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Dulam V, Katta S, Nakka VP. Stroke and Distal Organ Damage: Exploring Brain-Kidney Crosstalk. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1617-1627. [PMID: 38376748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Stroke and kidney dysfunction represent significant public health challenges, yet the precise mechanisms connecting these conditions and their severe consequences remain unclear. Individuals experiencing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are at heightened susceptibility to experiencing repeated strokes. Similarly, a reduced glomerular filtration rate is associated with an elevated risk of suffering a stroke. Prior strokes independently contribute to mortality, end-stage kidney disease, and cardiovascular complications, underscoring the pathological connection between the brain and the kidneys. In cases of AKI, various mechanisms, such as cytokine signaling, leukocyte infiltration, and oxidative stress, establish communication between the brain and the kidneys. The bidirectional relationship between stroke and kidney pathologies involves key factors such as uremic toxins, proteinuria, inflammatory responses, decreased glomerular filtration, impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), oxidative stress, and metabolites produced by the gut microbiota. This review examines potential mechanisms of brain-kidney crosstalk underlying stroke and kidney diseases. It holds significance for comprehending multi-organ dysfunction associated with stroke and for formulating therapeutic strategies to address stroke-induced kidney dysfunction and the bidirectional pathological connection between the kidney and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Dulam
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India
| | - Sireesha Katta
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India
| | - Venkata Prasuja Nakka
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India.
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Pasala PK, Raghupathi NK, Yaraguppi DA, Challa RR, Vallamkonda B, Ahmad SF, Chennamsetty Y, Kumari PK, DSNBK P. Potential preventative impact of aloe-emodin nanoparticles on cerebral stroke-associated myocardial injury by targeting myeloperoxidase: In supporting with In silico and In vivo studies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33154. [PMID: 39022073 PMCID: PMC11253067 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the potential neuroprotective effects of aloe-emodin (AE) nanoparticles on the cerebral stroke-associated target protein myeloperoxidase (MPO). We investigated the binding interactions between AE and MPO through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular docking results indicated that AE exhibited a binding energy of -6.9 kcal/mol, whereas it was -7.7 kcal/mol for 2-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amino}-n-hydroxy-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (CCl). Furthermore, molecular dynamics studies demonstrated that AE possesses a stronger binding affinity (-57.137 ± 13.198 kJ/mol) than does CCl (-22.793 ± 30.727 kJ/mol), suggesting that AE has a more substantial inhibitory effect on MPO than does CCl. Despite the therapeutic potential of AE for neurodegenerative disorders, its bioavailability is limited within the body. A proposed hypothesis to enhance the bioavailability of AE is its conversion into aloe-emodin nanoparticles (AENP). The AENPs synthesized through a fabrication method were spherical with a consistent diameter of 104.4 ± 7.9 nm and a polydispersity index ranging from 0.525 to 0.586. In rats experiencing cerebral stroke, there was a notable increase in cerebral infarction size; abnormalities in electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns; a decrease in brain and cardiac antioxidant activities; and an increase in myeloperoxidase levels compared to those in normal rats. Compared with AE treatment, AENP treatment significantly ameliorated cerebral infarction, normalized ECG and EEG patterns, enhanced brain and cardiac antioxidant activities, and reduced MPO levels in stroke rats. Histopathological evaluations revealed pronounced alterations in the rat hippocampus, with pyknotic nuclei, disarray and loosely packed cells, deterioration of cardiac muscle fibers, and extensive damage to cardiac myocytes, in contrast to those in normal rats. AENP treatment mitigated these pathological changes more effectively than AE treatment in both brain and cardiac cells. These findings support that AENP provides considerable protection against stroke-associated myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Pasala
- Department of Pharmacology, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JNTUA, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, 515721, India
| | - Niranjan Kumar Raghupathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, JNTUA, Nandyal, 518112, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak A. Yaraguppi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubli, Karnataka, 580031, India
| | - Ranadheer Reddy Challa
- Department of Formulation and Development, Quotient Sciences, 3080 McCann Farm Dr, Garnet Valley, PA, 19060, USA
| | - Bhaskar Vallamkonda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Odin Pharmaceutical LLC, Somerset, NJ, 08873, USA
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yeswanth Chennamsetty
- Department of Pharmacology, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, JNTUA, Nandyal, 518112, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P.V. Kamala Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Prasanth DSNBK
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Polepally SEZ, TSIIC, Jadcherla, Mahbubnagar, Hyderabad, 509301, India
