J M Hendriks
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Ginkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Hematology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Ammatuna
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Hematology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Huls
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Hematology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Samplonius
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Hematology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hendriks D, Choi G, de Bruyn M, Wiersma VR, Bremer E. Antibody-Based Cancer Therapy: Successful Agents and Novel Approaches. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2017; 331:289-383. [PMID: 28325214 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, antibodies have been viewed as ideal candidates or "magic bullets" for use in targeted therapy in the fields of cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory disorders. A wave of antibody-dedicated research followed, which resulted in the clinical approval of a first generation of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy such as rituximab (1997) and cetuximab (2004), and infliximab (2002) for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. More recently, the development of antibodies that prevent checkpoint-mediated inhibition of T cell responses invigorated the field of cancer immunotherapy. Such antibodies induced unprecedented long-term remissions in patients with advanced stage malignancies, most notably melanoma and lung cancer, that do not respond to conventional therapies. In this review, we will recapitulate the development of antibody-based therapy, and detail recent advances and new functions, particularly in the field of cancer immunotherapy. With the advent of recombinant DNA engineering, a number of rationally designed molecular formats of antibodies and antibody-derived agents have become available, and we will discuss various molecular formats including antibodies with improved effector functions, bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, and T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors. With these exciting advances, new antibody-based treatment options will likely enter clinical practice and pave the way toward more successful control of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hendriks
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Choi
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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Hendriks D, He Y, Koopmans I, Wiersma VR, van Ginkel RJ, Samplonius DF, Helfrich W, Bremer E. Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1)-targeted TRAIL combines PD-L1-mediated checkpoint inhibition with TRAIL-mediated apoptosis induction. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1202390. [PMID: 27622071 PMCID: PMC5007955 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1202390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that block PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoints restore the activity of functionally-impaired antitumor T cells. These antibodies show unprecedented clinical benefit in various advanced cancers, particularly in melanoma. However, only a subset of cancer patients responds to current PD-L1/PD-1-blocking strategies, highlighting the need for further advancements in PD-L1/PD-1-based immunotherapy. Here, we report on a novel approach designed to combine PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition with the tumor-selective induction of apoptosis by TNF-related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL). In brief, a new bi-functional fusion protein, designated anti-PD-L1:TRAIL, was constructed comprising a PD-L1-blocking antibody fragment genetically fused to the extracellular domain of the pro-apoptotic tumoricidal protein TRAIL. Treatment of PD-L1-expressing cancer cells with anti-PD-L1:TRAIL induced PD-L1-directed TRAIL-mediated cancer cell death. Treatment of T cells with anti-PD-L1:TRAIL augmented T cell activation, as evidenced by increased proliferation, secretion of IFNγ and enhanced killing of cancer cell lines and primary patient-derived cancer cells in mixed T cell/cancer cell culture experiments. Of note, elevated levels of IFNγ further upregulated PD-L1 on cancer cells and simultaneously sensitized cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by anti-PD-L1:TRAIL. Additionally, anti-PD-L1:TRAIL converted immunosuppressive PD-L1-expressing myeloid cells into pro-apoptotic effector cells that triggered TRAIL-mediated cancer cell death. In conclusion, combining PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition with TRAIL-mediated induction of apoptosis using anti-PD-L1:TRAIL yields promising multi-fold and mutually reinforcing anticancer activity that may be exploited to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djoke Hendriks
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuan He
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris Koopmans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Ginkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Samplonius
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon, UK; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Experimental Hematology, Section Immunohematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
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He Y, Hendriks D, Van Ginkel R, Samplonius D, Bremer E, Helfrich W. Melanoma-directed activation of apoptosis using a novel bispecific antibody directed against MCSP and Death Receptor 5. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)61422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Miller JJ, Bremer E, Curtis T. Influence of Organic Amendment and Compaction on Nutrient Dynamics in a Saturated Saline-Sodic Soil from the Riparian Zone. J Environ Qual 2016; 45:1437-44. [PMID: 27380095 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.01.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cattle grazing in wet riparian pastures may influence nutrient dynamics due to nutrient deposition in feces and urine, soil compaction, and vegetation loss. We conducted a lab incubation study with a saline-sodic riparian soil to study nutrient (N, P, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) dynamics in soil pore water using Plant Root Simulator (PRS) probes and release of nutrients into the overlying ponded water during flooding. The treatment factors were organic amendment (manure, roots, and unamended control), compaction (compacted, uncompacted), and burial time (3, 7, and 14 d). Amendment treatment had the greatest impact on nutrient dynamics, followed by burial time, whereas compaction had little impact. The findings generally supported our hypothesis that organic amendments should first increase nitrate loss, then increase Mn mobility, then Fe mobility and associated release of P, and finally increase sulfate loss. Declines in nitrate due to amendment addition were small because nitrate was at low levels in all treatments due to high denitrification potential instead of being released to soil pore water or overlying water. Addition of organic amendment strongly increased Mn and Fe concentrations in overlying water and of adsorbed Fe on PRS probes but only increased Mn on PRS probes on Day 3 due to subsequent displacement from ion exchange membranes. Transport of P to overlying water was increased by organic amendment addition but less so for manure than roots despite higher P on PRS probes. The findings showed that saline-sodic soils in riparian zones are generally a nutrient source for P and are a nutrient sink for N as measured using PRS probes after 3 to 7 d of flooding.
