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Beyene AM, Gizachew M, Yousef AE, Haileyesus H, Abdelhamid AG, Berju A, Tebeje MM, Feleke T, Gelaw B. Multidrug-resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing lactose-fermenting enterobacteriaceae in the human-dairy interface in northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303872. [PMID: 38771780 PMCID: PMC11108214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the top public health concerns in the globe. Estimating the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR), MDR index (MDR-I) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing lactose fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (LFE) is important in designing strategies to combat AMR. Thus, this study was designed to determine the status of MDR, MDR-I and ESBL-producing LFE isolated from the human-dairy interface in the northwestern part of Ethiopia, where such information is lacking. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2023 by analyzing 362 samples consisting of raw pooled milk (58), milk container swabs (58), milker's hand swabs (58), farm sewage (57), milker's stool (47), and cow's feces (84). The samples were analyzed using standard bacteriological methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and ESBL production ability of the LFE isolates were screened using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and candidate isolates passing the screening criteria were phenotypically confirmed by using cefotaxime (30 μg) and cefotaxime /clavulanic acid (30 μg/10 μg) combined-disk diffusion test. The isolates were further characterized genotypically using multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the three ESBL-encoding- genes namely blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M. RESULTS A total of 375 bacterial isolates were identified and the proportion of MDR and ESBL-producing bacterial isolates were 70.7 and 21.3%, respectively. The MDR-I varied from 0.0 to 0.81 with an average of 0.30. The ESBL production was detected in all sample types. Genotypically, the majority of the isolates (97.5%), which were positive on the phenotypic test, were carrying one or more of the three genes. CONCLUSION A high proportion of the bacterial isolates were MDR; had high MDR-I and were positive for ESBL production. The findings provide evidence that the human-dairy interface is one of the important reservoirs of AMR traits. Therefore, the implementation of AMR mitigation strategies is highly needed in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achenef Melaku Beyene
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mucheye Gizachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed E. Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State; University, Ohio, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Hana Haileyesus
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed G. Abdelhamid
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State; University, Ohio, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Adugna Berju
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Molu Tebeje
- Clinical Bacteriology Unit, Comprehensive Specialized Teaching Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tigest Feleke
- Clinical Bacteriology Unit, Comprehensive Specialized Teaching Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Tadesse T, Alemayehu H, Medhin G, Akalu A, Eguale T. Antibiogram of Escherichia coli Isolated from Dairy Cattle and in-Contact Humans in Selected Areas of Central Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2024; 15:117-127. [PMID: 38617107 PMCID: PMC11016264 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s456247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public and animal health. Escherichia coli is considered an indicator organism for monitoring AMR among gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae in humans and animals. The current study aims to assess the antibiogram profile of E. coli isolated from dairy cattle and in-contact humans in central Ethiopia and to identify risk factors associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 58 farms were recruited from selected districts of central Ethiopia. E. coli was isolated using standard bacteriological techniques. A total of 200 representative isolates (140 from cattle and 60 from humans in contact) were randomly selected and tested for susceptibility to a panel of 13 antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay. Results The highest rate of resistance was observed for sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim (58.6%, 82/140) and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (70.0%, 42/60) among E. coli isolates from cattle and hmans, respectively. In contrast, resistance rates in isolates from in contact humans with the cattle were 30%, 33.3%, and 66.7%, respectively. Resistance to tetracycline (p=0.02), streptomycin (p=0.03), and sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim (p=0.007) was significantly high in E. coli isolated from cattle on commercial dairy farms than in those isolated from cattle on smallholder farms. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the rate of resistance between E. coli isolated from in contact humans with smallholder and commercial dairy farms. Antimicrobial use for treatment purpose (p=0.04) and non-compliance with the drug withdrawal period (p=0.03) were significantly associated with the farm-level occurrence of MDR. Conclusion A high rate of resistance was detected in E. coli isolated from the feces of dairy cattle and in-contact humans. This necessitates an effective intervention through a one-health approach and further molecular studies are required to establish source attribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekalign Tadesse
- Department of Veterinary Science, Mattu University, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aberaw Akalu
- Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- The Ohio State University, Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Sarba EJ, Wirtu W, Gebremedhin EZ, Borena BM, Marami LM. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157 isolated from cow milk and milk products, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16018. [PMID: 37749163 PMCID: PMC10519974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli and E. coli O157 in milk and milk products and hygienic practices in West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia. Five hundred fifty-six milk samples comprising 421 udder milk, 57 bulk tank milk, and 78 milk products were investigated. Moreover, a questionnaire was administered to 145 participants to assess hygienic practices. A standard microbiological procedure was used to detect E. coli and E. coli O157. The Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Petri film plates were used to enumerate the coliform in raw bulk tank milk. Farm and animal-level E coli prevalence were estimated and association with risk factors was assessed. Escherichia coli was detected in 33.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.9-37.9%) of the samples, of which only one isolate (0.2%) was E. coli O157. Escherichia coli contamination was higher in bulk tank samples (47.4%; 95% CI 34.0-61.0%) than in udder milk (34.7%; CI 30.1-39.4%), cottage cheese (27.0%; 95% CI 14.6-43.9%), and yoghurt 10.5% (95% CI 2.9-24.8%). For the animal-level E. coli contamination, only the study area was identified as a risk factor. Risk factors such as types of milk containers, udder washing practices, hygiene, and management systems were associated with both farm-level and milk products E. coli contamination. Most (59.0%) of the farmers practice udder washing only before milking and the remaining did not practice udder washing at all. The mean coliform count in raw bulk tank milk was higher than the international standard (4.09 log10 CFU/ml). All the 42 E. coli isolates tested were multidrug resistant. The occurrence of E. coli is high, while that of E. coli O157 is too low. The milk-handling practices are poor in the study areas. The high prevalence of E. coli, as well as the high coliform count and higher multi-drug resistance may pose risk to public health and food safety. Therefore, proper hygienic practices throughout the milk chain as well as rational drug use are advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilu Jorga Sarba
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia.
