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Otani K, Sato T, Kobayashi K, Mochizuki T, Tanifuji O, Katsumi R, Kawashima H. Effects of three-dimensional femur and tibia postures on the parameters of standing long-leg radiographs for osteoarthritic knees in elderly female subjects. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 117:106297. [PMID: 38954887 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-leg frontal radiographs of the lower extremities are used to assess knee osteoarthritis. Given the three-dimensional (3D) nature of alignment changes in osteoarthritis, postural alterations in the femur and tibia extend beyond the coronal plane (in-plane) to include the transverse and sagittal planes (out-of-plane). This study investigates the impact of these out-of-plane factors on in-plane knee alignment parameters observed in frontal radiographs. METHODS A total of 97 osteoarthritic knees in women were examined. Using a 3D-to-two-dimensional (2D) image matching technique, we evaluated the 3D postures of the femur and tibia in the standing position as viewed from frontal radiographs in the world coordinate system. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore associations between these 3D postures and 2D alignment parameters obtained from frontal radiographs under identical conditions. FINDINGS The femur exhibited a medial inclination of 2.7°, a posterior inclination of 3.9°, and an internal rotation of 4.2°, whereas the tibia showed a lateral inclination of 6.4°, an anterior inclination of 6.7°, and an internal rotation of 6.7°. Both coronal and rotational postures of femur and tibia influenced the hip-knee-ankle angle, mechanical axis percentage, and medial proximal tibial angle. However, only coronal factors of tibia impacted tibial joint line obliquity relative to the floor. INTERPRETATION Attention should be paid to the potential impact of the out-of-plane postures of the femur and tibia on parameters assessed in plain frontal radiographs of the lower extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Otani
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanifuji
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryota Katsumi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
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Hijikata H, Tanifuji O, Mochizuki T, Sato T, Watanabe S, Katsumi R, Hokari S, Kawashima H. The morphology of the femoral posterior condyle affects the external rotation of the femur. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:122. [PMID: 38006419 PMCID: PMC10676339 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to the external rotation of the femur during knee flexion. METHODS Three-dimensional (3D) digital models of the femur and tibia were reconstructed from computed tomography images of 41 healthy Japanese subjects. Thirteen parameters related to femoral and tibial morphology and alignment of the lower extremities were evaluated, including the inclination angle of the posterior lateral and medial femoral condyles, the ratio of the medial and lateral posterior condyle radii approximated as spheres, the spherical condylar angle, the posterior condylar angle, the medial and lateral posterior tibial slope, the difference of medial and lateral posterior tibial slope, the tibiofemoral rotation angle, the 3D femorotibial angle, the 3D hip-knee-ankle angle, and the passing point of the weight-bearing line (medial-lateral and anterior-posterior). The rotation angle of the femur relative to the tibia during squatting was investigated using a 3D to 2D image matching technique and the relationships with the13 parameters were determined. RESULTS The femur externally rotated substantially up to 20° of knee flexion (9.2° ± 3.7°) and gently rotated after 20° of knee flexion (12.8° ± 6.2°). The external rotation angle at 20°-120° of knee flexion correlated with the spherical condylar angle, the tibiofemoral rotation angle and the inclination angle of the posterior medial condyles (correlation coefficient; 0.506, 0.364, 0.337, respectively). CONCLUSION The parameter that was most related to the external rotation of the femur during knee flexion was the spherical condylar angle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hijikata
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori Chuo-Ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanifuji
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori Chuo-Ku, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori Chuo-Ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryota Katsumi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sho Hokari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Prefectural Shibata Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori Chuo-Ku, Niigata, Japan
