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Fromant A, Eizenberg YH, Poupart T, Bustamante P, Arnould JPY. Year-round at-sea movements of fairy prions from southeastern Australia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220134. [PMID: 35620013 PMCID: PMC9128848 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective conservation assessments require detailed information of species' ecological niches during the whole annual cycle. For seabirds, this implies investigating the at-sea distribution and foraging behaviour during both the breeding and non-breeding periods. However, until recently, collecting information about small species has been precluded by the excessive size of the required devices. This lack of knowledge is exacerbated in the case of polytypic genera with species sharing very similar appearance and behaviour, such as the super-abundant prions (Pachyptila spp.). The present study investigates the year-round at-sea distribution and foraging ecology of the fairy prion (Pachyptila turtur) in southeastern Australia. Miniaturized GPS loggers during the breeding season and geolocators (GLS) during the non-breeding period were used over 4 consecutive years (2017-2021), with results that highlight the importance of the continental shelf-edge waters for fairy prions throughout the year. In addition, contrary to previous assumptions, the GLS data revealed an unsuspected post-breeding migration to the waters south of Australia, during which individuals probably undergo a rapid moult of flight feathers. Understanding the at-sea distribution and ecology of prions during the whole annual cycle will be fundamental to their conservation as it can reveal species- or population-specific threats that have been overlooked because of their status as abundant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Fromant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Yonina H. Eizenberg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Timothée Poupart
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
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Poupart TA, Waugh SM, Kato A, Arnould JPY. Foraging niche overlap during chick-rearing in the sexually dimorphic Westland petrel. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191511. [PMID: 33391777 PMCID: PMC7735354 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most Procellariform seabirds are pelagic, breed in summer when prey availability peaks, and migrate for winter. They also display a dual foraging strategy (short and long trips) and sex-specific foraging. The Westland petrel Procellaria westlandica, a New Zealand endemic, is one of the rare seabirds breeding in winter. Preliminary findings on this large and sexually dimorphic petrel suggest a foraging behaviour with no evidence of a dual strategy, within a narrow range and with shared areas between sexes. To investigate further this unusual strategy, the present study determined the fine-scale at-sea behaviours (global positioning system and accelerometer data loggers) and trophic niches (stable isotopes in whole blood) of chick-rearing individuals (16 males and 13 females). All individuals foraged on the shelf-slope of the west coast of New Zealand's South Island with short, unimodal trips. Both sexes foraged at similar intensity without temporal, spatial or isotopic niche segregation. These findings suggest the presence of a winter prey resource close to the colony, sufficient to satisfy the nutritional needs of breeding without increasing the foraging effort or intra-specific competition avoidance during winter. Additional data are needed to assess the consistency of foraging niche between the sexes and its reproductive outcomes in view of anticipated environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée A. Poupart
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
- Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
- Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS/La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Susan M. Waugh
- Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS/La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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Lewis PJ, McGrath TJ, Chiaradia A, McMahon CR, Emmerson L, Allinson G, Shimeta J. A baseline for POPs contamination in Australian seabirds: little penguins vs. short-tailed shearwaters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 159:111488. [PMID: 32738640 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While globally distributed throughout the world's ecosystems, there is little baseline information on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine environments in Australia and, more broadly, the Southern Hemisphere. To fill this knowledge gap, we collected baseline information on POPs in migratory short-tailed shearwaters (Ardenna tenuirostris) from Fisher Island, Tasmania, and resident little penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Phillip Island, Victoria. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were determined from blood samples, with total contamination ranging 7.6-47.7 ng/g ww for short-tailed shearwaters and 0.12-46.9 ng/g ww for little penguins. In both species contamination followed the same pattern where PCBs>OCPs>BFRs. BFR levels included the presence of the novel flame retardant hexabromobenzene (HBB). These novel results of POPs in seabirds in southeast Australia provide important information on the local (penguins) and global (shearwaters) distribution of POPs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe J Lewis
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia.