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Wiersma VR, de Bruyn M, Wei Y, van Ginkel RJ, Hirashima M, Niki T, Nishi N, Zhou J, Pouwels SD, Samplonius DF, Nijman HW, Eggleton P, Helfrich W, Bremer E. The epithelial polarity regulator LGALS9/galectin-9 induces fatal frustrated autophagy in KRAS mutant colon carcinoma that depends on elevated basal autophagic flux. Autophagy 2016; 11:1373-88. [PMID: 26086204 PMCID: PMC4590647 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1063767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutation of KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) in colorectal cancer (CRC) confers resistance to both chemotherapy and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)-targeted therapy. We uncovered that KRAS mutant (KRASmut) CRC is uniquely sensitive to treatment with recombinant LGALS9/Galectin-9 (rLGALS9), a recently established regulator of epithelial polarity. Upon treatment of CRC cells, rLGALS9 rapidly internalizes via early- and late-endosomes and accumulates in the lysosomal compartment. Treatment with rLGALS9 is accompanied by induction of frustrated autophagy in KRASmut CRC, but not in CRC with BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) mutations (BRAFmut). In KRASmut CRC, rLGALS9 acts as a lysosomal inhibitor that inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion, leading to autophagosome accumulation, excessive lysosomal swelling and cell death. This antitumor activity of rLGALS9 directly correlates with elevated basal autophagic flux in KRASmut cancer cells. Thus, rLGALS9 has potent antitumor activity toward refractory KRASmut CRC cells that may be exploitable for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Wiersma
- a University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Department of Surgery; Translational Surgical Oncology ; Groningen , The Netherlands
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Wiersma VR, de Bruyn M, Shi C, Gooden MJM, Wouters MCA, Samplonius DF, Hendriks D, Nijman HW, Wei Y, Zhou J, Helfrich W, Bremer E. C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL1)-targeted TRAIL augments the tumoricidal activity of granulocytes and potentiates therapeutic antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. MAbs 2015; 7:321-30. [PMID: 25760768 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1007811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies stems from their capacity to opsonize targeted cancer cells with subsequent phagocytic removal, induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or induction of complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC). The major immune effector cells involved in these processes are natural killer (NK) cells and granulocytes. The latter and most prevalent blood cell population contributes to phagocytosis, but is not effective in inducing ADCC. Here, we report that targeted delivery of the tumoricidal protein tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to granulocyte marker C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL1), using fusion protein CLL1:TRAIL, equips granulocytes with high levels of TRAIL. Upon CLL1-selective binding of this fusion protein, granulocytes acquire additional TRAIL-mediated cytotoxic activity that, importantly, potentiates antibody-mediated cytotoxicity of clinically used therapeutic antibodies (e.g., rituximab, cetuximab). Thus, CLL1:TRAIL could be used as an adjuvant to optimize the clinical potential of anticancer antibody therapy by augmenting tumoricidal activity of granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Wiersma
- a University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) ; Department of Surgery; Translational Surgical Oncology ; Groningen , The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Michalak
- University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter , UK ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter , UK ; Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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Arabpour M, Poelstra K, Helfrich W, Bremer E, Haisma HJ. Targeted elimination of activated hepatic stellate cells by an anti-epidermal growth factor-receptor single chain fragment variable antibody-tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (scFv425-sTRAIL). J Gene Med 2015; 16:281-90. [PMID: 25088657 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive liver fibrosis is the result of chronic liver injury and is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix that may result in liver failure. Activated hepatic stellate cells are known to play a central role in this process and their elimination is a crucial step towards the resolution and reversion of liver fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated the potential application of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor single chain fragment variable antibody-tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (scFv425-sTRAIL) fusion protein in the targeted elimination of activated hepatic stellate cells. METHODS Activated hepatic stellate cells (LX2 cells) were treated by adenovirus-derived scFv425-sTRAIL to evaluate its effect on the viability and extracellular matrix production of this type of cells. RESULTS In vitro treatment of activated hepatic stellate cells with scFv425-sTRAIL induced a significant reduction in viability (up to 100% reduction) and extracellular matrix production (60% reduction), yet no significant effect was observed on hepatic parenchymal cells. Blockage of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by a monoclonal antibody significantly reduced the effectiveness of scFv425-sTRAIL in activated hepatic stellate cells, whereas a reduced effectivity was also observed after inhibition of the caspase pathway. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is presented for the successful application of the scFv425-sTRAIL fusion protein in the targeted elimination of activated hepatic stellate cells via EGFR and simultaneous activation of the caspase pathway. scFv425-sTRAIL may thus represent a new therapeutic compound against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arabpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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de Bruyn M, Wiersma VR, Wouters MCA, Samplonius DF, Klip HG, Helfrich W, Nijman HW, Eggleton P, Bremer E. CD20 + T cells have a predominantly Tc1 effector memory phenotype and are expanded in the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e999536. [PMID: 26137418 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.999536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a small subset of T cells that expresses the B cell marker CD20 has been identified in healthy volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The origin of these CD20-positive T cells as well as their relevance in human disease remains unclear. Here, we identified that after functional B cell/T cell interaction CD20 molecules are transferred to the cell surface of T cells by trogocytosis together with the established trogocytosis marker HLA-DR. Further, the presence of CD20 on isolated CD20+ T cells remained stable for up to 48h of ex vivo culture. These CD20+ T cells almost exclusively produced IFNγ (∼70% vs. ∼20% in the CD20- T cell population) and were predominantly (CD8+) effector memory T cells (∼60-70%). This IFNγ producing and effector memory phenotype was also determined for CD20+ T cells as detected in the peripheral blood and ascitic fluids of ovarian cancer (OC) patients. In the latter, the percentage of CD20+ T cells was further strongly increased (from ∼6% in peripheral blood to 23% in ascitic fluid). Taken together, the data presented here indicate that CD20 is transferred to T cells upon intimate T cell/B cell interaction. Further, CD20+ T cells are of memory and IFNγ producing phenotype and are present in increased amounts in ascitic fluid of OC patients.
