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Jedynak P, Trzebuniak KF, Chowaniec M, Zgłobicki P, Banaś AK, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Dynamics of Etiolation Monitored by Seedling Morphology, Carotenoid Composition, Antioxidant Level, and Photoactivity of Protochlorophyllide in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:772727. [PMID: 35265091 PMCID: PMC8900029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are widely used as a model to study the de-etiolation process, the etiolation itself at the molecular level still needs elucidation. Here, we monitored the etiolation dynamics for wild type A. thaliana seedlings and lutein-deficient (lut2) mutant between 2 and 12 days of their growth in the absence of light. We analyzed the shape of the apex, the growth rate, the carotenoids and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) accumulation, and the light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) transcripts. Differences concerning the apical hook curvature and cotyledon opening among seedlings of the same age were observed, mostly after day 6 of the culture. We categorized the observed apex shapes and presented quantitatively how distribution among the categories changed during 12 days of seedling growth. The Pchlide654/Pchlide633 ratio, corresponding to the amount of the photoactive Pchlide, was the highest in the youngest seedlings, and decreased with their age. LPORA, LPORB, and LPORC transcripts were detected in etiolated seedlings, and their content decreased during seedling growth. Expression of SAG12 or SAG13 senescence markers, depletion in antioxidants, and excess ion leakage were not observed during the etiolation. Lack of lutein in the lut2 mutant resulted in slow Pchlide accumulation and affected other xanthophyll composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jedynak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Filip Trzebuniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chowaniec
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Zgłobicki
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Banaś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Sanjaya A, Muramatsu R, Sato S, Suzuki M, Sasaki S, Ishikawa H, Fujii Y, Asano M, Itoh RD, Kanamaru K, Ohbu S, Abe T, Kazama Y, Fujiwara MT. Arabidopsis EGY1 Is Critical for Chloroplast Development in Leaf Epidermal Guard Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1254. [PMID: 34205501 PMCID: PMC8235790 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Ethylene-dependent Gravitropism-deficient and Yellow-green 1 (EGY1) gene encodes a thylakoid membrane-localized protease involved in chloroplast development in leaf mesophyll cells. Recently, EGY1 was also found to be crucial for the maintenance of grana in mesophyll chloroplasts. To further explore the function of EGY1 in leaf tissues, we examined the phenotype of chloroplasts in the leaf epidermal guard cells and pavement cells of two 40Ar17+ irradiation-derived mutants, Ar50-33-pg1 and egy1-4. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that fully expanded leaves of both egy1 mutants showed severe chlorophyll deficiency in both epidermal cell types. Guard cells in the egy1 mutant exhibited permanent defects in chloroplast formation during leaf expansion. Labeling of plastids with CaMV35S or Protodermal Factor1 (PDF1) promoter-driven stroma-targeted fluorescent proteins revealed that egy1 guard cells contained the normal number of plastids, but with moderately reduced size, compared with wild-type guard cells. Transmission electron microscopy further revealed that the development of thylakoids was impaired in the plastids of egy1 mutant guard mother cells, guard cells, and pavement cells. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that EGY1 is involved in chloroplast formation in the leaf epidermis and is particularly critical for chloroplast differentiation in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Sanjaya
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryohsuke Muramatsu
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shiho Sato
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Mao Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shun Sasaki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Makoto Asano
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sumie Ohbu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto T Fujiwara
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Sanjaya A, Kazama Y, Ishii K, Muramatsu R, Kanamaru K, Ohbu S, Abe T, Fujiwara MT. An Argon-Ion-Induced Pale Green Mutant of Arabidopsis Exhibiting Rapid Disassembly of Mesophyll Chloroplast Grana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:848. [PMID: 33922223 PMCID: PMC8145761 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Argon-ion beam is an effective mutagen capable of inducing a variety of mutation types. In this study, an argon ion-induced pale green mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana was isolated and characterized. The mutant, designated Ar50-33-pg1, exhibited moderate defects of growth and greening and exhibited rapid chlorosis in photosynthetic tissues. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that mesophyll chloroplasts underwent substantial shrinkage during the chlorotic process. Genetic and whole-genome resequencing analyses revealed that Ar50-33-pg1 contained a large 940 kb deletion in chromosome V that encompassed more than 100 annotated genes, including 41 protein-coding genes such as TYRAAt1/TyrA1, EGY1, and MBD12. One of the deleted genes, EGY1, for a thylakoid membrane-localized metalloprotease, was the major contributory gene responsible for the pale mutant phenotype. Both an egy1 mutant and F1 progeny of an Ar50-33-pg1 × egy1 cross-exhibited chlorotic phenotypes similar to those of Ar50-33-pg1. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis of mesophyll cells revealed that Ar50-33-pg1 and egy1 initially developed wild type-like chloroplasts, but these were rapidly disassembled, resulting in thylakoid disorganization and fragmentation, as well as plastoglobule accumulation, as terminal phenotypes. Together, these data support the utility of heavy-ion mutagenesis for plant genetic analysis and highlight the importance of EGY1 in the structural maintenance of grana in mesophyll chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Sanjaya
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (A.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (K.I.); (S.O.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ishii
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (K.I.); (S.O.); (T.A.)
| | - Ryohsuke Muramatsu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (A.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Sumie Ohbu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (K.I.); (S.O.); (T.A.)
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (K.I.); (S.O.); (T.A.)
| | - Makoto T. Fujiwara
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (A.S.); (R.M.)
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (K.I.); (S.O.); (T.A.)
