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Kalauz A, Tiringer KV, Horváth V, Kapui I. Simultaneous determination of low molecular weight nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products by fast gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464323. [PMID: 37696123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Control of N-nitrosamines has been in the focus of health authorities in recent years because many of these compounds are probable human carcinogens. In July 2018 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a recall for valsartan-containing medicines due to contamination with the carcinogenic low molecular weight nitrosamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). It has become clear that the problem can not only exist in the case of sartans, but in any active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)/drug product in which secondary or tertiary amines are present (as API or as impurities) and a nitrosating agent is available. The decision was made by regulators, according to which manufacturers of pharmaceutical products are obliged to perform a risk assessment for the potential presence of nitrosamines in active pharmaceutical ingredients and drug products. This resulted in a high demand for validated analytical methods that are able to quantify N-nitrosamines at low ppb levels in pharmaceutical products. In this work we have developed and validated a generic fast GC-MS method suitable for the quantitative determination of a wide range of low molecular weight nitrosamines, which include N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitroso-diphenylamine (NDPh), N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-nitroso-ethylisopropylamine (EIPNA), N-nitroso-diisopropylamine (DIPNA), N-nitroso-N-methylaniline (NMPA), 1-Methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MeNP) and N-nitroso-pyrrolidine (NPYR). The advantage of the method is that it is possible to screen low molecular weight nitrosamines in low concentrations with a short analysis time in a wide range of APIs and drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kalauz
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, Budapest H-1106, Hungary.
| | - Kármen Virág Tiringer
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, Budapest H-1106, Hungary
| | - Viola Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Bioengineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest 1111, Hungary; ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Imre Kapui
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, Budapest H-1106, Hungary
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Kalauz A, Kapui I. Determination of potentially genotoxic impurities in crotamiton active pharmaceutical ingredient by gas chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 210:114544. [PMID: 34968997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years control of potentially genotoxic impurities have an increasing importance in the analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Guidelines of different regulatory bodies specify very low limits for these impurities, in many cases the analytical development is challenging to comply with the requirements. In this paper potential genotoxic impurities of Crotamiton drug substance are investigated, a simple and robust gas chromatographic method is developed for the determination of genotoxic impurities in Crotamiton drug substance. One of the main benefits of this method is that it can quantify all potential genotoxic impurities that can be present in the entire synthesis pathway of Crotamiton drug substance. Crotamiton is synthesized from toluidine derivatives, in which the aromatic amine group represents genotoxic alert. In the method development toluidine isomers (o-, m-, p-toluidine), N-ethyl-toluidine isomers (o-, m-, N-ethyl-p-toluidine) and N-methyl-toluidine isomers (o-, m-, N-methyl-p-toluidine) were separated, and the developed gas chromatographic method is validated in accordance with the relevant guidelines at a specification limit of NMT 40 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kalauz
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, H-1106 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Imre Kapui
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, H-1106 Budapest, Hungary.
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Enesei D, Kapui I, Fekete S, Kormány R. Updating the European Pharmacopoeia impurity profiling method for terazosin and suggesting alternative columns. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 187:113371. [PMID: 32460215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work was motivated by the demand of European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare (EDQM). A new liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for terazosin impurity profiling to replace the old European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) method. This new method is published as part of the new Ph. Eur. monograph proposal of terazosin in Pharmeuropa issue 32.2. The aim of the method renewal was to cut the analysis time from 90 min (2 × 45 min) down to below 20 min. The Ph. Eur. monograph method is based on two different chromatographic separations to analyze the specified impurities of terazosin. The reason for the two methods is that two of the impurities are not sufficiently retained in reversed phase (RP) conditions, not even with 100% water as eluent. Therefore, next to RP, an ion-pair (IP) chromatographic method has to be applied to analyze those two impurities. With our new proposed method it was possible to appropriately increase the retention of the two critical compounds using alternative stationary phases (instead of a C18 phase which is suggested by the Ph. Eur. method). Applying a pentafluoro-phenyl (PFP) stationary phase, it was feasible to separate and adequately retain all the impurities. The detection wavelength was also changed compared to the Ph. Eur. method and is now appropriate for the detection and quantification of all impurities using perchloric acid in the mobile phase at low pH. Another goal of the present study was to develop a generic workflow and to evaluate the chromatographic resolution in a wide range of method variables and suggest some replacement columns for terazosin impurity profiling. Retention modeling was applied to study the chromatographic behavior of the compounds of interest and visualize resolution for the different columns, where a given criterion is fulfilled. A zone (set of chromatographic conditions) of a robust space could be then quickly identified by the overlay of the individual response surfaces (resolution maps). It was also demonstrated that two columns from different providers (Kinetex F5 and SpeedCore PFP) can be used as replacement columns, providing sufficient resolution at the same working point and a high degree of robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Enesei
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Keresztúri út 30-38, 1106 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Kapui
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Keresztúri út 30-38, 1106 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Róbert Kormány
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Keresztúri út 30-38, 1106 Budapest, Hungary.
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Gyurcsányi RE, Pergel E, Nagy R, Kapui I, Lan BT, Tóth K, Bitter I, Lindner E. Direct Evidence of Ionic Fluxes Across Ion-Selective Membranes: A Scanning Electrochemical Microscopic and Potentiometric Study. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2104-11. [PMID: 11354497 DOI: 10.1021/ac000922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) supplemented with potentiometric measurements was used to follow the time-dependent buildup of a steady-state diffusion layer at the aqueous-phase boundary of lead ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Differential pulse voltammetry is adapted to SECM for probing the local concentration profiles at the sample side of solvent polymeric membranes. Major factors affecting the membrane transport-related surface concentrations were identified from SECM data and the potentiometric transients obtained under different experimental conditions (inner filling solution composition, membrane thickness, surface pretreatment). The amperometrically determined surface concentrations correlated well with the lower detection limits of the lead ion-selective electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Gyurcsányi
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics
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Kapui I, Gyurcsányi RE, Nagy G, Tóth K, Arca M, Arca E. Investigation of Styrene−Methacrylic Acid Block Copolymer Micelle Doped Polypyrrole Films by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982826h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kapui
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary, Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Janus Pannonius University, Ifjúság u. 6, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Róbert E. Gyurcsányi
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary, Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Janus Pannonius University, Ifjúság u. 6, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Géza Nagy
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary, Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Janus Pannonius University, Ifjúság u. 6, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Klára Tóth
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary, Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Janus Pannonius University, Ifjúság u. 6, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Meral Arca
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary, Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Janus Pannonius University, Ifjúság u. 6, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Emin Arca
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary, Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Janus Pannonius University, Ifjúság u. 6, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41000 Kocaeli, Turkey
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