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Manchuri KM, Shaik MA, Gopireddy VSR, Naziya Sultana, Gogineni S. Analytical Methodologies to Detect N-Nitrosamine Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Drug Products and Other Matrices. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1456-1483. [PMID: 39158368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Since 2018, N-nitrosamine impurities have become a widespread concern in the global regulatory landscape of pharmaceutical products. This concern arises due to their potential for contamination, toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity and their presence in many active pharmaceutical ingredients, drug products, and other matrices. N-Nitrosamine impurities in humans can lead to severe chemical toxicity effects. These include carcinogenic effects, metabolic disruptions, reproductive harm, liver diseases, obesity, DNA damage, cell death, chromosomal alterations, birth defects, and pregnancy loss. They are particularly known to cause cancer (tumors) in various organs and tissues such as the liver, lungs, nasal cavity, esophagus, pancreas, stomach, urinary bladder, colon, kidneys, and central nervous system. Additionally, N-nitrosamine impurities may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and type-2 diabetes. Therefore, it is very important to control or avoid them by enhancing effective analytical methodologies using cutting-edge analytical techniques such as LC-MS, GC-MS, CE-MS, SFC, etc. Moreover, these analytical methods need to be sensitive and selective with suitable precision and accuracy, so that the actual amounts of N-nitrosamine impurities can be detected and quantified appropriately in drugs. Regulatory agencies such as the US FDA, EMA, ICH, WHO, etc. need to focus more on the hazards of N-nitrosamine impurities by providing guidance and regular updates to drug manufacturers and applicants. Similarly, drug manufacturers should be more vigilant to avoid nitrosating agents and secondary amines during the manufacturing processes. Numerous review articles have been published recently by various researchers, focusing on N-nitrosamine impurities found in previously notified products, including sartans, metformin, and ranitidine. These impurities have also been detected in a wide range of other products. Consequently, this review aims to concentrate on products recently reported to contain N-nitrosamine impurities. These products include rifampicin, champix, famotidine, nizatidine, atorvastatin, bumetanide, itraconazole, diovan, enalapril, propranolol, lisinopril, duloxetine, rivaroxaban, pioglitazones, glifizones, cilostazol, and sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Moorthy Manchuri
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Mahammad Ali Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Venkata Subba Reddy Gopireddy
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Naziya Sultana
- Analytical Research and Development, IPDO, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited, Hyderabad 500090, India
| | - Sreenivasarao Gogineni
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
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2
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Batista Junior AC, Bernardo RA, Rocha YA, Vaz BG, Chalom MY, Jardim AC, Chaves AR. An Agile and Accurate Approach for N-Nitrosamines Detection and Quantification in Medicines by DART-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1657-1668. [PMID: 38716699 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines (NAs) are prevalent mutagenic impurities in various consumer products. Their discovery in valsartan-containing medicines in 2018 prompted global regulatory agencies to set guidelines on their presence and permissible levels in pharmaceuticals. In order to determine the NAs content in medicines, efficient and sensitive analytical methods have been developed based on mass spectrometry techniques. Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) has emerged as a prominent ambient ionization technique for pharmaceutical analysis due to its high-throughput capability, simplicity, and minimal sample preparation requirements. Thus, in this study DART-MS was evaluated for the screening and quantification of NAs in medicines. DART-MS analyses were conducted in positive ion mode, for both direct tablet analysis and solution analysis. The analytical performance was evaluated regarding linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection, and quantification. The DART-MS proved to be suitable for the determination of NAs in medicines, whether through direct tablet analysis or solution analysis. The analytical performance demonstrated linearity in the range from 1.00 to 200.00 ng mL-1, limits of quantification about 1.00 ng mL-1, precision and accuracy lower than 15%, and no significant matrix effect for six drug-related NAs. In conclusion, the DART-MS technique demonstrated to be an alternative method to determine NAs in medicines, aligning with the principles of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Alves Bernardo
- Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Chemistry, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Chemistry, Curitiba, Paraná 80060-140, Brazil
| | - Yuri Arrates Rocha
- Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Chemistry, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Chemistry, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Marc Yves Chalom
- SENS Advanced Mass Spectrometry, 05319-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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3
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Kalauz A, Tiringer KV, Horváth V, Kapui I. Simultaneous determination of low molecular weight nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products by fast gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464323. [PMID: 37696123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Control of N-nitrosamines has been in the focus of health authorities in recent years because many of these compounds are probable human carcinogens. In July 2018 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a recall for valsartan-containing medicines due to contamination with the carcinogenic low molecular weight nitrosamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). It has become clear that the problem can not only exist in the case of sartans, but in any active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)/drug product in which secondary or tertiary amines are present (as API or as impurities) and a nitrosating agent is available. The decision was made by regulators, according to which manufacturers of pharmaceutical products are obliged to perform a risk assessment for the potential presence of nitrosamines in active pharmaceutical ingredients and drug products. This resulted in a high demand for validated analytical methods that are able to quantify N-nitrosamines at low ppb levels in pharmaceutical products. In this work we have developed and validated a generic fast GC-MS method suitable for the quantitative determination of a wide range of low molecular weight nitrosamines, which include N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitroso-diphenylamine (NDPh), N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-nitroso-ethylisopropylamine (EIPNA), N-nitroso-diisopropylamine (DIPNA), N-nitroso-N-methylaniline (NMPA), 1-Methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MeNP) and N-nitroso-pyrrolidine (NPYR). The advantage of the method is that it is possible to screen low molecular weight nitrosamines in low concentrations with a short analysis time in a wide range of APIs and drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kalauz
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, Budapest H-1106, Hungary.