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Li W, Liu Y, Liu M, Zheng Q, Li B, Li Z, Li H. Sugar accumulation is associated with leaf senescence induced by long-term high light in wheat. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110169. [PMID: 31481230 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the grain filling stage, high light (HL) usually results in premature leaf senescence and significant yield loss in wheat. To explore the responses of sugar metabolism and the association of sugar accumulation and leaf senescence in HL, the activity and gene expression of sugar metabolism-related enzymes were analyzed when two wheat cultivars Triticum aestivum L. Xiaoyan 54 (XY54, HL tolerant) and Jing 411 (J411, HL sensitive) were transferred from low light (LL) to HL for 28 d. The results showed that the CO2 assimilation rate, quantity of Rubisco and chlorophyll binding proteins decreased substantially for both cultivars in HL. However, the content of fructose, sucrose, and starch increased dramatically. In addition, the activity of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and alkaline/neutral invertase increased significantly while the expression of most of the sugar metabolism-related genes were repressed by long-term HL. Correlation analysis revealed that sugar content and sucrose phosphate synthase activity were negatively while the expression of most sugar metabolism-related genes were positively correlated with chlorophyll content during HL treatment. Comparatively, the HL tolerant cultivar XY54 accumulated less sugars than the HL sensitive cultivar J411, suggesting that sugar metabolism may be the regulation target for wheat improvement to cope with HL stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Yan H, Sheng M, Wang C, Liu Y, Yang J, Liu F, Xu W, Su Z. AtSPX1-mediated transcriptional regulation during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:238-246. [PMID: 31128694 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf growth, a highly coordinated and complicated process. Phosphorus as an essential macronutrient for plant growth is remobilized from senescing leaves to other vigorous parts of the plant. In this study, through data mining, we found some phosphate starvation induced genes such as AtSPX1, were significantly induced in aging leaves in Arabidopsis. We applied a reverse genetics approach to investigate the phenotypes of transgenic plants and mutant plants, and the results showed that the overexpression of AtSPX1 accelerated leaf senescence, suppressed Pi accumulation, promoted SA production and H2O2 levels in leaves, while the mutant lines of AtSPX1 showed slightly delayed leaf senescence. We conducted RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis together with GO and GSEA enrichment analyses for transgenic vs. wild-type plants to elucidate the possible underlying regulatory mechanism. The 558 genes that were up-regulated in the overexpression plants 35S::AtSPX1/WT, were significantly enriched in the process of leaf senescence, Pi starvation responses and SA signaling pathways, as were the target genes of some transcription factors such as WRKYs and NACs. In a word, we characterized AtSPX1 as a key regulator, which mediated the crosstalks among leaf senescence, Pi starvation and SA signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Minghao Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaotong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Ma G, Shi X, Zou Q, Tian D, An X, Zhu K. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals dynamic changes during daylily flower senescence. PLANTA 2018; 248:859-873. [PMID: 29943113 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-related metabolic biological processes and metabolic pathways as well as invertase, protease, and ribosomal proteins may be critical regulators controlling the circadian rhythm and ephemeral properties of daylily flowers. Daylily is a familiar perennial flower. The daylily flower opens at dawn and withers away at night. Flower longevity in almost all daylily varieties from opening to fading is less than 24 h. In the past decades, the physiological changes and genetic responses to senescence in daylily flowers have been reported. However, the main metabolic pathways and biological processes involved in daylily flower senescence and the proteins involved in premature senility of daylily flowers are poorly understood. Herein, we identified differences between the proteomes of four developmental stages (s1-s4) of daylily flowers using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic methods. A total of 445 proteins (containing at least two unique peptides) were identified, and differentially expressed proteins (upregulation ≥ 1.5 or downregulation ≤ 0.67, P value ≤ 0.05) were detected between these stages in the following numbers: 58 (s2/s1), 59 (s3/s1), 31 (s3/s2), 64 (s4/s1), 52 (s4/s2), and 29 (s4/s3). Protein functions and classifications were analyzed based on GO, KEGG, and COG, and expressive hierarchical cluster analysis and functional enrichment analysis for differentially expressed proteins were carried out. A comparison of the late stages (s3 and s4) with the early stage (s1) revealed that the sugar (hexose, monosaccharide, and glucose) metabolic process GO category was the most enriched, and sugar (galactose, pentose, starch, and sucrose) metabolism pathways constituted the most enriched KEGG category. Finally, the potential research value of invertase, protease, and ribosomal proteins for revealing the mechanism underlying the circadian rhythm and ephemeral properties of daylily flowers are discussed. These data and analyses provide new insight into the senescence mechanism of daylily flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Ma
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingcheng Zou
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danqing Tian
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia An
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhu
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang S, Zhi H, Li W, Shan J, Tang C, Jia G, Tang S, Diao X. SiYGL2 Is Involved in the Regulation of Leaf Senescence and Photosystem II Efficiency in Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1308. [PMID: 30233633 PMCID: PMC6131628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A yellow-green leaf mutant was isolated from EMS-mutagenized lines of Setaria italica variety Yugu1. Map-based cloning revealed the mutant gene is a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana AtEGY1. EGY1 (ethylene-dependent gravitropism-deficient and yellow-green 1) is an ATP-independent metalloprotease (MP) that is required for chloroplast development, photosystem protein accumulation, hypocotyl gravitropism, leaf senescence, and ABA signal response in A. thaliana. However, the function of EGY1 in monocotyledonous C4 plants has not yet been described. The siygl2 mutant is phenotypically characterized by chlorotic organs, premature senescence, and damaged PS II function. Sequence comparisons of the AtEGY1 and SiYGL2 proteins reveals the potential for SiYGL2 to encode a partially functional protein. Phenotypic characterization and gene expression analysis suggested that SiYGL2 participates in the regulation of chlorophyll content, leaf senescence progression, and PS II function. Additionally, our research will contribute to further characterization of the mechanisms regulating leaf senescence and photosynthesis in S. italica, and in C4 plants in general.
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