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Tuchscherr L, Wendler S, Santhanam R, Priese J, Reissig A, Müller E, Ali R, Müller S, Löffler B, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Guntinas-Lichius O. Reduced Glycolysis and Cytotoxicity in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Chronic Rhinosinusitis as Strategies for Host Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2229. [PMID: 38396905 PMCID: PMC10888669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial infection of the nasal cavity and sinuses. In this study, nasal swabs from control donors (N = 128) and patients with CRS (N = 246) were analysed. Culture methods and metagenomics revealed no obvious differences in the composition of the bacterial communities between the two groups. However, at the functional level, several metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in the CRS group compared to the control group. Pathways such as carbohydrate transport metabolism, ATP synthesis, cofactors and vitamins, photosynthesis and transcription were highly enriched in CRS. In contrast, pathways related to lipid metabolism were more representative in the control microbiome. As S. aureus is one of the main species found in the nasal cavity, staphylococcal isolates from control and CRS samples were analysed by microarray and functional assays. Although no significant genetic differences were detected by microarray, S. aureus from CRS induced less cytotoxicity to lung cells and lower rates of glycolysis in host cells than control isolates. These results suggest the differential modulation of staphylococcal virulence by the environment created by other microorganisms and their interactions with host cells in control and CRS samples. These changes were reflected in the differential expression of cytokines and in the expression of Agr, the most important quorum-sensing regulator of virulence in S. aureus. In addition, the CRS isolates remained stable in their cytotoxicity, whereas the cytotoxic activity of S. aureus isolated from control subjects decreased over time during in vitro passage. These results suggest that host factors influence the virulence of S. aureus and promote its adaptation to the nasal environment during CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.W.); (R.A.); (B.L.)
| | - Sindy Wendler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.W.); (R.A.); (B.L.)
| | - Rakesh Santhanam
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Juliane Priese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (J.P.); (O.G.-L.)
| | - Annett Reissig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elke Müller
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rida Ali
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.W.); (R.A.); (B.L.)
| | - Sylvia Müller
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.W.); (R.A.); (B.L.)
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (J.P.); (O.G.-L.)
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Host-pathogen interaction between macrophage co-cultures with Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2563-2574. [PMID: 34312744 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilms is an important virulence factor. During the infectious process, the interaction between biofilms and immune cells is determinant; however, the properties that make biofilms resistant to the immune system are not well characterized. In order to better understand this, we evaluated the in vitro interaction of macrophages during the early stages of S. aureus biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining, light microscopy, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Furthermore, different activation on L-arginine pathways such as nitric oxide (NO•) release and the arginase, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the total oxidative stress response (OSR), and levels of cytokine liberation, were determined. Our findings show that the interaction between biofilms and macrophages results in stimuli for catabolism of L-arginine via arginase, but not for NO•, an increase of ROS production, and activation of the non-enzymatic OSR. We also observed the production of IL-6, but not of TNFα o IL-10 in these co-cultures. These results contribute to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and suggest that biofilms increase resistance against immune cell mechanisms, a phenomenon that could contribute to the ability of S. aureus biofilms to establish mature biofilms.
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Penkert RR, Smith AP, Hrincius ER, McCullers JA, Vogel P, Smith AM, Hurwitz JL. Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency in Dysregulating Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Increasing Mortality Rates After Bacterial Coinfections. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1806-1816. [PMID: 32959872 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary bacterial coinfections are ranked as a leading cause of hospitalization and morbid conditions associated with influenza. Because vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and insufficiency are frequent in both developed and developing countries, we asked how VAD influences coinfection severity. METHODS VAD and control mice were infected with influenza virus for evaluation of inflammatory cytokines, cellular immune responses, and viral clearance. Influenza-infected mice were coinfected with Streptococcus pneumoniae to study weight loss and survival. RESULTS Naive VAD mouse lungs exhibited dysregulated immune function. Neutrophils were enhanced in frequency and there was a significant reduction in RANTES (regulated on activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted), a chemokine instrumental in T-cell homing and recruitment. After influenza virus infection, VAD mice experienced failures in CD4+ T-cell recruitment and B-cell organization into lymphoid structures in the lung. VAD mice exhibited higher viral titers than controls and slow viral clearance. There were elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and innate cell subsets in the lungs. However, arginase, a marker of alternatively activated M2 macrophages, was rare. When influenza-infected VAD animals were exposed to bacteria, they experienced a 100% mortality rate. CONCLUSION Data showed that VAD dysregulated the immune response. Consequently, secondary bacterial infections were 100% lethal in influenza-infected VAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon R Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda P Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eike R Hrincius
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency: Immunoglobulin Dysregulation, Squamous Cell Metaplasia, Infectious Disease, and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155570. [PMID: 32759702 PMCID: PMC7432039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an important regulator of immune protection, but it is often overlooked in studies of infectious disease. Vitamin A binds an array of nuclear receptors (e.g., retinoic acid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, retinoid X receptor) and influences the barrier and immune cells responsible for pathogen control. Children and adults in developed and developing countries are often vitamin A-deficient or insufficient, characteristics associated with poor health outcomes. To gain a better understanding of the protective mechanisms influenced by vitamin A, we examined immune factors and epithelial barriers in vitamin A deficient (VAD) mice, vitamin D deficient (VDD) mice, double deficient (VAD+VDD) mice, and mice on a vitamin-replete diet (controls). Some mice received insults, including intraperitoneal injections with complete and incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (emulsified with PBS alone or with DNA + Fus-1 peptide) or intranasal inoculations with Sendai virus (SeV). Both before and after insults, the VAD and VAD+VDD mice exhibited abnormal serum immunoglobulin isotypes (e.g., elevated IgG2b levels, particularly in males) and cytokine/chemokine patterns (e.g., elevated eotaxin). Even without insult, when the VAD and VAD+VDD mice reached 3–6 months of age, they frequently exhibited opportunistic ascending bacterial urinary tract infections. There were high frequencies of nephropathy (squamous cell hyperplasia of the renal urothelium, renal scarring, and ascending pyelonephritis) and death in the VAD and VAD+VDD mice. When younger VAD mice were infected with SeV, the predominant lesion was squamous cell metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in lungs and bronchioles. Results highlight a critical role for vitamin A in the maintenance of healthy immune responses, epithelial cell integrity, and pathogen control.