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Patel S, Khan MB, Kumar S, Vyavahare S, Mendhe B, Lee TJ, Cai J, Isales CM, Liu Y, Hess DC, Fulzele S. The impact of ischemic stroke on bone marrow microenvironment and extracellular vesicles: A study on inflammatory and molecular changes. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114867. [PMID: 38914274 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
An ischemic stroke (IS) is caused due to the lack of blood flow to cerebral tissue. Most of the studies have focused on how stroke affects the localized tissue, but it has been observed that a stroke can cause secondary complications in distant organs, such as Bone Marrow (BM). Our study focused on the effect of ischemic strokes on the bone marrow microenvironment. Bone marrow (BM) is a vital organ that maintains inflammatory homeostasis and aids in the repair of damaged tissue after injury/IS. We used the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke on adult mice (6 months) and investigated the changes in the BM environment. BM cells were used for western blot and RT-PCR, and the BM supernatant was used for cytokine analysis and extracellular vesicle (EVs) isolation. We observed a significant increase in the total cell number within the BM and an increase in TNF-alpha and MCP-1, which are known for inducing a pro-inflammatory environment. Western blots analysis on the whole BM cell lysate demonstrated elevated levels of inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-alpha, and TLR-4) and senescence markers (p21 p16). EVs isolated from the BM supernatant showed no change in size or concentration; however, we found that the EVs carried increased miRNA-141-3p and miRNA-34a. Proteomic analysis on BM-derived EVs showed an alteration in the protein cargo of IS. We observed an increase in FgB, C3, Fn1, and Tra2b levels. The signaling pathway analysis showed mitochondrial function is most affected within the bone marrow. Our study demonstrated that IS induces changes in the BM environment and EVs secreted in the BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Patel
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad Badruzzaman Khan
- Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Bharati Mendhe
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jingwen Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Dai M, Yang J, Wang Z, Xue F, Wang Y, Hu E, Gong Y, Routledge MN, Qiao B. Aquaporins alteration revealed kidney damages in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31532. [PMID: 38807874 PMCID: PMC11130722 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Restoration of blood supply is a desired goal for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, the restoration often leads to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIR/I), which greatly increases the risk of non-neural organ damage. In particular, the acute kidney injury might be one of the most common complications. Aims The study aimed to understand the damage occurred and the potential molecular mechanisms. Methods The study was explored on the CIR/I rats generated by performing middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/Reperfusion). The rats were evaluated with injury on the brains, followed by the non-neural organs including kidneys, livers, colons and stomachs. They were examined further with histopathological changes, and gene expression alterations by using RT-qPCR of ten aquaporins (Aqps) subtypes including Aqp1~Aqp9 and Aqp11. Furthermore, the Aqps expression profiles were constructed for each organ and analyzed by performing Principle Component Analysis. In addition, immunohistochemistry was explored to look at the protein expression of Aqp1, Aqp2, Aqp3 and Aqp4 in the rat kidneys. Results There was a prominent down-regulation profile in the MCAO/Reperfusion rat kidneys. The protein expression of Aqp1, Aqp2, Aqp3 and Aqp4 was decreased in the kidneys of the MCAO/Reperfusion rats. We suggested that the kidney was in the highest risk to be damaged following the CIR/I. Down-regulation of Aqp2, Aqp3 and Aqp4 was involved in the acute kidney injury induced by the CIR/I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
| | - Jinglei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
| | - Fangli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
| | - Yourui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
| | - Enjie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
| | - Yunyun Gong
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N. Routledge
- School of Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- Jiangsu University, Sch Food & Biol Engn, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Boling Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, PR China
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Heil LBB, Braga CL, Magalhães RF, Antunes MA, Cruz FF, Samary CS, Battaglini D, Robba C, Pelosi P, Silva PL, Rocco PRM. Dexmedetomidine compared to low-dose ketamine better protected not only the brain but also the lungs in acute ischemic stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111004. [PMID: 37778171 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine (DEX) and low-dose ketamine (KET) present neuroprotective effects in acute ischemic stroke (AIS); however, to date, no studies have evaluated which has better protective effects not only on the brain but also lungs in AIS. METHODS AIS-induced Wistar rats (390 ± 30 g) were randomized after 24-h, receiving dexmedetomidine (STROKE-DEX, n = 10) or low-dose S(+)-ketamine (STROKE-KET, n = 10). After 1-h protective ventilation, perilesional brain tissue and lungs were removed for histologic and molecular biology analysis. STROKE animals (n = 5), receiving sodium thiopental but not ventilated, had brain and lungs removed for molecular biology analysis. Effects of DEX and KET mean plasma concentrations on alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and lung endothelial cells, extracted primarily 24-h after AIS, were evaluated. RESULTS In perilesional brain tissue, apoptosis did not differ between groups. In STROKE-DEX, compared to STROKE-KET, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expressions were reduced, but no changes in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and super oxide dismutase (SOD)-1 were observed. In lungs, TNF-α and VCAM-1 were reduced, whereas Nrf2 and SOD-1 were increased in STROKE-DEX. In alveolar macrophages, TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (M1 macrophage phenotype) were lower and arginase and transforming growth factor-β (M2 macrophage phenotype) higher in STROKE-DEX. In lung neutrophils, CXC chemokine receptors (CXCR2 and CXCR4) were higher in STROKE-DEX. In lung endothelial cells, E-selectin and VCAM-1 were lower in STROKE-DEX. CONCLUSIONS In the current AIS model, dexmedetomidine compared to low-dose ketamine reduced inflammation and endothelial cell damage in both brain and lung, suggesting greater protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana B B Heil
