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Challenges for Better Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic and Biliary Tract Cancers Focusing on Blood Biomarkers: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164220. [PMID: 34439378 PMCID: PMC8394661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic and biliary tract cancers are malignant tumors that have a very poor prognosis and are resistant to chemotherapy. The later a cancer is detected, the worse the prognosis becomes; therefore, early detection is important. Biomarkers are physiological indices that serve as a guide to indicate the presence or absence of a certain disease, or its progression. The purpose of our research is to summarize previously reported biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers. Abstract Background: pancreatic cancer (PCa) and biliary tract cancer (BTC) are cancers with a poor prognosis and few effective treatments. One of the reasons for this is late detection. Many researchers are tackling to develop non-invasive biomarkers for cancer, but few are specific for PCa or BTC. In addition, genetic abnormalities occur in cancer tissues, which ultimately affect the expression of various molecules. Therefore, it is important to identify molecules that are altered in PCa and BTC. For this systematic review, a systematic review of Medline and Embase to select biomarker studies of PCa and BTC patients was conducted. Results: after reviewing 72 studies, 79 biomarker candidates were identified, including 22 nucleic acids, 43 proteins, and 14 immune cell types. Of the 72 studies, 61 examined PCa, and 11 examined BTC. Conclusion: PCa and BTC are characterized by nucleic acid, protein, and immune cell profiles that are markedly different from those of healthy subjects. These altered molecules and cell subsets may serve as cancer-specific biomarkers, particularly in blood. Further studies are needed to better understand the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa and BTC.
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Bu J, Shim JE, Lee TH, Cho YH. Multi-modal liquid biopsy platform for cancer screening: screening both cancer-associated rare cells and cancer cell-derived vesicles on the fabric filters for a reliable liquid biopsy analysis. NANO CONVERGENCE 2019; 6:39. [PMID: 31728677 PMCID: PMC6856233 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are receiving a great amount of scientific interest as a diagnostic biomarker for various types of cancer. Despite the recent progress in the development of highly sensitive CTC isolation devices, post-capture analysis of CTCs is still hindered by technical challenges associated with their rarity. Herein, we present a multi-modal CTC screening platform which is capable to analyze CTCs and CTC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), simultaneously from a single sample. Cytochalasin B (CB) treatment promotes cells to release large number of EVs from their surface, as demonstrated by CB-treated cells (5 µg/mL for 3 h) secreting 3.5-fold more EVs, compared to the non-treated cells. CB further generates 1.7-fold more EVs from the cells captured on our CTC filtration device (the fabric filter), compared to those from the cell culture flasks, owing to its multiple pore structure design which reduces the non-specific binding of EVs. Both CB-treated cancer cells and CB-induced EVs are found to overexpress tumor-associated markers, demonstrating a potential for the development of CTC dual-screening platform. Collectively, the results presented in this study reveal that our multi-modal cancer screening platform can synergistically improve the reliability and efficacy of the current CTC analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Bu
- Cell Bench Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Jae-Eul Shim
- Cell Bench Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- Cell Bench Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduated School, Eulji University, 77, Gyeryong-ro 771beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Cho
- Cell Bench Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Gates KV, Xing Q, Griffiths LG. Immunoproteomic Identification of Noncarbohydrate Antigens Eliciting Graft-Specific Adaptive Immune Responses in Patients with Bovine Pericardial Bioprosthetic Heart Valves. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1800129. [PMID: 30548925 PMCID: PMC6565515 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This case-control retrospective discovery study is to identify antigenic bovine pericardium (BP) proteins that stimulate graft-specific humoral immune response in patients implanted with glutaraldehyde fixed bovine pericardial (GFBP) heart valves. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Banked serum is collected from age- and sex-matched patients who received either a GFBP or mechanical heart valve replacement. Serum IgG is isolated and used to generate poly-polyclonal antibody affinity chromatography columns from each patient. Native and deglycosylated BP protein extracts are separately added to individual patient affinity chromatography columns, with unbound proteins washed through the column. Proteins captured in the affinity chromatography columns are submitted for proteomic identification. Differences between GFBP and mechanical heart valve replacement recipients are analyzed with Gaussian linearized modeling. RESULTS Carbohydrate antigens overwhelm protein capture in the column, requiring BP protein deglycosylation prior to affinity chromatography. Nineteen BP protein antigens, which stimulated graft-specific IgG production, are identified in patients who received GFBP valve replacements. Identified antigens are significantly over-represented for calcium-binding proteins. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Patients implanted with GFBP valves develop a graft-specific humoral immune response toward BP protein antigens, with 19 specific antigens identified in this work. The molecular functions of over-represented antigens, specifically calcium-binding proteins, may aid in understanding the underlying factors that contribute to structural valve deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine V. Gates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Qi Xing