| | - Wakuma Wirtu
- Department of Biology, Addis Ababa Education Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Bizunesh Mideksa Borena
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Lencho Megersa Marami
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Asfaw T, Genetu D, Shenkute D, Shenkutie TT, Amare YE, Habteweld HA, Yitayew B. Pathogenic Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Milk, Yoghurt and Milk Contact Surfaces in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4297-4309. [PMID: 37424670 PMCID: PMC10327909 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s418793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial contamination of milk is a primary culprit for causing foodborne illnesses, presenting a significant health hazard for millions of individuals around the globe. The level and variety of microorganisms present in raw milk determine its degree of contamination and the potential health risks it poses. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to August. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and hygiene practices from milk distributors and traders. Raw milk, yoghurt, swabs from milk containers and drinking cups were collected and processed for bacterial isolation and identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, MDR screening and confirmation, ESBL screening and confirmation. Finally, all data were pooled and analyzed using SPSS software version 25. Results A total of 120 samples of fresh milk, yogurt and cotton swabs from milk containers and cups were collected. A total of 80 bacterial isolates were isolated from 120 samples. Among the bacteria isolated, S. aureus 17 (21.3%), E. coli 17 (21.3%), S. epidermidis 14 (17.5%), Klebsiella spp. 9 (11.3%) and Salmonella spp. 7 (8.8%) were detected most often. High rate of contamination was observed in fresh milk 23 (28.8%) and yogurt 23 (28.8%). All isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested. Comparatively, high rates of resistance were observed in all isolates to the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in Ethiopia. However, lower rates of resistance have been observed for recently introduced antibiotics in Ethiopia. Of the isolates, 20 (25.0%) were resistant to eight or more antibiotics. While 16 (20.0%), 12 (15.0%), 9 (11.3%) isolates were resistant to two, three and five antibiotics, respectively. Of the bacteria isolated, 52/80 (65.0%) were MDR, 25/49 (51.0%) were screened for ESBL production, and 20/49 (40.8%) isolates were confirmed as ESBL producer. Conclusion This study showed a high rate of bacterial isolates along with MDR and ESBL-producing strains in raw milk, yoghurt, milk container swabs and drinking cup swab samples, associated with poor hygiene and sanitation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegahun Asfaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Deribew Genetu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Demissew Shenkute
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yosef Eshetie Amare
- Departments of Biomedical Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | | | - Berhanu Yitayew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Saraiva C, Saraiva S, Patarata L, da Conceição Fontes M, Martins C. Behaviour of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in Normal and DFD Beef of an Autochthonous Portuguese Breed. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071420. [PMID: 37048241 PMCID: PMC10093655 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to identify the behaviour of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in Maronesa breed beef with different ultimate pH (pHu) (Normal and DFD), and stored at two different temperatures (4 and 9 °C), during 28 days post mortem (pm). The main objective was to illustrate the problematic feature of dealing with beef showing high pHu and stored at mild abusive temperatures (9 °C). Beef steaks (ms. longissimus dorsi) were inoculated with low levels (2–3 log CFU/g) of those both pathogens and packed in air, vacuum and three gaseous mixtures with decreasing O2 and increasing CO2 concentrations (MAP70/20, MAP50/40 and MAP30/60). At 4 °C, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 presented the same pattern on Normal and DFD meat. On the contrary, the growth of L. monocytogenes was higher in DFD meat, revealing the effect of the pHu and its psychotropic character. At abusive temperatures, both pathogens grew, achieving high levels in DFD meat. In these cases, the MAP with the highest CO2 concentration (60%) was revealed to be more effective against the development of E. coli O157:H7, therefore, not exceeding levels of 5 log CFU/g at the end of storage, while in L. monocytogenes, it reaches 8 log CFU/g under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saraiva
- Animal and Veterinary Science Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Sónia Saraiva
- Animal and Veterinary Science Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Patarata
- Animal and Veterinary Science Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria da Conceição Fontes
- Animal and Veterinary Science Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Conceição Martins
- Animal and Veterinary Science Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Gazu L, Alonso S, Mutua F, Roesel K, Lindahl JF, Amenu K, Maximiano Sousa F, Ulrich P, Guadu T, Dione M, Ilboudo G, Knight-Jones T, Grace D. Foodborne disease hazards and burden in Ethiopia: A systematic literature review, 1990–2019. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1058977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundFoodborne disease (FBD) affects millions of people each year, posing a health burden similar to malaria, tuberculosis or HIV. A recent World Bank study estimated the productivity losses alone attributed to unsafe food within Africa at $20 billion in 2016, and the cost of treating these illnesses at an additional $3.5 billion. Ethiopia faces multiple food safety challenges due to lack of infrastructure and basic pre-requisites for food safety such as clean water and environment, washing facilities, compounded by limited implementation of food safety regulations, and a lack of incentives for producers to improve food safety. A consolidation of our understanding and evidence of the source, nature and scale of FBD in Ethiopia is needed to inform policy and future research. We performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of publications on FBD occurrence in Ethiopia including hazard presence and impact.MethodThe SLR followed Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed and CAB-Direct for relevant publications between 1990 and 2019 (inclusive). Observational studies and reviews were included. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, and retained publications were reviewed in full for quality and data extraction.ResultIn total 128 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles focused on the identification of biological hazards in food. High levels of microbial contamination in different food value chains were often found in the small, ad hoc, observational studies that dominated the literature. Raw milk (22/128, 17.0%) and raw beef (21/128, 16.4%) were the most studied food products. Foodborne (FB) parasites were often found at higher rates in food than bacterial and viral pathogens, possibly due to differences in ease of identification. High levels of bacterial contamination on the hands of food handlers were widely reported. There were no reports on the incidence of human FBDs or resulting health and economic impacts.ConclusionOur findings reflect existing concerns around food safety in Ethiopia. A lack of substantial, coordinated studies with robust methodologies means fundamental gaps remain in our knowledge of FBD in Ethiopia, particularly regarding FBD burden and impact. Greater investment in food safety is needed, with enhanced and coordinated research and interventions.