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Key Words
- APC, Antigen-Presenting Cell
- Ascites
- CD20
- CTL, Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte
- FSC, Forward Scatter
- OC, Ovarian Cancer
- PBMC, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell
- Regulatory T cell
- SCC, Side Scatter
- TC, Cytotoxic T cell
- TCM, Central Memory T cell
- TEM, Effector Memory T cell
- TH, Helper T cell
- TIL, Tumor Infiltrating T cell
- TNaïve, Naïve T cell
- TTD, Terminally Differentiated T cell
- Treg
- cancer immunology
- ovarian cancer
- trogocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Surgical Research Laboratory; Department of Surgery; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Maartje C A Wouters
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Samplonius
- Surgical Research Laboratory; Department of Surgery; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Harry G Klip
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Surgical Research Laboratory; Department of Surgery; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen ; The Netherlands
| | - Paul Eggleton
- St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter Medical School ; Exeter, Devon, UK ; Department of Biochemistry; University of Alberta ; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Surgical Research Laboratory; Department of Surgery; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen ; The Netherlands ; St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter Medical School ; Exeter, Devon, UK
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de Bruyn M, Wiersma VR, Helfrich W, Eggleton P, Bremer E. The ever-expanding immunomodulatory role of calreticulin in cancer immunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:35. [PMID: 25750898 PMCID: PMC4335099 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is a pleiotropic molecule that normally resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, it has various functions, ranging from regulation of calcium homeostasis to ensuring proper protein folding. More recently, calreticulin gained special interest for its extracellular functions, where it has direct immunomodulatory activity. In this respect, calreticulin activates dendritic cells and macrophages. In addition, certain anti-cancer therapies induce the translocation of calreticulin from the ER to the cell surface of dying cancer cells, where calreticulin dictates the immunogenicity of these cells. Interestingly, treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) also induces membrane calreticulin exposure on cancer cells. As shown here, calreticulin directly interacts with TRAIL and its receptor-signaling complex, as well as with other TNF family members. Of note, TRAIL is a well known immunomodulatory molecule, and is expressed on the surface of natural killer T-cells. Therefore, calreticulin may have an as yet unrecognized wide(r) impact on immunity, with the TNF-ligand family modulating virtually all aspects of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands ; University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter , UK
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Wiersma VR, Michalak M, Abdullah TM, Bremer E, Eggleton P. Mechanisms of Translocation of ER Chaperones to the Cell Surface and Immunomodulatory Roles in Cancer and Autoimmunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:7. [PMID: 25688334 PMCID: PMC4310273 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones (e.g., calreticulin, heat shock proteins, and isomerases) perform a multitude of functions within the ER. However, many of these chaperones can translocate to the cytosol and eventually the surface of cells, particularly during ER stress induced by e.g., drugs, UV irradiation, and microbial stimuli. Once on the cell surface or in the extracellular space, the ER chaperones can take on immunogenic characteristics, as mostly described in the context of cancer, appearing as damage-associated molecular patterns recognized by the immune system. How ER chaperones relocate to the cell surface and interact with other intracellular proteins appears to influence whether a tumor cell is targeted for cell death. The relocation of ER proteins to the cell surface can be exploited to target cancer cells for elimination by immune mechanism. Here we evaluate the evidence for the different mechanisms of ER protein translocation and binding to the cell surface and how ER protein translocation can act as a signal for cancer cells to undergo killing by immunogenic cell death and other cell death pathways. The release of chaperones can also exacerbate underlying autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, and the immunomodulatory role of extracellular chaperones as potential cancer immunotherapies requires cautious monitoring, particularly in cancer patients with underlying autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R. Wiersma
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marek Michalak
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter Devon, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Paul Eggleton
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter Devon, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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