| | - Kármen Virág Tiringer
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, Budapest H-1106, Hungary
| | - Viola Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Bioengineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest 1111, Hungary; ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Imre Kapui
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, Budapest H-1106, Hungary
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4
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Yin M, Hu Y, Fan H, Wang Q, Wang M, Wang W, Shi C. Method for trace determination of N-nitrosamines impurities in metronidazole benzoate using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200225. [PMID: 36562102 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic impurity control has been a great concern in the pharmaceutical industry since the recall of the large round of sartans worldwide in 2018. In these sartans, N-nitrosamines were the main contaminants in active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulations. Numerous analytical methods have been developed to detect N-nitrosamines in food, drugs, and environmental samples. In this study, a sensitive method is developed for the trace determination of N-nitrosamine impurities in metronidazole benzoate pharmaceuticals using high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated regarding system suitability, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, solution stability, and robustness. The method showed good linearity with R2 ≥ 0.999 and FMandel < Ftab(95%) ranging from 0.33 to 8.00 ng/ml. The low limits of detection of N-nitrosamines were in the range of 0.22-0.80 ng/ml (0.0014-0.0050 ppm). The low limits of quantification were in the range of 0.33-1.20 ng/ml (0.0021-0.0075 ppm), which were lower than the acceptable limits in metronidazole benzoate pharmaceuticals and indicated the high sensitivity of the method. The recoveries of N-nitrosamines ranged from 84% to 97%. Thus, this method exhibits good selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Moreover, it is a simple, convenient, and scientific strategy for detecting N-nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals to support the development of the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Hu
- Hubei Hongyuan Pharmaceutical Technology Ltd., Huanggang, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Fan
- ICAS Testing Technology Service (Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiulan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Monteiro MA, de Lima PC, Novotny TS, Santana DS, Lima MED, Dantas ASCL, Ferreira LODS, de Souza MN, Maranho RLDN, Ochs SDM. Investigation of Carcinogenic Impurities of N-Nitrosamines in Sartan Pharmaceutical Products Marketed in Brazil: Development and Validation of Method Based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1305-1314. [PMID: 36657719 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines (NA) impurities have unexpectedly been found in sartan products, angiotensin II receptor antagonists that are used to control hypertension, representing an urgent concern for industry, global regulators and for the patients. In this study, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of six NA (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-Nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid, N-Nitrosodiethylamine, N-ethyl-N-nitroso-2-propanamine, N-nitroso-diisopropylamine and N-nitroso-di-n-butylamine) in losartan, valsartan, olmesartan, irbesartan, candesartan and telmisartan products. The method was validated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and stability. The limits of quantification were 100, 31.25, 250, 33, 312.5 and 125 µg kg-1 in losartan, valsartan, olmesartan, irbesartan, candesartan and telmisartan samples, respectively, which met the sensitivity requirements for the limits set by Food and Drug Administration of the United States. The standard curves showed good linearity. The recoveries ranged from 93.06 to 102.23% in losartan matrix, 83 to 85.9% in valsartan, 96.1 to 101.2% in olmesartan, 89.2 to 97.5% in irbesartan, 93.4 to 132.0% in candesartan and 62.3 to 106.2% in telmisartan matrix. The other parameters met the validation criteria, the good sensitivity and precision, high accuracy and simple and fast analysis provides a reliable method for quality control of NA in sartan pharmaceutical products. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of N-nitrosamines in 71 sartan products marketed in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychelle Alves Monteiro
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Condé de Lima
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santana Novotny
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva Santana
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Emanuelle Damazio Lima
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Matheus Nicolau de Souza
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Soraya de Mendonça Ochs
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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6
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Kumar SRJ, Reddy JVR, Rao VK. Identification and validation of potential genotoxic impurities, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, and 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol, at subtle levels in a bile acid sequestrant, colesevelam hydrochloride, using hyphenated GC-MS technique. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5528. [PMID: 36250913 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Potential genotoxic impurities (PGI) and N-nitrosamine impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their determination at low levels are substantial challenges for cholesterol-lowering agents in recent years. Herein we developed a robust, reliable, rapid, accurate and validated technique of gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for quantifying subtle levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (PGI-I) and 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (PGI-II) in colesevelam hydrochloride drug substance (bile acid sequestrant). The separation of colesevelam hydrochloride, PGI-I and PGI-II was executed with chromatographic technique using a capillary column, DB-624 measuring with 30 m × 0.32 mm × 1.8 μm specification of 6% cyanopropylphenyl-94% dimethylpolysiloxane copolymer and helium carrier gas. This developed technique gave a good intensity peak without any interference and extra masses at the retention times of 11.17 min for PGI-I and 11.59 min for PGI-II, which was adequate, with mass spectra (m/z) of 79 and 62, respectively. The method's sensitivity and linearity are demonstrated by its detection and quantification limits at subtle levels with correlation coefficients of 0.9965 for PGI-I and 0.9910 for PGI-II. The determination is mainly focused on improving sensitivity with the limits of detection and quantitation far below the specifications, which can support tighter limits. This results in a cost-effective and easily adoptable methodology having precise and accurate results in colesevelam hydrochloride API at subtle levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Jythesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Department of Analytical Research, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Research Center-II, Indrakarn (V), Kandi (M), Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Junuthula Venkata Ramana Reddy
- Department of Analytical Research, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Research Center-II, Indrakarn (V), Kandi (M), Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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Novotny TS, Monteiro MA, de Lima PC, Ochs SDM, Maranho RLDN, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC. Thymol-Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Approach for Screening Polar Nitrosamines in Sartans Pharmaceutical Products by Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1231-1245. [PMID: 36481416 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamines are carcinogens substances firstly detected in sartans drugs in 2018, leading to new regulations and monitoring programmes that raised the costs and challenges to the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, reliable and cost-effective methods for screening nitrosamines in medicines are highly desirable. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES), a novel "eco-friendly" alternative to solvents commonly used in microextraction techniques, can meet these requirements. In this study, a simple and rapid method of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using thymol-based HDES followed by HPLC-DAD detection was developed for the determination of n-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and n-nitroso-n-methylamino butyric acid (NMBA) from candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan and valsartan drug substances, and from losartan tablets. Various influencing factors (such as HDES type, HDES:sample ratio, salt addition and sample pH) were investigated. Best extraction efficiencies were achieved with thymol:benzyl alcohol HDES. Under optimal conditions, the linearities ranged from 15 to 1000 ng mL-1 for both NDMA and NMBA (R² > 0.99), with recoveries between 81.8-104.2% and precision from 0.2 to 14.6%. The limits of detection were 17.3 - 220.0 ng g-1 and 16.3 - 290.0 ng g-1 for NDMA and NMBA, consecutively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied in spiked sartans drug substances and in losartan potassium tablets collected in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Santana Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mychelle Alves Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Condé de Lima
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Soraya de Mendonça Ochs
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz do Nascimento Maranho
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio Simas Vaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Studies on a novel method for the determination of nitrosamines in food by HPLC-UV-FLD coupling with terbium-doped carbon dots. Food Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Development of a Sensitive Screening Method for Simultaneous Determination of Nine Genotoxic Nitrosamines in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients by GC-MS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012125. [PMID: 36292981 PMCID: PMC9603764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A worldwide crisis with nitrosamine contamination in medical products began in 2018. Therefore, trace-level analysis of nitrosamines is becoming an emerging topic of interest in the field of quality control. A novel GC-MS method with electron ionization and microextraction was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of nine carcinogenic nitrosamines (NDMA, NMEA, NDEA, NDBA, NMOR, NPYR, NPIP, NDPA, and N-methyl-npz) in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): cilostazol, sunitinib malate, and olmesartan medoxomil. The method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines, demonstrating good linearity in the range of LOQ up to 21.6 ng/mL (120% of specification limit). The limits of detection for the nine nitrosamines were determined to be in the range 0.15–1.00 ng/mL. The developed trace level GC-MS method turned out to be specific, accurate, and precise. The accuracy of all the tested APIs ranged from 94.09% to 111.22% and the precision evaluated by repeatability, intermediate precision, and system precision was RSD ≤ 7.65%. Nitrosamines were not detected in cilostazol and sunitinib, whereas in olmesartan medoxomil NDEA was detected at the level of LOQ. The novel protocol was successfully applied for nitrosamines determination in selected APIs and can be used for the routine quality control of APIs under Good Manufacturing Practices rules, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products.