| | - Thomas J McGrath
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Andre Chiaradia
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Victoria 3925, Australia
| | - Clive R McMahon
- IMOS Animal Tagging, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay, Mosman 2088, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Meyer X, MacIntosh AJJ, Chiaradia A, Kato A, Ramírez F, Sueur C, Ropert‐Coudert Y. Oceanic thermal structure mediates dive sequences in a foraging seabird. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6610-6622. [PMID: 32724536 PMCID: PMC7381582 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in marine ecosystems are easier to detect in upper-level predators, like seabirds, which integrate trophic interactions throughout the food web.Here, we examined whether diving parameters and complexity in the temporal organization of diving behavior of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) are influenced by sea surface temperature (SST), water stratification, and wind speed-three oceanographic features influencing prey abundance and distribution in the water column.Using fractal time series analysis, we found that foraging complexity, expressed as the degree of long-range correlations or memory in the dive series, was associated with SST and water stratification throughout the breeding season, but not with wind speed. Little penguins foraging in warmer/more-stratified waters exhibited greater determinism (memory) in foraging sequences, likely as a response to prey aggregations near the thermocline. They also showed higher foraging efficiency, performed more dives and dove to shallower depths than those foraging in colder/less-stratified waters.Reductions in the long-term memory of dive sequences, or in other words increases in behavioral stochasticity, may suggest different strategies concerning the exploration-exploitation trade-off under contrasting environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Meyer
- CNRSIPHC UMR7178Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Kyoto University Primate Research InstituteInuyamaJapan
| | | | - Andre Chiaradia
- Conservation DepartmentPhillip Island Nature ParksCowesVicAustralia
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de ChizéCNRS UMR 7372Université de La RochelleVilliers‐en‐BoisFrance
| | - Francisco Ramírez
- Departament de Biologia EvolutivaEcologia i Ciènces AmbientalsUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Cédric Sueur
- CNRSIPHC UMR7178Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Yan Ropert‐Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de ChizéCNRS UMR 7372Université de La RochelleVilliers‐en‐BoisFrance
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Fromant A, Schumann N, Dann P, Cherel Y, Arnould JP. Trophic niches of a seabird assemblage in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8700. [PMID: 32201643 PMCID: PMC7071825 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The foraging niches of seabirds are driven by a variety of factors, including competition for prey that promotes divergence in trophic niches. Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia, is a key region for seabirds, with little penguins Eudyptula minor, short-tailed shearwaters Ardenna tenuirostris, fairy prions Pachyptila turtur and common diving-petrels Pelecanoides urinatrix being particularly abundant in the region. The trophic niches of these species were investigated using isotopic values in whole blood and by identifying prey remains in stomach contents. The four species occupied different isotopic niches that varied among years, seasons and regions. Little penguins consumed mainly fish whereas the three procellariforms primarily consumed coastal krill Nyctiphanes australis. The dietary similarities between the procellariforms suggest that food resources are segregated in other ways, with interspecific differences in isotope niches possibly reflecting differential consumption of key prey, divergent foraging locations and depth, and differences in breeding phenology. Because oceanographic changes predicted to occur due to climate change may result in reduced coastal krill availability, adversely affecting these seabird predators, further information on foraging zones and feeding behaviour of small procellariform species is needed to elucidate more fully the segregation of foraging niches, the capacity of seabirds to adapt to climate change and the potential for interspecific competition in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Fromant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Centre d’Edutes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS—La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - Nicole Schumann
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Dann
- Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, VIC, Australia
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d’Edutes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS—La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - John P.Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
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McIntosh RR, Kirkman SP, Thalmann S, Sutherland DR, Mitchell A, Arnould JPY, Salton M, Slip DJ, Dann P, Kirkwood R. Understanding meta-population trends of the Australian fur seal, with insights for adaptive monitoring. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200253. [PMID: 30183713 PMCID: PMC6124711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective ecosystem-based management requires estimates of abundance and population trends of species of interest. Trend analyses are often limited due to sparse or short-term abundance estimates for populations that can be logistically difficult to monitor over time. Therefore it is critical to assess regularly the quality of the metrics in long-term monitoring programs. For a monitoring program to provide meaningful data and remain relevant, it needs to incorporate technological improvements and the changing requirements of stakeholders, while maintaining the integrity of the data. In this paper we critically examine the monitoring program for the Australian fur seal (AFS) Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus as an example of an ad-hoc monitoring program that was co-ordinated across multiple stakeholders as a range-wide census of live pups in the Austral summers of 2002, 2007 and 2013. This 5-yearly census, combined with historic counts at individual sites, successfully tracked increasing population trends as signs of population recovery up to 2007. The 2013 census identified the first reduction in AFS pup numbers (14,248 live pups, -4.2% change per annum since 2007), however we have limited information to understand this change. We analyse the trends at breeding colonies and perform a power analysis to critically examine the reliability of those trends. We then assess the gaps in the monitoring program and discuss how we may transition this surveillance style program to an adaptive monitoring program than can evolve over time and achieve its goals. The census results are used for ecosystem-based modelling for fisheries management and emergency response planning. The ultimate goal for this program is to obtain the data we need with minimal cost, effort and impact on the fur seals. In conclusion we identify the importance of power analyses for interpreting trends, the value of regularly assessing long-term monitoring programs and proper design so that adaptive monitoring principles can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. McIntosh
- Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Steve P. Kirkman
- Department of Environmental Affairs, Oceans and Coasts Research, Victoria and Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town, South Africa
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sam Thalmann