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Abebe E, Gugsa G, Ahmed M, Awol N, Tefera Y, Abegaz S, Sisay T. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from foods of Bovine origin in Dessie and Kombolcha towns, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010706. [PMID: 36706075 PMCID: PMC9882751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
E. coli are frequently isolated food-borne pathogens from meat, milk, and their products. Moreover, there has been a significant rise in the antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli O157:H7 to commonly used antibiotics. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to July 2021 to estimate prevalence and identify associated factors of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 and to determine antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli O157:H7 from foods of bovine origin in Dessie and Kombolcha towns. A total of 384 samples were collected. Systematic and simple random sampling techniques were employed for sampling carcasses and milking cows, respectively. E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 were detected according to recommended bacteriological protocols. E. coli O157:H7 strains were evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using agar disk diffusion method. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied to analyze the data. Overall prevalence rates of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 were 54.7% and 6.5%, respectively. Highest prevalence rates of E. coli (79.6%) and E. coli O157:H7 (16.7%) were obtained from carcass swabs and milk tank samples, respectively. Unlike E. coli O157:H7, a statistically significant difference in the E. coli prevalence (P<0.05) was observed among the different sample types. Multidrug resistance was observed among all isolates of E. coli O157:H7. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates (100.0%) were susceptible to Ampicillin, Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and Norfloxacin. On the contrary, all of the isolates (100%) were resistant to Penicillin G, Vancomycin, and Oxacillin. The current study indicated that different foods of bovine origin in the study area were unsafe for human consumption. Hence, good hygienic production methods should be employed to ensure the safety of foods of bovine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engidaw Abebe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Gugsa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Meselu Ahmed
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Nesibu Awol
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Yalew Tefera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelis Abegaz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Sisay
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Fikadu Y, Kabeta T, Diba D, Waktole H. Antimicrobial Profiles and Conventional PCR Assay of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) Isolated from Cattle Slaughtered at Bedele Municipal Abattoir, South West Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:521-530. [PMID: 36721631 PMCID: PMC9884442 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s388102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) is considered the most prevalent food borne pathogen that has gained increasing attention worldwide in recent years. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out at Bedele Municipal abattoir on cattle that were reported healthy from detailed ante-mortem inspections and having various body conditions scores. A total of 516 samples were collected and examined after enriched in modified peptone water. Following an enrichment, the samples were plated onto MacConkey agar and then onto Eosin methylene blue agar. Finally after a few similar procedures, 14 E. coli O157:H7 (STEC) isolates were confirmed through latex agglutination test. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Results This study finding revealed that the overall prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 out of 516 samples was found to be 2.7%. However, on sample type basis, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 from feacal samples, carcass swabs, butcher hand swabs and knife swabs were 4.7%, 3.3%, 1.1% and 1.1%, respectively. It was also found that that the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was significantly affected by age groups of slaughtered cattle (p<0.05). Moreover, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test result on average showed that almost all of E. coli O157:H7 isolates were highly susceptible to kanamycin and no resistance was shown to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Finally, the conventional PCR detection of stx1, st2 and hylA genes revealed that only 21.4% and 14.3% were found to contain stx1 and hylA genes respectively. Conclusion To wrap up, this study showed that Shiga toxin producing E. coli O157:H7 (STEC) isolates were found with almost low overall prevalence rate from all sample sources in this study site. Therefore, improving abattoir facilities and slaughter house workers' personal hygiene are recommended to curtail E. coli O157:H7 meat contamination in this abattoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoobsan Fikadu
- Department of Animal Health Research, Horro Guduru Livestock Genetic Conservation and Research Center, Wollega University, Guduru, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Yoobsan Fikadu, P.O.Box:395, Tel +251917731118, Email
| | - Tadele Kabeta
- Department of Public Health, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Diba
- Office of Vice President for Research Community Engagement and Technology Transfer, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Hika Waktole
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Gugsa G, Weldeselassie M, Tsegaye Y, Awol N, Kumar A, Ahmed M, Abebe N, Taddele H, Bsrat A. Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from foods of bovine origin in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:924736. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.924736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an emerging and major zoonotic foodborne pathogen. It has an increasing concern about the spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 from raw milk, yogurt, and meat of bovine origin and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2014 to June 2015, and a total of 284 milk and meat samples were collected from different sources in Mekelle. The collected samples were analyzed for the presence of E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 and the determination of their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern following the standard bacteriological and molecular techniques and procedures and antimicrobial sensitivity test. Out of the total 284 samples, 70 (24.6%) were bacteriologically positive for E. coli and 14.3% were found to be Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7. Of note, 100% of E. coli isolates carried the pal gene and 41.7% eaeA gene (EHEC). Of these EHEC isolates, 40% and 60% were positive for stx1 and stx2, respectively. E. coli isolates showed the highest level of susceptibility to gentamycin (91.7%) but the highest level of resistance to amoxicillin (95.8%). Of the tested isolates, 18 (75%) of E. coli showed multidrug-resistant. This study revealed the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 in foods of bovine origin in the study area. In conclusion, a nationwide phenotypic and molecular characterization, in-depth typing, and drug-resistant gene identification of E. coli O157:H7 should be undertaken.
