1
|
Upadhyay S, Kumar A, Srivastava M, Srivastava A, Dwivedi A, Singh RK, Srivastava SK. Recent advancements of smartphone-based sensing technology for diagnosis, food safety analysis, and environmental monitoring. Talanta 2024; 275:126080. [PMID: 38615454 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of computationally powerful smartphones, relatively affordable high-resolution camera, drones, and robotic sensors have ushered in a new age of advanced sensible monitoring tools. The present review article investigates the burgeoning smartphone-based sensing paradigms, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, and other innovations for modern healthcare. Despite the significant advancements, there are still scarcity of commercially available smart biosensors and hence need to accelerate the rates of technology transfer, application, and user acceptability. The application/necessity of smartphone-based biosensors for Point of Care (POC) testing, such as prognosis, self-diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment selection, have brought remarkable innovations which eventually eliminate sample transportation, sample processing time, and result in rapid findings. Additionally, it articulates recent advances in various smartphone-based multiplexed bio sensors as affordable and portable sensing platforms for point-of-care devices, together with statistics for point-of-care health monitoring and their prospective commercial viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Upadhyay
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Monika Srivastava
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Amit Srivastava
- Department of Physics TDPG College, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222001, India
| | - Arpita Dwivedi
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- School of Physical and Material Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India
| | - S K Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel MR, Upadhyay MD, Ghosh S, Basu H, Singhal RK, Park TJ, Kailasa SK. Synthesis of multicolor silver nanostructures for colorimetric sensing of metal ions (Cr 3+, Hg 2+ and K +) in industrial water and urine samples with different spectral characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116318. [PMID: 37302744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have synthesized four different color (yellow, orange, green, and blue (multicolor)) silver nanostructures (AgNSs) by chemical reduction method where silver nitrate, sodium borohydride and hydrogen peroxide were used as reagents. The as-synthesized multicolor AgNSs were successfully functionalized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and applied as a colorimetric sensor for the assaying of metal cations (Cr3+, Hg2+, and K+). The addition of metal ions (Cr3+, Hg2+, and K+) into BSA functionalized AgNSs (BSA-AgNSs) causes the aggregation of BSA-AgNSs, and are accompanied by visual color changes with red or blue shift in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of BSA-AgNSs. The BSA-AgNSs show different SPR characteristic for each metal ions (Cr3+, Hg2+, and K+) with exhibiting different spectral shift and color change. The yellow color BSA-AgNSs (Y-BSA-AgNSs) act as a probe for sensing Cr3+, orange color BSA-AgNSs (O-BSA-AgNSs) act as probe for Hg2+ ion assay, green color BSA-AgNSs (G-BSA-AgNSs) act as a probe for the assaying of both K+ and Hg2+, and blue color BSA-AgNSs (B-BSA-AgNSs) act as a sensor for colorimetric detection of K+ ion. The detection limits were found to be 0.26 μM for Cr3+ (Y-BSA-AgNSs), 0.14 μM for Hg2+ (O-BSA-AgNSs), 0.05 μM for K+ (G-BSA-AgNSs), 0.17 μM for Hg2+ (G-BSA-AgNSs), and 0.08 μM for K+ (B-BSA-AgNSs), respectively. Furthermore, multicolor BSA-AgNSs were also applied for assaying of Cr3+, and Hg2+ in industrial water samples and K+ in urine sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayurkumar Revabhai Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Subhadeep Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hirakendu Basu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singhal
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shellaiah M, Sun KW. Conjugation of cysteamine functionalized nanodiamond to gold nanoparticles for pH enhanced colorimetric detection of Cr 3+ ions demonstrated by real water sample analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121962. [PMID: 36257217 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A cysteamine functionalized nanodiamond (NDC) was conjugated to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to deliver NDC@AuNPs and utilized in enhanced colorimetric detection of Cr3+ at pH 6 environment. The conjugation was validated using FTIR, TEM, PXRD, DLS, and zeta potential investigations. At pH 6, superior sensory response of NDC@AuNPs to Cr3+ than that of other ions was validated by UV-vis spectroscopy and colorimetric photographs. Results from UV-vis titrations displayed a linear regression from 0.01 to 0.4 µM with a LOD of 0.236 ± 0.005 nM. The particle aggregation, size variations, potential changes, and binding modes are investigated using TEM, DLS, and FTIR techniques to explore the underlying mechanisms. By adding the EDTA, sensory response is reversible up to 4 cycles. Finally, spiked real water experiments show improved sensing of Cr3+ at pH 6 via the observed recovery between 96 and 110 %, which is in good agreement with the ICP-mass data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiah Shellaiah