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cassia L Braga
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Magalhães
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia S Samary
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Cardiorespiratory and Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Chiara Robba
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Rodríguez-Rubio HA, López-Rodríguez R, Ramos-Escalante J, Bonilla-Suastegui A, Balcázar-Padrón JC, Rodríguez-Hernández LA, Nicolas-Cruz CF, Piñón-Jiménez F, Siller Uvalle MA, Arritola-Uriarte A, Leal-Galvan A, Ferrufino-Mejia BR. Risk Factors Associated With Neurological and Extra-Neurological Complications and Mortality in Patients With Stroke. Cureus 2023; 15:e40706. [PMID: 37485158 PMCID: PMC10359178 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding when and how systemic complications can occur after an acute stroke is crucial. It is important to identify patients who are at higher risk for these complications. Early and effective treatment based on this knowledge can significantly improve patient outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with neurological and extra-neurological complications and mortality in stroke patients treated at a secondary care hospital. Methods Of a total of 170 patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic/ischemic stroke and transient cerebral ischemia at a secondary care hospital in Mexico, the records of 125 were reviewed and of these, 86 were included in the study. The study group comprised 86 adult patients (> 18 years of age) diagnosed with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or transient cerebral ischemia. Their demographics, clinical characteristics, in-hospital complications, and mortality were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of the 86 patients examined, 34.9% experienced complications, regardless of the type of stroke. The most significant factor associated with mortality and complications during hospitalization in patients with stroke was previous diseases. Other factors that were linked to higher mortality were pre-existing medical conditions. The most common neurological complication among patients with stroke during hospitalization was intracranial hypertension (3.5%). As for extra-neurological complications, pressure ulcers and nosocomial pneumonia had an occurrence rate of 4.7%. Conclusions The main neurological complication during hospitalization of patients with stroke was intracranial hypertension, while the extra neurological complications were pressure ulcers and nosocomial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Rodríguez-Rubio
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
- Neurology, Hospital General de Tampico "Dr. Carlos Canseco", Tampico, MEX
| | - Rodrigo López-Rodríguez
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Jonathan Ramos-Escalante
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Alfredo Bonilla-Suastegui
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Juan Carlos Balcázar-Padrón
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Luis A Rodríguez-Hernández
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Carlos F Nicolas-Cruz
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Fernando Piñón-Jiménez
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Miguel Angel Siller Uvalle
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Aleida Arritola-Uriarte
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
| | | | - Bill R Ferrufino-Mejia
- Neurological Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, MEX
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Datta A, Saha C, Godse P, Sharma M, Sarmah D, Bhattacharya P. Neuroendocrine regulation in stroke. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:260-277. [PMID: 36922255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system, a crosstalk between the central nervous system and endocrine glands, balances and controls hormone secretion and their functions. Neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms often get dysregulated following stroke, leading to altered hormone secretion and aberrant receptor expression. Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis often led to severe stroke outcomes. Post-stroke complications such as cognitive impairment, depression, infection etc. are directly or indirectly influenced by the altered neuroendocrine activity that plays a crucial role in stroke vulnerability and susceptibility. Therefore, it is imperative to explore various neurohormonal inter-relationships in regulating stroke, its outcome, and prognosis. Here, we review the biology of different hormones associated with stroke and explore their regulation with a view towards prospective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishika Datta
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Chandrima Saha
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Pratiksha Godse
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Muskaan Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India.