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Duresa LA, Kitessa JD, Feyissa CT. Prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies and its associated potential risk factors in rumen and reticulum of domestic ruminants at Bishoftu Elfora Export Abattoir. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2623-2630. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lamesa Ayana Duresa
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
| | - Jiregna Dugassa Kitessa
- Department of Clinical Studies College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
| | - Cheru Telila Feyissa
- Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
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Ejaz H, Junaid K, Yasmeen H, Naseer A, Alam H, Younas S, Qamar MU, Abdalla AE, Abosalif KOA, Ahmad N, Bukhari SNA. Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182728. [PMID: 36140855 PMCID: PMC9497630 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens have acquired the ability to produce biofilms to survive in hostile environments. This study evaluated biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and heavy metal tolerance of bacteria isolated from dairy and non-dairy food products. We aseptically collected and processed 200 dairy and non-dairy food specimens in peptone broth, incubated them overnight at 37 °C, and sub-cultured them on various culture media. Bacterial growth was identified with biochemical tests and API 20E and 20NE strips. The AMR of the isolates was observed against different antibacterial drug classes. Biofilm formation was detected with the crystal violet tube method. Heavy metal salts were used at concentrations of 250−1500 µg/100 mL to observe heavy metal tolerance. We isolated 180 (50.4%) bacteria from dairy and 177 (49.6%) from non-dairy food samples. The average colony-forming unit (CFU) count for dairy and non-dairy samples was 2.9 ± 0.9 log CFU/mL and 5.1 ± 0.3 log CFU/mL, respectively. Corynebacterium kutscheri (n = 74), lactobacilli (n = 73), and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 56) were the predominant Gram-positive and Shigella (n = 10) the predominant Gram-negative bacteria isolated. The correlation between biofilm formation and AMR was significant (p < 0.05) for most cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. Heavy metal tolerance tended to be higher in biofilm producers at different metal concentrations. The pathogens isolated from dairy and non-dairy food showed a high burden of AMR, high propensity for biofilm formation, and heavy metal tolerance, and pose an imminent threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Kashaf Junaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Humaira Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Amina Naseer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Alam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Younas
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Muhammad Usman Qamar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Abualgasim E. Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid O. A. Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
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Dejene H, Abunna F, Tuffa AC, Gebresenbet G. Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of E. coli O157:H7 Along Dairy Milk Supply Chain in Central Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:131-142. [PMID: 35706602 PMCID: PMC9191832 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s366888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (O157:H7) is the primary cause of bloody diarrhea or hemorrhagic colitis. The study was carried out with to determine the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli O157:H7 along the dairy supply chains in Akaki Kaliti sub-city of Addis Ababa, Bishoftu and Sululta towns of central Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design with random sampling methods was employed. Thus, a total of 450 raw cow milk (294), milker hand swab (65) and water (91) samples were collected from dairy farms, milk collection centers and Cafeterias and processed according to the standards to isolate and identify E. coli O157:H7. The samples were initially enriched in buffered peptone water, then plated onto Sorbitol MacConkey agar. Consequently, the suspected non-sorbitol fermenting colonies were confirmed as E. coli biochemically and serological test using latex agglutination tests. Results Out of the total 450 samples examined, 6.0% were found to be contaminated by E. coli O157:H7. Accordingly, 9.89% of water, 9.23% of milker hand swab and 4.08% of raw milk samples were contaminated by the pathogen. Furthermore, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 7.79%, 6.21% and 3.97% in Akaki kaliti sub-city, Sululta and Bishoftu towns, respectively. The result of Fisher exact analysis revealed a significant difference observed (p < 0.05) between the occurrence of the pathogen and the source of sample, sources of water used, sampled material and type of containers. The study also revealed that varying level of resistance of E. coli O157:H7 isolates against nine antimicrobial discs tested and 100% (n = 27) of the isolates showed multidrug-resistance comprising from two up to seven antimicrobial drugs. Conclusion In conclusion, this study has indicated the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 and its multiple drug-resistant profiles in milk samples along the dairy supply chains and its risk to public health and food safety. Therefore, proper hygienic practices from dairy farms to fork and rational drug usage are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Haileyesus Dejene, Email
| | - Fufa Abunna
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Chaka Tuffa
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Gebresenbet
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Madani A, Esfandiari Z, Shoaei P, Ataei B. Evaluation of Virulence Factors, Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm Formation of Escherichia coli Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products in Isfahan, Iran. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070960. [PMID: 35407047 PMCID: PMC8997477 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are important causes of gastrointestinal diseases worldwide, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the presence, antibiotic resistance, and potential biofilm formation in dairy products in Isfahan, Iran. A total of 200 samples, including traditional and pasteurized dairy products, were analyzed. In 200 samples, 54 E. coli isolates, including (48/110) and (6/90) positive samples of traditional and pasteurized dairy products, were detected. Furthermore, pathogenic strains were isolated from 30% of traditional dairy products and 5.55% of pasteurized dairy products. Most isolates were classified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Moreover, antibiotic resistance was evaluated using the disk diffusion method for pathogenic E. coli. Overall, 73.68% of contaminated samples by pathogenic strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The highest resistance was observed against streptomycin (57.9%), followed by tetracycline (50%). Additionally, all isolates were sensitive to amikacin. For evaluating biofilm formation, the violet crystal assay was applied on a polystyrene microplate well for pathogenic isolates. In total, 68.42% of isolates were able to form biofilms. The presence of E. coli in dairy products indicates potential health risks for Iranian consumers. Serious measures are needed to control and prevent the spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Madani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
| | - Zahra Esfandiari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
- Correspondence:
| | - Parisa Shoaei
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; (P.S.); (B.A.)