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The coronal inclination of the medial tibial plateau affects coronal gait kinematics for varus osteoarthritic knees. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:4162-4172. [PMID: 35657392 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to (1) measure the kinematics of lower extremity alignment and the bony position relative to the ground during walking, focusing on the coronal plane, and (2) determine the correlation between the kinematics and coronal inclination of the medial tibial plateau (coronal inclination) for healthy and varus knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS In this study, 43 women (non-OA, 9 knees; early OA, 13 knees; advanced OA, 21 knees; mean age 58 ± 17 years) were examined. The knee phenotypes in varus knee OA were varied. Three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematics were calculated in gait analysis by combining the motion capture system and the 3D lower extremity alignment assessment system via biplanar long-leg X-rays, applying the 3D-2D registration technique. The main parameters were the kinematics of the bony axes relative to the ground in the coronal plane during the stance phase of the gait. The differences in overall kinematics were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. The association between kinematic parameters and coronal inclination was evaluated by multiple linear regression after univariate analysis. RESULTS The tibia tilted laterally during the loading response, and a plateau area subsequently appeared until the terminal stance phase, whereas the femur slowly tilted laterally until the terminal stance phase. The dynamic alignment showed a relatively large varus angular change during the loading response in all groups. The trend of motion was similar among all groups (p = n.s.), although to varying degrees. The coronal inclination was the more dominant factor than the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grades (β = - 0.423, p = 0.005) when the change in dynamic alignment was determined. CONCLUSIONS The TAA plateau area after the loading response implies that the tibial articular surface may become horizontal. The femur slowly tilted laterally until the terminal stance phase in response to the tibial motion. Consequently, the dynamic alignment showed a varus angular change, in which coronal MCT was more involved than K-L grades.
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Junno JA, Keisu A, Niinimäki M, Niinimäki J, Lehenkari P, Oura P. Gravidity, parity and knee breadth at midlife: a population-based cohort study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12415. [PMID: 35858984 PMCID: PMC9300631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestation increases the biomechanical loading of lower extremities. Gestational loading may influence anthropometrics of articular surfaces in similar means as bone diaphyseal properties. This study aimed to investigate whether gravidity (i.e. number of pregnancies) and parity (i.e. number of deliveries) is associated with knee breadth among middle-aged women. The study sample comprised 815 women from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. The median parity count of our sample was 2 and the median gravidity count 3. At the age of 46, questionnaires were used to enquire gravidity and parity, and posteroanterior knee radiographs were used to obtain two knee breadth parameters (tibial plateau mediolateral breadth (TPML) and femoral condylar mediolateral breadth (FCML)) as representatives of articular size. The associations of gravidity and parity with knee breadth were analyzed using general linear models with adjustments for height, weight, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, and education years. Individuals with osteoarthritic changes were excluded from our sample. The mean TPML in our sample was 70.3 mm and the mean FCML 71.6 mm respectively. In the fully adjusted models, gravidity and parity showed positive associations with knee breadth. Each pregnancy was associated with 0.11–0.14% larger knee breath (p < 0.05), and each delivery accounted for an increase of 0.20% in knee breadth (p < 0.01). Between-group comparisons showed that multiparous women had 0.68–1.01% larger knee breath than nulli- and primiparous women (p < 0.05). Pregnancies and deliveries seem to increase the mediolateral breadth of the knee. This increase is potentially associated with increased biomechanical loadings during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho-Antti Junno
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Asla Keisu
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maarit Niinimäki
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Niinimäki
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petteri Oura
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Mori T, Mochizuki T, Koga Y, Koga H, Kobayashi K, Katsumi R, Sakamoto M, Omori G, Tanabe Y. New evaluation indices for rotational knee angles in standing anteroposterior knee radiographs. Biomed Mater Eng 2021; 32:85-99. [PMID: 33427727 DOI: 10.3233/bme-201138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the time course of rotational knee alignment is crucial for elucidating the etiology in knee osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to propose new rotational indices for calculating the change in relative rotational angles between the femur and tibia in standing anteroposterior (AP) radiographs. METHODS Forty healthy elderly volunteers (20 women and 20 men; mean age, 70 ± 6 years) were assessed. The evaluation parameters were as follows: (1) femoral rotational index: the distance between the sphere center of the medial posterior femoral condyle and the lateral edge of the patella, and (2) tibial rotational index: the distance between the medial eminence of the tibia and the lateral edge of the fibula head. The indices were standardized by the diameter of the sphere of the medial posterior femoral condyle. This study (1) identified the relationship between changes in rotational indices and the simulated rotational knee angles in the standing position, (2) proposed a regression equation for the change in relative rotational angles between the femur and tibia in standing AP radiographs, and (3) verified the accuracy of the regression equation. RESULTS The rotational indices increased in direct proportion to simulated rotational knee angles (femoral index: r > 0.9,p < 0.0001; tibial index: r > 0.9, p < 0.0001). Based on the results, the regression equation with the accuracy of 0.45 ± 0.26° was determined. CONCLUSIONS The proposed regression equations can potentially predict the change in relative rotational angles between the femur and tibia in a pair of standing AP radiographs taken at different dates in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ni-noji Onsen Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryota Katsumi