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Leigh G. Griffiths
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN 55905, USA
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Novel frontiers in detecting cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:403-412. [PMID: 30022365 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer microenvironment is the critical battle ground between the cancer cells and host response. Thus, more emphasis is directed to study the relationship between cancer cells and the stromal cells. Multiplex microscopy is an emerging technique in which multiple cell populations within the cancer microenvironment may be stained so that spatial relationship between cancer cells and, in particular, the immune cells may be studied during different stages of cancer development. Recent discovery of mutational burden and neoantigens in cancer has opened new landscapes in the interaction of host immune cells and cancer neoantigens. The emerging role of miRNAs may become an added dimension to study cancer beyond traditional pathway of DNA directed RNA being associated with the malignant behavior of cancer. Circulating tumor cells, cancer markers and ctDNA can be used as markers for circulating cancer cells in the blood. Further studies are needed to validate if liquid biopsy of cancer may become a routine clinical tool to screen cancer or follow patients for recurrence or responses to treatment.
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Messenheimer DJ, Jensen SM, Afentoulis ME, Wegmann KW, Feng Z, Friedman DJ, Gough MJ, Urba WJ, Fox BA. Timing of PD-1 Blockade Is Critical to Effective Combination Immunotherapy with Anti-OX40. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6165-6177. [PMID: 28855348 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Antibodies specific for inhibitory checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4 have shown impressive results against solid tumors. This has fueled interest in novel immunotherapy combinations to affect patients who remain refractory to checkpoint blockade monotherapy. However, how to optimally combine checkpoint blockade with agents targeting T-cell costimulatory receptors, such as OX40, remains a critical question.Experimental Design: We utilized an anti-PD-1-refractory, orthotopically transplanted MMTV-PyMT mammary cancer model to investigate the antitumor effect of an agonist anti-OX40 antibody combined with anti-PD-1. As PD-1 naturally aids in immune contraction after T-cell activation, we treated mice with concurrent combination treatment versus sequentially administering anti-OX40 followed by anti-PD-1.Results: The concurrent addition of anti-PD-1 significantly attenuated the therapeutic effect of anti-OX40 alone. Combination-treated mice had considerable increases in type I and type II serum cytokines and significantly augmented expression of inhibitory receptors or exhaustion markers CTLA-4 and TIM-3 on T cells. Combination treatment increased intratumoral CD4+ T-cell proliferation at day 13, but at day 19, both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation was significantly reduced compared with untreated mice. In two tumor models, sequential combination of anti-OX40 followed by anti-PD-1 (but not the reverse order) resulted in significant increases in therapeutic efficacy. Against MMTV-PyMT tumors, sequential combination was dependent on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and completely regressed tumors in approximately 30% of treated animals.Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of timing for optimized therapeutic effect with combination immunotherapies and suggest the testing of sequencing in combination immunotherapy clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 23(20); 6165-77. ©2017 AACRSee related commentary by Colombo, p. 5999.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Messenheimer
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shawn M Jensen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael E Afentoulis
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Keith W Wegmann
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zipei Feng
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon.,Cancer Biology Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David J Friedman
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Walter J Urba
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Cancer Biology Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Clinical Outcomes of Specific Immunotherapy in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8282391. [PMID: 28265583 PMCID: PMC5318641 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8282391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific immunotherapies, including vaccines with autologous tumor cells and tumor antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies, are important treatments for PC patients. To evaluate the clinical outcomes of PC-specific immunotherapy, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relevant published clinical trials. The effects of specific immunotherapy were compared with those of nonspecific immunotherapy and the meta-analysis was executed with results regarding the overall survival (OS), immune responses data, and serum cancer markers data. The pooled analysis was performed by using the random-effects model. We found that significantly improved OS was noted for PC patients utilizing specific immunotherapy and an improved immune response was also observed. In conclusion, specific immunotherapy was superior in prolonging the survival time and enhancing immunological responses in PC patients.
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