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; (P.S.); (B.A.)
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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14
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Haile AF, Alonso S, Berhe N, Atoma TB, Boyaka PN, Grace D. Prevalence, Antibiogram, and Multidrug-Resistant Profile of E. coli O157: H7 in Retail Raw Beef in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:734896. [PMID: 35280130 PMCID: PMC8907516 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.734896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an emerging foodborne pathogen of public health importance. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and multidrug-resistant profile of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from raw beef sold in butcher shops in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 384 raw beef samples were collected from randomly selected butcher shops across the 10 sub-cities of Addis Ababa. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated following ISO-16654:2001 standard, and isolates were tested for resistance to 13 antimicrobial agents using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of the 384 retail raw beef samples examined, 14 (3.64%) (95% CI = 1.77–5.51%) carried E. coli O157:H7 serotype. Of the 14 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, 8 (57.14%) were found to be resistant to three or more antimicrobial categories. The frequency of resistant phenotype was more common for ampicillin (92.8%), nitrofurantoin (92.8%), and tetracycline (50%). Multidrug-resistant E. coli O157:H7 were present in raw beef sold in butcher shops in Addis Ababa. Thus, more stringent monitoring of antimicrobial use in both human and animal populations should be implemented. In addition, further studies should be conducted to understand the E. coli O157:H7 points of contamination and define appropriate risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu Feleke Haile
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Aklilu Feleke Haile
| | - Silvia Alonso
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Infection Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, United Kingdom
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15
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Kebede B, Shibeshi W. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts and fractions of leaves of Ricinus communis Linn against selected pathogens. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1802-1815. [PMID: 35182460 PMCID: PMC9297757 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious disease impacts are reduced due to the development of antimicrobial agents. However, the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents is reduced over time because of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. To overcome these problems, scholars have been searching for alternative medicines. Ricinus communis is used as a traditional treatment for bovine mastitis, wound infection, and other medicinal purposes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to further evaluate the antimicrobial activities of R. communis leaf extracts and fractions. METHODS R. communis leaves were macerated in methanol and acetone. The methanol extract showed better antimicrobial activity and subjected to further fractionation via increasing polarity of solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous). Test microorganisms included in the study were six laboratory reference bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Kleibsella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes), two clinical isolate bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus), and Candida albicans. The agar well diffusion method was employed to determine antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were determined through broth microdilution. RESULTS The results indicated that the best antimicrobial activity for ethyl acetate fraction ranged from 14.67 mm (clinical E. coli) to 20.33 mm (S. aureus) at 400 mg/ml, however, n-hexane exhibited the lowest antimicrobial activity. Among the tested fractions, ethyl acetate fraction showed the lowest MIC values ranged from 1.5625 mg/ml (S. aureus) to 16.67 mg/ml (Candida albicans). The ethyl acetate fraction showed bactericidal activity against all tested microorganisms. CONCLUSION Hence, ethyl acetate fraction of crude methanol extract exhibited the best antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedaso Kebede
- Department of Animal Products, Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Quality Assessment Centre of Ethiopian Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Workineh Shibeshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Isolation, Identification, and Susceptibility Profile of E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus in Dairy Farm and Their Public Health Implication in Central Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:1887977. [PMID: 35198138 PMCID: PMC8860541 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1887977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019 in Bishoftu and Dukem in central part of Ethiopia. The objectives of the present study were to isolate and identify S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella from dairy cattle, personnel, and equipment at farms. In addition to this, antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined. A total of 607 samples consisting of fresh cow milk (125), fecal sample (211), nasal swab (211), pooled milkers' hand swabs (20), pooled floor swabs (20), and tank milk (20) samples were collected from 20 dairy farms, which included 211 animals. Structured questionnaire was designed and administered to dairy farm owners and dairy food consumers to assess their consumption behavior and antibiotics usage. The samples were examined for the presence of S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella following standard techniques and procedures outlined by the International Organization for Standardization. Subsequently, 62 (15.7%) of S. aureus were isolated from 396 of the totals analyzed samples for S. aureus. Out of the 62 isolated S. aureus, 35/211(16.7%), 19/125(15.2%), 6/20(30%), 2/20(10%), and 0/20(0%) were from nasal swabs, udder milk, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. On the other hand, 30 (7.6%) of E. coli were isolated from 396 of the totals analyzed samples for E. coli. Out of the 30 isolated E. coli, 17/211(8.1%), 12/125(9.6%), 0/20(0%), 0/20(0%), and 1/20(5%) were from faeces, udder milk, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. In line with this, 13 (4.8%) of Salmonella were isolated from 271 of the totals analyzed samples for Salmonella. Out of the 13 isolated Salmonella, 10/211(4.7%), 2/20(10%), 0/20(0%), and 1/20(5%) were from faeces, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. Subsequently, 62 of S. aureus, 30 of E. coli, and 13 of Salmonella isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and all isolates were resistant to at least one or more antimicrobials tested. Penicillin, methicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are drugs to which a large proportion of isolated S. aureus were highly resistant, which range from 90% to 100%. From 30 tested E. coli, they showed (83%) resistance to Tetracycline and 80% to Vancomycin. The resistance level of 13 isolated Salmonella was 69% to Nalidixic acid and 54% to Vancomycin. Multiple drug resistance was detected in high (98.4%) for S. aureus, (56.7%) for E. coli, and (53.9%) for Salmonella. High proportion of multiple drug resistant in the dairy farm alerts concern for animal and public health as these drugs are used widely for treatment and prophylaxis in animals and humans.