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Research progress of N-nitrosamine detection methods: a review. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1123-1135. [PMID: 36125029 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines (nitrosamines) are attracting increased attention because of their high toxicity and wide distribution. They have been strictly restricted by regulations in many fields. Researchers around the world have conducted substantial work on nitrosamine detection. This paper reviews the progress of research on nitrosamine detection methods with emphasis on biological-matrix samples. After introducing the category, toxicity, regulatory limit and source of nitrosamines, the paper discusses the most commonly used sample-preparation techniques and instrumental-detection techniques for nitrosamine detection, including some typical application cases.
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Abd El-Hay SS, Elhenawee M, Maged K, Ibrahim AE. Cost-effective, green HPLC determination of losartan, valsartan and their nitrosodiethylamine impurity: application to pharmaceutical dosage forms. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220250. [PMID: 35706671 PMCID: PMC9156911 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are one of the most widely used anti-hypertensive drugs which are used to reduce hypertension. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration together with the European Medicine Agency declared the presence of carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities such as nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in some of the products, including valsartan (VLS) and losartan (LOS), and drugs' recall procedures were started. Thus, they should be controlled to be below the acceptable cancer risk level to ensure safety of the pharmaceutical products. Therefore, sensitive and reliable analytical methods were required for detection and quantitation of NDEA in bulk and finished drug products. Green analytical chemistry has received great interest to minimize the amount of organic solvents consumed without loss in chromatographic performance. A green and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the determination of NDEA in LOS and VLS using mobile phase of 0.02 M ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 7.2 and ethanol in gradient manner. Limits of detection and limits of quantification for NDEA were estimated to be 0.2 and 0.5 µg ml-1, respectively. The standardized limits of NDEA impurity in drug substances were set as 0.56 ppm, which indicates the feasibility of its determination by the proposed conventional method without need for expensive instrumentations (e.g. MS/MS detectors) that are not found in most pharmaceutical quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad S. Abd El-Hay
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Magda Elhenawee
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khaled Maged
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Areesh, Egypt
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman
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Abstract
This work presents an overview of the modern approaches embracing advanced equipment and validation parameters of both liquid and gas chromatography techniques, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column liquid chromatography (CLC), and gas chromatography (GC), suitable for the identification and quantitative determination of various bioactive compounds occurring in pharmaceutical products and medicinal plants in the time from 2020 to 2021 (November). This review confirmed that HPLC is an incredibly universal tool, especially when combined with different detectors, such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and fluorescence detection for numerous active ingredients in different pharmaceutical formulations without interferences from other excipients. TLC, in combination with densitometry, is a very efficient tool for the determination of biologically active substances present in pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, TLC coupled to densitometry and mass spectrometry could be suitable for preliminary screening and determination of the biological activity (e.g., antioxidant properties, thin layer chromatography (TLC) by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method) of plant materials. Gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS), is of particular importance in the testing of any volatile substances, such as essential oils. LC, coupled to NMR and MS, is the best solution for identifying and studying the structure of unknown components from plant extracts, as well as degradation products (DPs). Thanks to size-exclusion chromatography, coupled to multi-angle light scattering, the quality control of biological pharmaceuticals is possible.
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13
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Kim H, Sung D, Yu H, Jang D, Koo Y, Lee S, Lim K, Choi D. Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2021; 9:230. [PMID: 34678926 PMCID: PMC8540041 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamines can be produced during the manufacture of rubber-type products such as pacifiers or the nipples of baby bottles. Humans can be exposed to the nitrosamines in these products when they are eluted into saliva. In this study, we compared the efficiency of electron impact ionization (EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI) methods for the analysis of nine nitrosamines eluted into artificial saliva. In addition, nine nitrosamines eluted from 54 rubber-type products (rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyurethane) marketed in Korea were monitored. Finally, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments of oral exposure to nine nitrosamines were performed based on the monitoring results. EI-GC-MS/MS performed the best for the simultaneous analysis of these nine nitrosamines with respect to overall linearity, trace analysis limit of detection (less than 1 μg), recovery (average 108.66 ± 9.32%), and precision (less than 6%), compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (APCI and ESI) methods. Using the EI-GC-MS/MS method, these nine nitrosamines eluted into artificial saliva from 54 rubber-type products were monitored. Based on the monitoring data, risk assessment was performed by calculating the margin of exposure (MOE) for the respective nitrosamines detected. As a result, these nitrosamines were confirmed to be safe with regard to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsoo Kim
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Daekwan Sung
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Honghyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Daeyong Jang
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yeji Koo
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seungha Lee
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03670, Korea
| | - Dalwoong Choi
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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