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Wang H, Pan L, Liu Z. Neutrophils as a Protagonist and Target in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 12:337-347. [PMID: 31394895 PMCID: PMC6787473 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have traditionally been acknowledged as the first immune cells that are recruited to inflamed tissues during acute inflammation. By contrast, their importance in the context of chronic inflammation has been studied in less depth. Neutrophils can be recruited and are largely present in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) both in Asians and in Caucasians. Increased infiltration of neutrophils in patients with CRS has been linked to poor corticosteroid response and disease prognosis. Meanwhile, tissue neutrophils may possess specific phenotypic features distinguishing them from resting blood counterparts and are endowed with particular functions, such as cytokines and chemokines production, thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of CRS. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of CRS, with a focus on the roles of neutrophils. We discuss recruitment, function, and regulation of neutrophils in CRS and outline the potential therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Morse JC, Li P, Ely KA, Shilts MH, Wannemuehler TJ, Huang LC, Sheng Q, Chowdhury NI, Chandra RK, Das SR, Turner JH. Chronic rhinosinusitis in elderly patients is associated with an exaggerated neutrophilic proinflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:990-1002.e6. [PMID: 30468775 PMCID: PMC6408962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential effects of aging on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) pathophysiology have not been well defined but might have important ramifications given a rapidly aging US and world population. OBJECTIVE The goal of the current study was to determine whether advanced age is associated with specific inflammatory CRS endotypes or immune signatures. METHODS Levels of 17 mucus cytokines and inflammatory mediators were measured in 147 patients with CRS. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify and characterize inflammatory CRS endotypes, as well as to determine whether age was associated with specific immune signatures. RESULTS A CRS endotype with a proinflammatory neutrophilic immune signature was enriched in older patients. In the overall cohort patients 60 years and older had increased mucus levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α when compared with their younger counterparts. Increases in levels of proinflammatory cytokines were associated with both tissue neutrophilia and symptomatic bacterial infection/colonization in aged patients. CONCLUSIONS Aged patients with CRS have a unique inflammatory signature that corresponds to a neutrophilic proinflammatory response. Neutrophil-driven inflammation in aged patients with CRS might be less likely to respond to corticosteroids and might be closely linked to chronic microbial infection or colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Morse
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Kim A Ely
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Meghan H Shilts
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Todd J Wannemuehler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Li-Ching Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Naweed I Chowdhury
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Rakesh K Chandra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Suman R Das
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Justin H Turner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
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Špadijer Mirković C, Perić A, Vukomanović Đurđević B, Vojvodić D. Effects of Fluticasone Furoate Nasal Spray on Parameters of Eosinophilic Inflammation in Patients With Nasal Polyposis and Perennial Allergic Rhinitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2017; 126:573-580. [PMID: 28587510 DOI: 10.1177/0003489417713505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and eotaxin-2 have been postulated to be responsible for eosinophilia in chronically inflamed nasal mucosa. This study evaluated mucosal production of RANTES and eotaxin-2 in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) and nonallergic and allergic form of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) before and after nasal corticosteroid treatment. METHODS Twenty patients with PAR, 20 nonallergic and 20 allergic CRSwNP patients, and 20 healthy controls were included. The RANTES and eotaxin-2 levels were measured in nasal secretion samples. The patients with chronic inflammation were treated with fluticasone furoate nasal spray for 2 weeks. Cytological examination and measurement of RANTES and eotaxin-2 in nasal fluid were performed before and after the treatment. RESULTS The levels of RANTES were higher in patients with PAR ( P < .05) and nonallergic ( P < .01) and allergic CRSwNP patients ( P < .001) compared to controls. Eotaxin-2 levels were higher in all 3 inflammation groups compared to healthy subjects ( P < .001). After the treatment, we found a significant decrease of RANTES and eotaxin-2 concentrations ( P < .001) in all 3 groups of patients. CONCLUSION The levels of RANTES and eotaxin-2 in nasal fluid could be reliable markers for assessing corticosteroid administration outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cveta Špadijer Mirković
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.,2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Hospital Centre Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Perić
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Danilo Vojvodić
- 4 Institute for Medical Research, Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
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