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Escherichia coli O15 : H7 from Food of Animal Origin in Arsi: Occurrence at Catering Establishments and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:6631860. [PMID: 33854412 PMCID: PMC8021470 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6631860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157 : H7 (E. coli O157 : H7) has been found to be the major cause of food-borne diseases and a serious public health problem in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Hitherto, little is known about the carriage of E. coli O157 : H7 and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in the food of animal origin in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and multidrug resistance profile of E. coli O157 : H7 from food of animal origin at different catering establishments in the selected study settings of Arsi Zone. One hundred ninety-two animal origin food items, namely, raw/minced meat (locally known as “Kitfo,” “Kurt,” and “Dulet”), raw milk, egg sandwich, and cream cake samples were collected and processed for microbiological detection of E. coli O157 : H7. Out of 192 samples, 2.1% (4/192) were positive for E. coli O157 : H7. Two E. coli O157 : H7 isolates were obtained from “Dulet” (6.3%) followed by “Kurt” (3.1%, 1/32) and raw milk (3.1%, 1/32), whereas no isolate was obtained from “Kitfo,” egg sandwich, and cream cake samples. Of the 4 E. coli O157 : H7 isolates subjected to 10 panels of antimicrobial discs, 3 (75%) were highly resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin, and nitrofurantoin. Besides, all the isolates displayed multidrug resistance phenotypes, 3 to 5 antimicrobial resistance, amid kanamycin, streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant E. coli O157 : H7 isolates from foods of animal origin sampled from different catering establishments reveals that the general sanitary condition of the catering establishments, utensils used, and personnel hygienic practices did not comply with the recommended standards. Thus, this finding calls for urgent attention toward appropriate controls and good hygienic practices in different catering establishments dealing with consuming raw/undercooked foods of animal origin.
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Elbehiry A, Marzouk E, Moussa IM, Alenzi A, Al-Maary KS, Mubarak AS, Alshammari HD, Al-Sarar D, Alsubki RA, Hemeg HA, Kabli SA, Attala OA. Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in Raw Milk: Molecular Characterization and the potential impact of camel's Urine as an Antibacterial Agent. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2091-2097. [PMID: 33911924 PMCID: PMC8071808 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw milk is one of the most important vehicles for transmitting various pathogens, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli). Multidrug-resistant pathogens are highly prevalent among mastitic cows in various dairy farms worldwide. Therefore, our current study is based on the identification of E. coli from mastitic cow’s milk and their resistance to various antibacterial agents. As well, the impact of camel’s urine on multi-drug resistant E. coli were also evaluated. Thirty-three E. coli isolates were recovered from 254 milk samples. All strains were initially identified phenotypically by culturing on specific media and Vitek 2 Compact System. The protein fingerprinting technique was used as a confirmatory method. The Stx1, Stx2 and eae genes were also verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antimicrobial resistance of E. coli strains was tested by the Vitek 2 AST-GN69 cards. Thirty multi-drug resistant E. coli strains (20 from mastitic milk and 10 from clinical samples) were laboratory tested with different concentrations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) of virgin and breeding camel’s urine, using the paper disc diffusion method. Our findings showed that 93.94% of E. coli strains were recognized by the Vitek™ 2 system. The results of proteomic investigation illustrated that 100% of E. coli strains were identified at log values ≥2.00. The genotypic identification of the three virulence genes illustrated that 90.1%, 63.64%, and 30.55% of E. coli strains were able to carry the Stx1, eae, and Stx2 genes, respectively. Most strains of E. coli showed strong resistance against cefazolin (78.79%), ceftazidime (66.67%), cefotaxime (60.61%), ceftriaxone (54.55%), and cefepime (39.40%). The results of the antibacterial effect of camel’s urine revealed that the mean inhibitory zones of virgin camel’s urine were 28 mm, 17 mm, and 14 mm, for the concentrations of 100%, 75%, and 50%, respectively. Whereas; the inhibitory zones for the breeding camel’s urine were 18 mm, 0 mm, and 0 mm, for the concentrations of 100%, 75%, and 50%, respectively. We concluded that the majority of E. coli strains were able to harbor some virulence genes and resist many antibiotics. Our study also provided a robust evidence that the camel’s urine, particularly from the virgin camels has robust antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Elbehiry
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Marzouk
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab M Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Afrah Alenzi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Al-Maary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman S Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan D Alshammari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Al-Sarar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Technology/Microbiology, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Kabli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Attala
- Department of environmental and health research, The Custodian of the two holy mosques Institute for hajj and umrah research Umm alqura University, Saudi Arabia
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Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 from Raw Milk of Dairy Cattle in Holeta District, Central Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6626488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in small, medium, and large-scale dairy farms of Holeta district to isolate, identify, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in raw milk of dairy cattle. A total of 210 lactating cows were selected for raw milk samples, and 19% (40/210) were found to be positive for E. coli whereas 5.2% (11/210) were confirmed as E. coli O157 : H7 positive using the Escherichia coli O157 latex test. Accordingly, all E. coli was highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100%), Gentamycin (100%), Oxytetracycline (100%), and Tetracycline (63.63%). Furthermore, the resistance of 72.73%, 54.54%, 54.54%, and 45.45% was developed to Cefoxitin, Sulphamethoxazole, Cloxacillin, and Streptomycin, respectively. Factors such as parity, age, body condition, herd size, milk yield, udder hygiene, and udder lesion showed a statistically significant (
) association with the occurrence of E. coli infection in dairy cattle. In conclusion, in this study, a higher prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and its drug susceptibility profile is an alarm for the health of the public, and awareness creation to the farm owners and the community is recommended.