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Go Omori
- Department of Health and Sports, Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Katsumi R, Sato T, Mochizuki T, Watanabe S, Tanifuji O, Kawashima H. Influence of posterior tibial slope on three-dimensional femorotibial alignment under weight-bearing conditions in healthy Japanese elderly people. Biomed Mater Eng 2021; 32:183-194. [PMID: 33967036 DOI: 10.3233/bme-201209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of three-dimensional (3D) femorotibial alignment is essential for successful knee osteoarthritis treatment in the elderly. The complex morphology of the posterior tibial slope (PTS) might have an influence on sagittal and rotational alignment and the positional relationship between the femur and tibia in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction under weight-bearing conditions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify the association between the PTS and 3D femorotibial alignment under weight-bearing conditions in healthy Japanese elderly individuals. METHODS We investigated the 3D femorotibial alignment of 110 lower extremities of 55 healthy individuals (26 women, 29 men, mean age: 70 ± 6 years). Using our previously reported 3D-to-2D image registration technique, we evaluated the 3D hip-knee-ankle angle (3DHKA) in the sagittal plane, rotational alignment, and the distance between the femoral and tibial origins in the AP direction (tibial AP position) as femorotibial alignment parameters under weight-bearing conditions. We assessed the medial and lateral PTS and their angular difference (PTS difference) as PTS parameters. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed using PTS parameters and other possible confounders (age, sex, height, and weight) as the independent variables and femorotibial alignment parameters as the dependent variable. RESULTS Weight (𝛽 = 0.393, p < 0.001) and lateral PTS (𝛽 = 0.298, p < 0.001) were the predictors associated with 3DHKA in the sagittal plane. Lateral PTS (𝛽 = 0.304, p = 0.001) was the only predictor associated with the tibial AP position. Sex (𝛽 = -0.282, p = 0.002) and PTS difference (𝛽 = -0.231, p = 0.012) were associated with rotational alignment. CONCLUSIONS We found that a steeper lateral PTS resulted in a more flexed knee and anterior tibia. The PTS difference was positively correlated with tibial external rotation. Our data could be used as the standard reference for realignment surgery to ensure PTS is appropriately maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Katsumi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanifuji
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
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Tanifuji O, Mochizuki T, Yamagiwa H, Sato T, Watanabe S, Hijikata H, Kawashima H. Comparison of post-operative three-dimensional and two-dimensional evaluation of component position for total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Relat Res 2021; 33:21. [PMID: 34256872 PMCID: PMC8278642 DOI: 10.1186/s43019-021-00106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the post-operative three-dimensional (3D) femoral and tibial component positions in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by the same co-ordinates' system as for pre-operative planning and to compare it with a two-dimensional (2D) evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-five primary TKAs due to osteoarthritis were included. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the femur and tibia was obtained and pre-operative 3D planning was performed. Then, 3D and 2D post-operative evaluations of the component positions were performed. KneeCAS (LEXI, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), a lower-extremity alignment assessment system, was used for the 3D post-operative evaluation. Standard short-knee radiographs were used for the 2D post-operative evaluation. Differences between the pre-operative planning and post-operative coronal and sagittal alignment of components were investigated and compared with the results of the 3D and 2D evaluations. RESULTS According to the 3D evaluation, the difference between the pre-operative planning and actual post-operative sagittal alignment of the femoral component and the coronal and sagittal alignments of the tibial component were 2.6° ± 1.8°, 2.2° ± 1.8° and 3.2° ± 2.4°, respectively. Using the 2D evaluation, they were 1.9° ± 1.5°, 1.3° ± 1.2° and 1.8° ± 1.4°, making the difference in 3D evaluation significantly higher (p = 0.013, = 0.003 and < 0.001). For the sagittal alignment of the femoral component and the coronal and sagittal alignment of the tibial component, the outlier (> ± 3°) ratio for the 3D evaluation was also significantly higher than that of the 2D evaluation (p < 0.001, = 0.009 and < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The difference between the pre-operative planning and post-operative component alignment in the 3D evaluation is significantly higher than that of the 2D, even if the same cases have been evaluated. Two-dimensional evaluation may mask or underestimate the post-operative implant malposition. Three-dimensional evaluation using the same co-ordinates' system as for pre-operative planning is necessary to accurately evaluate the post-operative component position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tanifuji