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Mitchell
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Orbost, Victoria, Australia
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus Salton
- Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J. Slip
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Dann
- Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria, Australia
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Mott R, Herrod A, Clarke RH. Interpopulation resource partitioning of Lesser Frigatebirds and the influence of environmental context. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8583-8594. [PMID: 28031809 PMCID: PMC5167043 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conspecific individuals inhabiting nearby breeding colonies are expected to compete strongly for food resources owing to the constraints imposed by shared morphology, physiology, and behavior on foraging strategy. Consequently, colony‐specific foraging patterns that effectively partition the available resources may be displayed. This study aimed to determine whether intraspecific resource partitioning occurs in two nearby colonies of Lesser Frigatebirds (Fregata ariel). A combination of stable isotope analysis and GPS tracking was used to assess dietary and spatial partitioning of foraging resources during the 2013 and 2014 breeding seasons. These results were compared to vessel‐derived estimates of prey availability, local primary productivity, and estimates of reproductive output to suggest potential drivers and implications of any observed partitioning. Isotopic data indicated a more neritic source of provisioned resources for near‐fledged chicks at an inshore colony, whereas their offshore counterparts were provisioned with resources with a more pelagic signal. Deep pelagic waters (>200 m) had higher availability of a preferred prey type despite a trend for lower primary productivity. Differences in foraging ecology between the two populations may have contributed to markedly different reproductive outputs. These findings suggest environmental context influences dietary and spatial aspects of foraging ecology. Furthermore, the effect of colony‐specific foraging patterns on population demography warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Mott
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Ashley Herrod
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Rohan H Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
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Fagundes AI, Ramos JA, Ramos U, Medeiros R, Paiva VH. Breeding biology of a winter-breeding procellariiform in the North Atlantic, the Macaronesian shearwater Puffinus lherminieri baroli. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:421-429. [PMID: 27353191 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The breeding success of burrow-nesting seabirds may be influenced by both nest site characteristics and oceanographic conditions influencing food availability at sea. In this study we describe the breeding biology of the winter-breeding Macaronesian shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri baroli), including nest site characteristics and interspecific competition. We also evaluate the possible effects of changing oceanographic conditions on breeding phenology and breeding success. The study was carried out over two breeding seasons on two islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, Cima Islet and Selvagem Grande. Oceanographic characteristics differed between years. On a regional scale, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index was low and negative in 2011, and on a local scale, birds used areas with significantly lower values of chlorophyll a concentration and significantly higher values of sea surface temperature anomalies. Hatching success was higher in 2012 than in 2011. At both colonies, egg cracking was the main cause of hatching failure, but in 2011 several eggs on Selvagem Grande were deserted. In 2012 birds laid earlier and chicks had longer wings and were heavier. At both colonies, nests that were deeper, were sheltered from prevailing winds and had small chambers and a soil substrate had a higher probability of being used successfully by the birds. Nests occupied solely by Macaronesian shearwaters were much deeper and had less volume than nests shared with other species. Our study suggests that the breeding success of Macaronesian shearwaters is strongly related to nest site characteristics and that at-sea environmental conditions exert a strong influence on reproductive parameters, with birds breeding in a poor year (evaluated in terms of lower marine productivity) laying much later and their chicks growing at a slower rate than in a good year. The influence of nest site characteristics and environmental conditions may be very important for understanding the breeding ecology of Procellariiformes and may help explain the negative population trend of Macaronesian shearwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Fagundes
- Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves, Travessa das Torres 2A 1°, 9060-314 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | - Jaime A Ramos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Urtelinda Ramos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renata Medeiros
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Vitor H Paiva
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Angel LP, Barker S, Berlincourt M, Tew E, Warwick-Evans V, Arnould JPY. Eating locally: Australasian gannets increase their foraging effort in a restricted range. Biol Open 2015; 4:1298-305. [PMID: 26369928 PMCID: PMC4610223 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the breeding season, seabirds adopt a central place foraging strategy and are restricted in their foraging range by the fasting ability of their partner/chick and the cost of commuting between the prey resources and the nest. Because of the spatial and temporal variability of marine ecosystems, individuals must adapt their behaviour to increase foraging success within these constraints. The at-sea movements, foraging behaviour and effort of the Australasian gannet (Morus serrator) was determined over three sequential breeding seasons of apparent differing prey abundance to investigate how the species adapts to inter-annual fluctuations in food availability. GPS and tri-axial accelerometer data loggers were used to compare the degree of annual variation within two stages of breeding (incubation and chick rearing) at a small gannet colony situated between two larger, nearby colonies. Interestingly, neither males nor females increased the total distance travelled or duration of foraging trip in any breeding stage (P>0.05 in all cases) despite apparent low prey availability. However, consistently within each breeding stage, mean vectorial dynamic body acceleration (an index of energy expenditure) was greater in years of poorer breeding success (increased by a factor of three to eight), suggesting birds were working harder within their range. Additionally, both males and females increased the proportion of a foraging trip spent foraging in a poorer year across both breeding stages. Individuals from this colony may be limited in their ability to extend their range in years of low prey availability due to competition from conspecifics in nearby colonies and, consequently, increase foraging effort within this restricted foraging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Angel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Sophie Barker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Maud Berlincourt
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Emma Tew
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | | | - John P Y Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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