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kien Wen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bashir K, Jamil F, Iqbal MA, Nazir S, Shoukat US, Bashir A, Nasrullah K, Rehman AU. Detection of different chemical moieties in aqueous media by luminescent Europium as sensor. REV INORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Detection of different chemical moieties especially trace metals is important for humans as well as water safety. In this review, different detectors synthesized by the combination of different ligands with luminescent europium complexes were discussed for the separation of metals and chemical moieties in aqueous media. These detectors displayed high sensitivity and selectivity. The limit-of-detection values were very low indicating that these detectors are best suitable for the sensing of chemical moieties and trace metals. These detectors’ luminescent changes could be noticed with the naked eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Bashir
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Faisal Jamil
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry , Synthetic Organometallic and Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Sadia Nazir
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Umar Sohail Shoukat
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Anam Bashir
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Kainat Nasrullah
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Ateeq-Ur Rehman
- Department of Physics , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dias GG, O Rodrigues M, Paz ERS, P Nunes M, Araujo MH, Rodembusch FS, da Silva Júnior EN. Aryl-Phenanthro[9,10- d]imidazole: A Versatile Scaffold for the Design of Optical-Based Sensors. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2865-2919. [PMID: 36250642 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent and colorimetric sensors are important tools for investigating the chemical compositions of different matrices, including foods, environmental samples, and water. The high sensitivity, low interference, and low detection limits of these sensors have inspired scientists to investigate this class of sensing molecules for ion and molecule detection. Several examples of fluorescent and colorimetric sensors have been described in the literature; this Review focuses particularly on phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazoles. Different strategies have been developed for obtaining phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazoles, which enable modification of their optical properties upon interaction with specific analytes. These sensing responses usually involve changes in the fluorescence intensity and/or color arising from processes like photoinduced electron transfer, intramolecular charge transfer, intramolecular proton transfer in the excited state, and Förster resonance energy transfer. In this Review, we categorized these sensors into two different groups: those bearing formyl groups and their derivatives and those based on other molecular groups. The different optical responses of phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole-based sensors upon interaction with specific analytes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gleiston G Dias
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| | - Marieli O Rodrigues
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS. Brazil
| | - Esther R S Paz
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| | - Mateus P Nunes
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| | - Maria H Araujo
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| | - Fabiano S Rodembusch
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS. Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Umabharathi PS, Karpagam S. Real scenario of metal ion sensor: is conjugated polymer helpful to detect hazardous metal ion. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metal ions from natural and anthropogenic sources cause pollution to society and the environment is major concern in the present scenario. The deposition and contamination of metal ions in soil and water affect the biogeochemical cycles. Thus, it threatens the everyday life of living and non-living organisms. Reviews on the detection of metal ions through several techniques (Analytical methods, electrochemical techniques, and sensors) and materials (Nanoparticles, carbon dots (quantum dots), polymers, chiral molecules, metal-organic framework, carbon nanotubes, etc.) are addressed separately in the present literature. This review reveals the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques and materials for metal ion sensing with crucial factors. Furthermore, it focus on the capability of conjugated polymers (CPs) as metal ion sensors able to detect/sense hazardous metal ions from environmental samples. Six different routes can synthesize this type of CPs to get specific properties and better metal ion detecting capability in vast research areas. The metal ion detection by CP is time-independent, simple, and low cost compared to other materials/techniques. This review outlines recent literature on the conjugated polymer for cation, anion, and dual ion sensors. Over the last half decades published articles on the conjugated polymer are discussed and compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Subramanian Karpagam