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Ojo OB, Olajide AO, Olagunju GB, Olowu C, Josiah SS, Amoo ZA, Olaleye MT, Akinmoladun AC. Polyphenol-rich Spondias mombin leaf extract abates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced disturbed glutamate-ammonia metabolism and multiorgan toxicity in rats. Biomarkers 2023; 28:65-75. [PMID: 36341500 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2145496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This study investigated the protective properties of Spondias mombin leaf extract (SML), in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) mediated toxicity in the brain, liver, and kidney of male Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Animals were subjected to 30 min of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion (BCCAO/R). The animals were divided into sham, I/R, and I/R treated with SML (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) or quercetin (20 mg/kg) groups. Animals were sacrificed after 24 h of reperfusion and markers of organ toxicity (urea creatinine, glutamine synthetase (GS), glutaminase (GA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) were measured in the brain regions (cortex, striatum, and hippocampus), liver, and kidney. Results and discussion: BCCAO/R significantly (p < 0.0001) inhibited the glutamate-glutamine cycle and mediated toxicity in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, liver, and kidney of rats. Post-treatment with SML significantly (p < 0.0001) reversed glutamate-glutamine cycle inhibition and ameliorated cerebrohepatorenal toxicity in ischemic rats. Conclusion: Cerebral I/R significantly mediated cerebral, hepatic, and renal toxicity through the inhibition of glutamate-ammonia detoxification in rats, and SML protected against this post-ischemic glutamate-ammonia mediated multiorgan toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola Benedicta Ojo
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Abigail Oladunni Olajide
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Grace Boluwatife Olagunju
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Comfort Olowu
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Zainab Abiola Amoo
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Mary Tolulope Olaleye
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Ojo OB, Amoo ZA, Olaleye MT, Jha SK, Akinmoladun AC. Time and Brain Region-Dependent Excitatory Neurochemical Alterations in Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion Global Ischemia Model. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:96-116. [PMID: 36006597 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Strict metabolic regulation in discrete brain regions leads to neurochemical changes in cerebral ischemia. Accumulation of extracellular glutamate is one of the early neurochemical changes that take place during cerebral ischemia. Understanding the sequential neurochemical processes involved in cerebral ischemia-mediated excitotoxicity before the clinical intervention of revascularization and reperfusion may greatly influence future therapeutic strategies for clinical stroke recovery. This study investigated the influence of time and brain regions on excitatory neurochemical indices in the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) model of global ischemia. Male Wistar rats were subjected to BCCAO for 15 and 60 min to evaluate the effect of ischemia duration on excitatory neurochemical indices (dopamine level, glutamine synthetase, glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, monoamine oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, and Na+ K+ ATPase activities) in the discrete brain regions (cortex, striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus). BCCAO without reperfusion caused marked time and brain region-dependent alterations in glutamatergic, glutaminergic, dopaminergic, monoaminergic, cholinergic, and electrogenic homeostasis. Prolonged BCCAO decreased cortical, striatal, and cerebellar glutamatergic, glutaminergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and electrogenic activities; increased hippocampal glutamatergic, glutaminergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic activities, increased cortical and striatal monoaminergic activity; decreased cerebellar and hippocampal monoaminergic activity; and decreased hippocampal electrogenic activity. This suggests that excitatory neurotransmitters play a major role in the tissue-specific metabolic plasticity and reprogramming that takes place between the onset of cardiac arrest-mediated global ischemia and clinical intervention of recanalization. These tissue-specific neurochemical indices may serve as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for mitigating the progression of ischemic damage before revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola Benedicta Ojo
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, 340110, Akure, Nigeria. .,Sleep Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India.
| | - Zainab Abiola Amoo
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, 340110, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Mary Tolulope Olaleye
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, 340110, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Sushil Kumar Jha
- Sleep Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, 340110, Akure, Nigeria.