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Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Guo M, Huang K, Xu W. Ultrasensitive magnetic DNAzyme-copper nanoclusters fluorescent biosensor with triple amplification for the visual detection of E. coli O157:H7. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 167:112475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sebsibe MA, Asfaw ET. Occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia Coli and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Meat and Swab Samples of Various Contact Surfaces at Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Jimma Town, Southwest District of Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3853-3862. [PMID: 33149630 PMCID: PMC7603648 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s277890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Raw meat is one of the commonly consumed traditional diets in Ethiopia. However, unhygienic processing and distribution practices are risky for contamination of meat leading to human infection. This study was conducted to assess the presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli with special emphasis on E. coli O157:H7 from meat of cattle and swab samples at abattoir houses and butcher shops in Jimma town, Southwest district of Ethiopia. Methodology A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April to July, 2018. The isolation and identification processes passed through enrichment of samples with modified tryptone soy broth (mTSB), streaked onto MacConkey agar and Cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar, biochemical testing (indole and TSI), followed by latex agglutination testing. Results Out of 505 samples, 102 (20.2%) and 27 (5.4%) were positive for E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Of these, 55 (19.3%) and 47 (21.4%) of E. coli and 17 (6.0%) and 10 (4.5%) of E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from the abattoir and butcher shop samples, respectively. A significant difference in the occurrences was observed among sample sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that, 92.2% to 96.1% of E. coli and 85.5% to 96.3% of E. coli O157:H7 were susceptible to third generation cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. About 91.2% and 97.1% of E. coli and 88.9% and 92.6% of E. coli 0157:H7 were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin, respectively. A total of 57 (44.2%) E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. All abattoir and butcher shop workers did not have any formal education or training certificates on food safety, and unhygienic practices were also observed. Conclusion The presence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 including multi-drug resistant isolates in raw meat highlights how the current meat processing and distribution practice was unhygienic. Therefore, strategies in the prevention and control of food-borne infections that could be caused by multi-drug resistant strains will depend greatly on hygienic processing and distribution practices of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyob Tekalign Asfaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
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22
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Keba A, Rolon ML, Tamene A, Dessie K, Vipham J, Kovac J, Zewdu A. Review of the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in milk and dairy products in Ethiopia. Int Dairy J 2020; 109:104762. [PMID: 33013007 PMCID: PMC7430047 DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is a significant barrier to social and economic development throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. Here, we reviewed the prevalence of major bacterial foodborne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter spp.) in the rapidly growing Ethiopian dairy supply-chain. We identified 15, 9, 5 and 0 studies that had reported the prevalence of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter spp. in dairy foods, respectively. The studies reviewed reported a median prevalence of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 of 6, 9 and 10%, respectively, in raw cow milk in Ethiopia, indicating a concerning occurrence of bacterial foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Implementation of good hygiene and production practices and assessment of interventions targeting the reduction of contamination in the dairy supply chain is needed to inform coordinated efforts focused on improvement of dairy food safety in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Keba
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Centre, PO Box 036, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M. Laura Rolon
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Rodney A. Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Aynadis Tamene
- Centre for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, New Graduate Building, College of Natural Sciences, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kindinew Dessie
- Department of Plant Science, University of Aksum, PO Box 314, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - Jessie Vipham
- Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas State University, 108 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Rodney A. Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ashagrie Zewdu
- Centre for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, New Graduate Building, College of Natural Sciences, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +251 911194508.