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagiwa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saiseikai Niigata Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hijikata
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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Mochizuki T, Sato T, Katsumi R. Association between the toe angle and bony factors in the transverse plane for osteoarthritic knees compared with healthy knees. Biomed Mater Eng 2021; 32:359-373. [PMID: 34250927 DOI: 10.3233/bme-211245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between the toe angle and bony rotational factors is critical to explain issues related to the onset and progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). OBJECTIVE The study aimed to clarify the association between the toe angle and each of the femoral and tibial transvers direction relative to gait direction, rotational knee alignment, and bony torsional deformity for the subjects with knee OA. METHODS This study evaluated 58 knees in 24 healthy elderly (72 ± 5 years) and 34 varus knee OA (72 ± 6 years). A three-dimensional (3D) assessment system was used on 3D models and biplanar long-leg radiographs with the toe angle reflecting gait direction, applying a 3D-to-2D image registration technique. The main parameters on the transverse plane were: (1) toe angle, (2) transverse direction of the femur and tibia relative to the gait direction, (3) femoral neck anteversion, (4) condylar twist angle, (5) tibial torsion, and (6) rotational knee alignment. RESULTS The alignment parameters, except for the tibial transverse direction, were different between healthy and osteoarthritic knees. In knee OA, the femoral neck anteversion - femoral transverse direction (p = 0.001), femoral transverse direction - tibial transverse direction (p < 0.001), and tibial transverse direction - toe angle (p < 0.001) were associated. CONCLUSIONS The osteoarthritic knees showed that the femoral neck anteversion was associated with the femoral transverse direction, which determined the tibial transverse direction by adjusting the rotational knee alignment, leading to the toe angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryota Katsumi
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
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Mochizuki T, Koga Y, Mori T, Nishino K, Kobayashi K, Tanifuji O, Sato T, Katsumi R, Koga H, Omori G, Tanabe Y. Articular surface of the medial proximal tibia is aligned parallel to the ground in three-dimensional space under weight-bearing conditions in healthy and varus osteoarthritic knees. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:3232-3239. [PMID: 31853619 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that an inclined articular surface on the medial proximal tibia is aligned more parallel to the ground in three-dimensional (3D) space under weight-bearing (WB) conditions (parallel phenomenon) than under non-WB (NWB) conditions in healthy and varus osteoarthritic knees. METHODS We examined 55 healthy knees (26 women, 29 men; mean age, 70 ± 6 years) and 108 varus osteoarthritic knees (66 women, 16 men; mean age, 74 ± 7 years). For the evaluation under WB conditions, a 3D assessment system was used on biplanar long-leg radiographs and 3D bone models using a 3D-to-2D image registration technique. In addition, the least square method was used to determine the approximation plane. The angles between the normal vector for the approximation plane of an articular surface on the medial proximal tibia and each axis of the tibial or world coordinate system were calculated. RESULTS Morphologically, the inclination of the approximation plane was steeper in osteoarthritic knees than in healthy knees (p < 0.0001). The approximation plane was aligned more parallel to the ground under WB conditions than under NWB conditions in healthy (p < 0.0001) and osteoarthritic knees (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The parallel phenomenon in the medial proximal tibia was confirmed for healthy and varus osteoarthritic knees. The medial proximal tibia plays an important role in the parallel phenomenon, assumingly associated with varus alignment and varus thrust. The inclination of the medial proximal tibia may become a new parameter for imaging investigations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Koga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nioji Onsen Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Kobayashi
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanifuji
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryota Katsumi
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Go Omori
- Department of Health and Sports, Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanabe
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Functionally Oriented Alignment of the Lower Extremity Reflecting the Direction of Gait for Healthy Elderly, Knee Osteoarthritis, and Total Knee Arthroplasty Subjects. J Med Biol Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-020-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional lower extremity alignment based on both position and motion [functionally oriented alignment (FOA)] of the knee in healthy elderly, varus osteoarthritis (OA), and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) subjects.