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10
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Kerr NA, Sanchez J, O'Connor G, Watson BD, Daunert S, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Inflammasome-Regulated Pyroptotic Cell Death in Disruption of the Gut-Brain Axis After Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:898-912. [PMID: 35306629 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of stroke survivors experience gastrointestinal complications. The innate immune response plays a role in changes to the gut-brain axis after stroke. The purpose of this study is to examine the importance of inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in disruption of the gut-brain axis after experimental stroke. B6129 mice were subjected to a closed-head photothrombotic stroke. We examined the time course of inflammasome protein expression in brain and intestinal lysate using western blot analysis at 1-, 3-, and 7-days post-injury for caspase-1, interleukin-1β, nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and apoptosis speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruiting domain (ASC) and gasdermin-D (GSDMD) cleavage. In a separate group of mice, we processed brain tissue 24 and 72 h after thrombotic stroke for immunohistochemical analysis of neuronal and endothelial cell pyroptosis. We examined intestinal tissue for morphological changes and pyroptosis of macrophages. We performed behavioral tests and assessed gut permeability changes to confirm functional changes after stroke. Our data show that thrombotic stroke induces inflammasome activation in the brain and intestinal tissue up to 7-day post-injury as well as pyroptosis of neurons, cerebral endothelial cells, and intestinal macrophages. We found that thrombotic stroke leads to neurocognitive and motor function deficits as well as increased gut permeability. Finally, the adoptive transfer of serum-derived EVs from stroke mice into naive induced inflammasome activation in intestinal tissues. Taken together, these results provide novel information regarding possible mechanisms underlying gut complications after stroke and the identification of new therapeutic targets for reducing the widespread consequences of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine A Kerr
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Juliana Sanchez
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Gregory O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brant D Watson
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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11
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Baranovicova E, Kalenska D, Kovalska M, Lehotsky J. Hippocampal metabolic recovery as a manifestation of the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning in rats. Neurochem Int 2022; 160:105419. [PMID: 36113578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The ever-present risk of brain ischemic events in humans and its full prevention make the detailed studies of an organism's response to ischemia at different levels essential to understanding the mechanism of the injury as well as protection. We used the four-vessel occlusion as an animal model of forebrain ischemia to investigate its impact on the metabolic alterations in both the hippocampus and the blood plasma to see changes on the systemic level. By inducing sublethal ischemic stimuli, we focused on the endogenous phenomena known as ischemic tolerance. NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze relative metabolite levels in tissue extracts from rats' hippocampus and blood plasma in three various ischemic/reperfusion times: 3 h, 24 h, and 72 h. Hippocampal tissues were characterized by postischemically decreased glutamate and GABA (4-aminobutyrate) tissue content balanced with increased glutamine level, with most pronounced changes at 3 h reperfusion time. Glutamate (as well as glutamine) levels recovered towards the control levels on the third day, as if the glutamate re-synthesis would be firstly preferred before GABA. These results are indicating the higher feasibility of re-establishing of glutamatergic transmission three days after an ischemic event, in contrast to GABA-ergic. Tissue levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), as well as choline, were decreased without the tendency to recover three days after the ischemic event. Metabolomic analysis of blood plasma revealed that ischemically preconditioned rats, contrary to the non-preconditioned animals, did not show hyperglycemic conditions. Ischemically induced semi-ketotic state, manifested in increased plasma ketone bodies 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, seems to be programmed to support the brain tissue revitalization after the ischemic event. These and other metabolites changes found in blood plasma as well as in the hippocampus were observed to a lower extent or recovered faster in preconditioned animals. Some metabolomic changes in hippocampal tissue extract were so strong that even single metabolites were able to differentiate between ischemic, ischemically preconditioned, and control brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Baranovicova
- Biomedical Center BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dagmar Kalenska
- Department of Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Maria Kovalska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Lehotsky
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia.