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Hassanien AA, Shaker EM. Investigation of the effect of chitosan and silver nanoparticles on the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coliO157:H7 isolated from some milk products and diarrheal patients in Sohag city, Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:1647-1653. [PMID: 33061240 PMCID: PMC7522957 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1647-1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes serious diseases in humans, especially when circulated in their food. This study was designed to detect the presence of E. coli O157:H7 using the fliC H7 gene in some milk products as kareish cheese, labena, and yoghurt sold in Sohag city, Egypt, and among diarrheal patients admitted to governmental hospitals in Sohag and also to highlight the risk factors associated with their infection. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance and the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) and silver nanoparticles (SNP) on E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained from both milk products and patients were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microbiological culture methods and polymerase chain reaction were used for detecting E. coli O157:H7 in 150 milk products and 150 stool samples. Resistance against some antimicrobials that were used in the treatment of animals and humans was investigated using the disk diffusion technique. CNP and SNP at two concentrations (30 and 60 μg/mL) and average sizes of 25.1 and 26.5 nm, respectively, were identified by transmission electron microscopy. Their effect on E. coli O157:H7 isolates was examined using the well diffusion method. Risk factors for infection were investigated using statistical analysis. RESULTS There were 11.3% and 14.7% of milk products and stool samples positive for E. coli O157:H7, respectively. These isolates exhibited high antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamycin. CNP and SNP demonstrated inhibitory effects on E. coli O157:H7 growth, which significantly increased at high concentrations (60 μg/mL), with mean inhibition zones of 31.941±3.749 and 30.681±3.871 mm for CNP in milk products and patient isolates, respectively. The respective values for SNP were 33.588±3.675 mm and 32.500±2.444 mm, indicating a higher bactericidal effect than that of CNP. Regarding risk factors for infection, both young and elderly subjects and those in contact with infected persons and/or having chronic diseases were infected. CONCLUSION CNP and SNP are suitable for both medical and agricultural applications for disease control and enhancement of food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshimaa A. Hassanien
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82511, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Shaker
- Department of Milk Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82511, Egypt
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Review on Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:4674235. [PMID: 32684938 PMCID: PMC7341400 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4674235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne microorganisms are major pathogens affecting food safety and cause human illness worldwide as a result of consumption of foodstuff, mainly animal products contaminated with vegetative pathogens or their toxins. Most of these microbes have zoonotic importance resulting in significant impact on both public health and economic sectors. Bacteria are the causative agents of two-thirds of human food-borne diseases worldwide with high burden in developing countries. Hence, the objectives of this review paper are to highlight the background of food-borne bacterial pathogens and to review common major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens. Food animals are the major reservoirs of many food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens, and food products of animal origin are the main vehicles of transmission. Meat, dairy products, and eggs are the main ways by which people are exposed to zoonotic bacteria. S. aureus, Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli are the major zoonotic bacterial pathogens which are the causative agents of food-borne illness and death in the world associated with consumption of contaminated animal products. Production of toxins and structural virulent factors are responsible for the pathogenesis of these bacteria. These major zoonotic bacteria cause human infections which are characterized mainly by gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and other agent-specific symptoms. Some bacteria may cause severe complications. Conventional (culturing), serological, and molecular techniques are important for detection of these common zoonotic bacteria and their toxins in food. Good hygiene, GMP, sanitation in operating procedures, and implementation of standardized HACCP and pasteurization procedures are effective methods for the control and prevention. Currently, the emergence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria associated with consumption of contaminated animal products is a great concern for the public health, and there should be coordinated surveillance and monitoring system for food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia.
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Microbial Safety of Milk Production and Fermented Dairy Products in Africa. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050752. [PMID: 32429521 PMCID: PMC7285323 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Africa, milk production, processing and consumption are integral part of traditional food supply, with dairy products being a staple component of recommended healthy diets. This review provides an overview of the microbial safety characteristics of milk production and fermented dairy products in Africa. The object is to highlight the main microbial food safety hazards in the dairy chain and to propose appropriate preventive and control measures. Pathogens of public health concern including Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella abortus and Coxiella burnettii, which have largely been eradicated in many developed nations, still persist in the dairy chain in Africa. Factors such as the natural antimicrobial systems in milk and traditional processing technologies, including fermentation, heating and use of antimicrobial additives, that can potentially contribute to microbial safety of milk and dairy products in Africa will be discussed. Practical approaches to controlling safety hazards in the dairy chain in Africa have been proposed. Governmental regulatory bodies need to set the necessary national and regional safety standards, perform inspections and put measures in place to ensure that the standards are met, including strong enforcement programs within smallholder dairy chains. Dairy chain actors would require upgraded knowledge and training in preventive approaches such as good agricultural practices (GAP), hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) design and implementation and good hygienic practices (GHPs). Food safety education programs should be incorporated into school curricula, beginning at the basic school levels, to improve food safety cognition among students and promote life-long safe food handling behaviour.
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Assefa A, Regassa F, Ayana D, Amenu K, Abunna F. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from harvested fish at Lake Hayq and Tekeze dam, Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02996. [PMID: 31890955 PMCID: PMC6926222 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisheries play a significant role in food security, livelihood, and source of income in developing countries. Although fish are a healthy source of protein, they can also spread diseases caused by pathogenic micro-organisms they may harbor. Epidemiology of foodborne pathogens is not well studied in Ethiopia. To address this issue to some extent, a cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling approach was conducted from October 2017 to May 2018 with the objectives of to isolate and estimate the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in fish, and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates in selected Lakes of Northern Ethiopia. All the microbial identification and isolation procedures were conducted based on ISO 6887-3:2017 recommendations. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was also performed following the standard procedure of Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion protocol. From the total 410 fish samples examined, six (1.46%) of them were found contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157: H7 strain. The organism was isolated from landing sites (5/293) and local retail markets (1/75). Besides, Escherichia coli O157: H7 was isolated from filleted fish (5/214) and whole fish (1/125); however, it was not isolated from samples of ready to eat fish and working environments of restaurants. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin and Streptomycin disks. However, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Nalidixic acid were found effective in inhibiting the growth of all of the isolates. Since pathogenic Escherichia coli strain was detected from fish, raw and undercooked fish consumption in Ethiopia may result in contracting infections. The occurrence of such pathogenic organisms in fish indicates the need for intervention by stakeholders. Supports like freezers, generators, the establishment of fish processing plants and on job training about proper fish handling practices may play a tremendous role in decreasing the level of contamination of fish in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Assefa
- Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center P.O. Box 62, Sekota, Ethiopia
| | - Fikru Regassa
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Biomedical Sciences, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Dinka Ayana
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Abunna
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Clinical Studies, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
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The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates from meat and meat products in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-019-0071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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