Methods
This study evaluated 87 knees in 24 healthy elderly (72 ± 5 years), 39 varus OA (72 ± 6 years), and 24 TKA (75 ± 4 years) subjects. A 3D assessment system was used on 3D models and biplanar long-leg radiographs with the toe angle reflecting gait direction, by applying a 3D-to-2D image registration technique. In the world coordinate system, the y-, z-, and x-axes were defined as gait direction, gravity direction, and the cross product of y- and z-axes, respectively. The parameters were: (a) coronal inclination, sagittal inclination, and transverse direction of the femur and tibia relative to the ground and (b) the difference between the yz-plane of the world coordinate system (functional plane) and the yz-plane of the femoral or tibial coordinate system (anatomical plane).
Results
The femur had more medial and posterior inclination and the tibia had more lateral and anterior inclination in osteoarthritic knees as compared to healthy knees, and TKA knees had inclinations similar to healthy knees. Rotation was similar or different in the anatomical and functional planes among the subjects with the healthy, knee OA, and TKA.
Conclusions
The association between the anatomical and functional planes and the position of each bone relative to gravity varied depending on the condition of the knees.
Level of Evidence: Level of III
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Someya K, Mochizuki T, Hokari S, Tanifuji O, Katsumi R, Koga H, Takahashi Y, Kobayashi K, Morise Y, Sakamoto M, Koga Y, Endo N. Age- and sex-related characteristics in cortical thickness of femoral diaphysis for young and elderly subjects. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:533-543. [PMID: 32002681 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cortical thickness of the femoral diaphysis is assumed to be a preferred parameter in the assessment of the structural adaptation by mechanical use and biological factors. This study aimed to investigate the age- and sex-specific characteristics in cortical thickness of the femoral diaphysis between young and elderly non-obese people. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study investigated 34 young subjects (21 men and 13 women; mean age: 27 ± 8 years) and 52 elderly subjects (29 men and 23 women; mean age: 70 ± 6 years). Three-dimensional (3D) cortical thickness of the femoral diaphysis was automatically calculated for 5000-8000 measurement points using the high-resolution cortical thickness measurement from clinical CT data. In 12 assessment regions created by combining three heights (proximal, central, and distal diaphysis) and four areas of the axial plane at 90° (medial, anterior, lateral, and posterior areas) in the femoral coordinate system, the standardized thickness was assessed using the femoral length. RESULTS As per the trends, (1) there were no differences in medial and lateral thicknesses, while the posterior thickness was greater than the anterior thickness, (2) the thickness in men was higher than that in women, and (3) the thickness in young subjects was higher than that in elderly subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study are of clinical relevance as reference points to clarify the causes of various pathological conditions for diseases of the lower extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Someya
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Sho Hokari
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanifuji
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ryota Katsumi
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morise
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakamoto
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nioji Onsen Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoto Endo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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