- Department of Chemistry , School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore - 14 , Tamil Nadu , India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yi W, Zhang P, Wang Y, Li Z, Guo Y, Liu M, Dong C, Li C. Copper ferrite nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide nanozymes for the ultrasensitive colorimetric assay of chromium ions. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3434-3443. [PMID: 35993672 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, due to the increasing threat of heavy metal ion pollution faced by the environment and living systems, the development of rapid and highly selective methods for the detection of chromium ions (Cr3+) has aroused increasing interest. In this study, copper ferrite nanoparticles (CuFe2O4) immobilized on reduced graphene oxide (CuFe2O4/rGO) were successfully fabricated by a simple co-precipitation method. The catalyst exhibits high peroxidase-like activity with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a chromogenic matrix due to its large specific surface area, adsorption performance and abundant catalytic active sites. Based on the excellent peroxidase-like activity of CuFe2O4/rGO and its Cr3+-mediated inhibition controllability, a novel colorimetric assay for the heavy metal Cr3+ was created for the first time. Under optimal experimental conditions, CuFe2O4/rGO can be used as a peroxidase-like nanozyme to achieve the excellent detection of Cr3+ in the range of 0.1-25 μM, and the detection limit is 35 nM. The peroxidase-like CuFe2O4/rGO can provide a general catalytic platform for the application of biomimetic enzymatic catalytic systems and colorimetry, and a new approach has been established for the specific determination of the heavy metal Cr3+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yi
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongping Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
- Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
- Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
- Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Shang C, Zhao W, Cao Y, Han J, Hu C, Liu Y. 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine and polyetherimide decorated silver nanoparticles for colorimetric Mn2+ ions detection in aqueous solution. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Ligand-modulated synthesis of gold nanoclusters for sensitive and selective detection of folic acid. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPrecisely changing the optical properties of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) with different ligands offers a promising prospect for highly sensitive and selective drug sensing. In this study, AuNCs were synthesized with d-tryptophan (d-Trp) and its derivatives as the ligands. Optical measurements showed that d-Trp@AuNCs produced higher fluorescence intensity and shorter fluorescence emission wavelength than the d-Trp-derivatives-ligands protected AuNCs, indicating that the ligand-shell rigidity and core-shell charge transfer affected their fluorescent properties. At the excitation wavelength of 370 nm, the emission wavelength of d-Trp@AuNCs was 460 nm. The fluorescence changes revealed the high selectivity of d-Trp@AuNCs for detecting folic acid due to the static quenching and inner filter effect. In the presence of folic acid, the fluorescence of d-Trp@AuNCs was remarkably quenched with good linearity ranging from 6.3-100.0 μM (R2 = 0.997) and a detection limit of 5.8 μM. The proposed assay was successfully utilized to determine the amount of folic acid in human urine with recoveries from 94.3 to 107.3%. This work shows the great potential of d-Trp@AuNCs for detecting folic acid in real bio-samples. It also presents an effective strategy for preparation of the AuNCs with enhanced fluorescence efficiency by regulating the rigidity of the ligands shell and the core-shell charge transfer.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Chu C, Lv J, Jia Y, Lin L, Yang M, Zhang S, Huo D, Hou C. Simultaneous measurement of Cr(III) and Cu(II) based on indicator-displacement assay using a colorimetric nanoprobe. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1129:108-117. [PMID: 32891379 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-performance analysis of heavy metal ions is great importance in both environment and food safety. In this work, a facile and reliable colorimetric sensor was presented for simultaneous detection of Cu2+ and Cr3+ based on indicator-displacement assay (IDA). As a typical silicate nanomaterials, ZnSiO3 hollow nanosphere (ZSHS) exhibited an outstanding ion exchange capacity. Zincon was incorporated with the ZSHS to form a zincon/ZSHS hybrid ionophore with a blue color. Upon the addition of Cr3+, IDA reaction and selective ion exchange occurred with the color change of zincon/ZSHS ionophore from blue to yellow. With such a design, colorimetric measurement of Cr3+ was realized. The linear concentration for Cr3+ detection ranged from 0.5 μM to 75 μM with the LOD of 83.2 nM. Furthermore, we also screened different kinds of complexing agents that may respond with zincon/ZSHS ionophore and various metal ions. It was found that tartaric acid (TA) showed the chelation capability of Zn2+-TA is stronger than that of Zn2+-zincon. Thus zincon/ZSHS/TA presented a yellow color due to the chelation reaction of Zn2+-TA, releasing the zincon as a free state. After addition of Cu2+, a stronger chelation reaction of Cu2+-zincon occurred. This process involved in the color change from yellow to blue and realized colorimetric measurement of Cu2+. The detection limit of Cu2+ was calculated to be 43.7 nM with linear range from 0.1 to 20 μM. In addition, the zincon/ZSHS nanoprobe was successfully applied for simultaneous measurement of Cu2+ and Cr3+ in sorghum and river water, indicating that the zincon/ZSHS nanoprobe provided a promising sensing platform in environment and food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Chengxiang Chu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Jiayi Lv
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Libo Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Suyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou Laojiao Group Co. Ltd., Luzhou, 646000, PR China.
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|