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12
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Li S, Hu L, Wang J, Zou F, Han B, Wang Y, Liu K. Prolonged increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with mortality after successful revascularization for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:326. [PMID: 36045323 PMCID: PMC9429692 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the association between dynamic neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) during hospitalization and mortality 1 month after ischemia reperfusion in patients undergoing endovascular treatment (EVT) with successful revascularization for acute large vessel occlusion stroke. Methods This retrospective study included patients who had undergone successful EVT. Information was collected regarding patients’ clinical characteristics, imaging data, and mortality at 1 month. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to assess the association between NLR and mortality. We used a generalized additive model and a generalized additive mixed model to compare trends in NLR over time between survivors and nonsurvivors. Results A total of 237 patients were included. During the 1-month follow-up, 42 of these patients (17.7%) died. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that NLR obtained within 12 to 24 hours (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04, 1.33; P = 0.008), 24 to 48 hours (OR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.35; P = 0.044), and 48 to 72 hours (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.47; P = 0.021) after EVT were independently associated with mortality at 1 month. In addition, there was a trend for NLR to decrease gradually over time for both survivors and nonsurvivors; however, NLR in survivors decreased by an average of 0.29 daily than in nonsurvivors. Conclusions Increased NLR in the early period after EVT was associated with an increased risk of mortality, and a continued trend toward higher NLR over time was also linked with a higher mortality risk.
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13
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Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins: Their Roles in Ischemic Stroke and Potential as Drug Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179648. [PMID: 36077044 PMCID: PMC9455833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. However, despite long-term research yielding numerous candidate neuroprotective drugs, there remains a lack of effective neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke patients. Among the factors contributing to this deficiency could be that single-target therapy is insufficient in addressing the complex and extensive mechanistic basis of ischemic brain injury. In this context, lipids serve as an essential component of multiple biological processes and play important roles in the pathogenesis of numerous common neurological diseases. Moreover, in recent years, fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), a family of lipid chaperone proteins, have been discovered to be involved in the onset or development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. However, comparatively little attention has focused on the roles played by FABPs in ischemic stroke. We have recently demonstrated that neural tissue-associated FABPs are involved in the pathological mechanism of ischemic brain injury in mice. Here, we review the literature published in the past decade that has reported on the associations between FABPs and ischemia and summarize the relevant regulatory mechanisms of FABPs implicated in ischemic injury. We also propose candidate FABPs that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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14
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Hong JM, Choi ES, Park SY. Selective Brain Cooling: A New Horizon of Neuroprotection. Front Neurol 2022; 13:873165. [PMID: 35795804 PMCID: PMC9251464 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.873165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH), which prevents irreversible neuronal necrosis and ischemic brain damage, has been proven effective for preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury in post-cardiac arrest syndrome and neonatal encephalopathy in both animal studies and clinical trials. However, lowering the whole-body temperature below 34°C can lead to severe systemic complications such as cardiac, hematologic, immunologic, and metabolic side effects. Although the brain accounts for only 2% of the total body weight, it consumes 20% of the body's total energy at rest and requires a continuous supply of glucose and oxygen to maintain function and structural integrity. As such, theoretically, temperature-controlled selective brain cooling (SBC) may be more beneficial for brain ischemia than systemic pan-ischemia. Various SBC methods have been introduced to selectively cool the brain while minimizing systemic TH-related complications. However, technical setbacks of conventional SBCs, such as insufficient cooling power and relatively expensive coolant and/or irritating effects on skin or mucosal interfaces, limit its application to various clinical settings. This review aimed to integrate current literature on SBC modalities with promising therapeutic potential. Further, future directions were discussed by exploring studies on interesting coping skills in response to environmental or stress-induced hyperthermia among wild animals, including mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Man Hong
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ji Man Hong
| | - Eun Sil Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
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15
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Park SY, Lee SP, Kim WJ. Fecal Calprotectin Is Increased in Stroke. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010159. [PMID: 35011900 PMCID: PMC8745495 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While there have been major advances in unveiling the mechanisms comprising the ischemic cascade of CNS, stroke continues to be a significant burden. There is a need to extend the focus toward peripheral changes, and the brain–gut axis has recently gained much attention. Our study aimed to evaluate gut inflammation and its association with blood variables in stroke using fecal calprotectin (FC). Methods: Fecal samples were obtained from 27 stroke patients and 27 control subjects. FC was quantitatively measured using a commercial ELISA. Laboratory data on the fecal sample collection were also collected, including CBC, ESR, glucose, creatinine, total protein, albumin, transaminases, and CRP. Results: There was a significant increase in FC levels in stroke patients compared to the controls. Furthermore, FC in stroke patients was negatively correlated with the Glasgow Coma Scale. Moreover, FC in stroke patients was positively correlated with CRP and negatively correlated with lymphocyte count and albumin. Conclusions: Our findings show that increased FC is associated with consciousness and systemic response in stroke and warrants further studies to elucidate the usefulness of FC in the management of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Cheju Halla University, 38 Halladaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63092, Korea;
| | - Sang Pyung Lee
- Brain-Neuro Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cheju Halla General Hospital, 65 Doryeong-ro, Jeju-si 63127, Korea;
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Cheju Halla University, 38 Halladaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63092, Korea;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, EONE Laboratories, 291 Harmony-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22014, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-210-2108
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16
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Lin F, Yao X, Kong C, Liu X, Zhao Z, Rao S, Wang L, Li S, Wang J, Dai Q. 25-Hydroxycholesterol protecting from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the inhibition of STING activity. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20149-20163. [PMID: 34406977 PMCID: PMC8436919 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury refers to impaired blood supply to the brain that is caused by a cerebrovascular disease, resulting in local brain tissue ischemia, hypoxic necrosis, and rapid neurological impairment. Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved are unclear, and pharmacological interventions are lacking. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) was reported to be involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism as an oxysterol molecule. This study aimed to determine whether 25-HC exerts a cerebral protective effect on MCAO injury and investigate its potential mechanism. 25-HC was administered prior to reperfusion in a mouse model of MCAO injury. 25-HC evidently decreased infarct size induced by MCAO and enhanced brain function. It reduced stimulator of interferon gene (STING) activity and regulated mTOR to inhibit autophagy and induce cerebral ischemia tolerance. Thus, 25-HC improved MCAO injury through the STING channel. As indicated in this preliminary study, 25-HC improved MCAO injury by inhibiting STING activity and autophagy as well as by reducing brain nerve cell apoptosis. Thus, it is a potential treatment drug for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhangfan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suhuan Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinxue Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Baranovicova E, Kalenska D, Grendar M, Lehotsky J. Metabolomic Recovery as a Result of Ischemic Preconditioning Was More Pronounced in Hippocampus than in Cortex That Appeared More Sensitive to Metabolomic Blood Components. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080516. [PMID: 34436457 PMCID: PMC8398863 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of an organism's response to ischemia at different levels is essential to understand the mechanism of the injury as well as protection. We used the occlusion of four vessels as an animal model of global cerebral ischemia to investigate metabolic alterations in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, blood plasma, as well as in a remote organ, the heart, in rats undergoing 24 h postischemic reperfusion. By inducing sublethal ischemic stimuli, we focused on endogenous phenomena known as ischemic tolerance that is currently the best known and most effective way of protecting against ischemic injury. NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze relative metabolite levels in homogenates from rats' cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and heart together with deproteinized blood plasma. In individual animals subjected to global cerebral ischemia, relative concentrations of the essential amino acids isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in cerebral cortex correlated with those in blood plasma (p < 0.05, or boundary significant p < 0.09). This did not apply for the hippocampus, suggesting a closer relation between ischemic cortex and metabolomic blood components. Hippocampal non-participation on correlation with blood components may emphasize the observed partial or full normalization the post-ischemically altered levels of a number of metabolites in the preconditioned animals. Remarkably, that was observed for cortex to a lesser extent. As a response to the global cerebral ischemia in heart tissue, we observed decreased glutamate and increased 3-hydroxybutyrate. Ischemically induced semi-ketotic state and other changes found in blood plasma partially normalized when ischemic preconditioning was introduced. Some metabolomic changes were so strong that even individual metabolites were able to differentiate between ischemic, ischemically preconditioned, and control brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Baranovicova
- Biomedical Center BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dagmar Kalenska
- Department of Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Marian Grendar
- Biomedical Center BioMed, Bioinformatical Unit, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Lehotsky
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-43-2633-442
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