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Demissie W, Asmare K, Legesse M, Aragaw K, Sheferaw D. Sero-epidemiological study of brucellosis in cattle under pastoral/agro-pastoral and mixed crop-livestock systems in South Omo, southern Ethiopia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33413. [PMID: 39022048 PMCID: PMC11253661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In the pastoral/agro-pastoral communities in Ethiopia, like in South Omo, brucellosis constitutes a serious health threat for livestock and the public. The public health risk is especially high in these communities, as their way of life is highly linked with their herds. Objective The study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and identify potential risk factors of cattle brucellosis in South Omo zone in southern Ethiopia. Methods A total of 614 traditionally managed local zebu female cattle, above six months old, were bled and data on hypothesized risk factors were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The preliminary screening of the sera for Brucella antibodies was done using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive sera were further subjected to complement fixation test (CFT). Results The overall animal level seroprevalence of brucellosis was 2.8 % (95 % CI: 1.72-4.41) while herd level prevalence was 11.3 % (95 % CI: 6.5-19.0). Among the risk factors considered, seroprevalence was associated with herd size, new animal introduction, district, history of occurrence of abortion, and retained fetal membranes (RFM), at both individual- and herd-level (p < 0.05). Higher seroprevalence of brucellosis was observed in cows than heifers and in animals older than 4 years (p < 0.05). Brucella seroprevalence was higher in herds in lowland areas than those in mid-altitude and highlands (p < 0.05). Conclusion The individual and herd level prevalence observed in our study indicates endemicity of brucellosis and the potential public health threat it poses in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of southern Ethiopia. The results of the study also suggest that the disease might be responsible for significant losses in cattle productivity due to impaired reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondimagegn Demissie
- Livestock and Fishery Resources Development Department, Dawro Zone, Mareka District, Waka, SNNPRS, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Legesse
- Jinka Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Jinka, South Omo, Ethiopia
| | - Kassaye Aragaw
- Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Yutura G, Massebo F, Eligo N, Kochora A, Wegayehu T. Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among household members in South Ethiopia: a multi-site cross-sectional study. Malar J 2024; 23:143. [PMID: 38735957 PMCID: PMC11088779 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite continuous prevention and control strategies in place, malaria remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. Moreover, prevalence of malaria differs in different geographical settings and epidemiological data were inadequate to assure disease status in the study area. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors in selected rural kebeles in South Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between February to June 2019 in eight malaria-endemic kebeles situated in four zones in South Ethiopia. Mult-stage sampling techniques were employed to select the study zones, districts, kebeles and households. Blood sample were collected from 1674 participants in 345 households by finger prick and smears were examined by microscopy. Sociodemographic data as well as risk factors for Plasmodium infection were collected using questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. RESULTS The overall prevalence of malaria in the study localities was 4.5% (76/1674). The prevalence was varied among the study localities with high prevalence in Bashilo (14.6%; 33/226) followed by Mehal Korga (12.1%; 26/214). Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant parasite accounted for 65.8% (50/76), while Plasmodium vivax accounted 18.4% (14/76). Co-infection of P. falciparum and P. vivax was 15.8% (12/76). Among the three age groups prevalence was 7.8% (27/346) in age less than 5 years and 7.5% (40/531) in 5-14 years. The age groups > 14years were less likely infected with Plasmodium parasite (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.02-0.82) than under five children. Non-febrile individuals 1638 (97.8%) were more likely to had Plasmodium infection (AOR = 28.4, 95% CI 011.4-70.6) than febrile 36 (2.2%). Individuals living proximity to mosquito breeding sites have higher Plasmodium infection (AOR = 6.17, 95% CI 2.66-14.3) than those at distant of breeding sites. CONCLUSIONS Malaria remains a public health problem in the study localities. Thus, malaria prevention and control strategies targeting children, non-febrile cases and individuals living proximity to breeding sites are crucial to reduce malaria related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Yutura
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Gorche Health District, Hawassa, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Competitional Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Eligo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Competitional Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Abena Kochora
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teklu Wegayehu
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Competitional Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
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Terefe B, Habtie A, Chekole B. Insecticide-treated net utilization and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa: evidence from the recent national demographic and health surveys, 2011-2022. Malar J 2023; 22:349. [PMID: 37964377 PMCID: PMC10647126 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pregnant woman, the fetus, and the newborn child are all at risk from malaria infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Employing insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) is one of the most efficient methods for avoiding malaria among expectant mothers. However, there is no literature that describes ITN use among pregnant women in East Africa or the contributing factors. Therefore, this study sought to identify the factors affecting pregnant women's ITN utilization in East Africa. METHODS The most recent DHS (Demographic and Health Survey) data for the 11 East African countries from 2011 to 2022 was used. 13,729 pregnant women were examined. To identify factors associated with ITN use, a binary and multiple logistic regression model was built. Variables having a p-value of less than or equal to 0.2 in the binary logistic regression analysis were taken into consideration for the multivariable analysis. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) with the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was provided to proclaim the statistical significance and degree of correlation. RESULTS The survey found that just 47.05% (95% CI 46.21, 47.88) of pregnant mothers reported using ITNs. The highest and lowest values were seen in Uganda (64.13%) and Zimbabwe (6.08%). Women age 25-34y (aOR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.11, 1.29), 35-49y (aOR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.13, 1.41) as compared to 15-24 years, poorer (aOR = 1.15; 95% CI 1.04-1.27), middle (aOR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.09, 1.35), and rich (aOR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.06, 1.31) wealth indexes as compared to poorest, having > 5 family size (AOR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.78, 0.91) primary (aOR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.36, 1.65), and secondary/higher education (aOR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.35, 1.70) as compared to not educated, and married women (aOR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.44, 1.86) have shown a statistically significant association with ITN utilization among pregnant women. CONCLUSION With a variety of risk variables, including age, wealth, family size, and education, pregnant women in East Africa rarely use ITNs. There is a need to create and strengthen malaria prevention programmes, especially among pregnant women who do not use ITNs, based on the variables mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bewuketu Terefe
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Adane Habtie
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Bogale Chekole
- Department of Comprehensive Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
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Lakew YY, Fikrie A, Godana SB, Wariyo F, Seyoum W. Magnitude of malaria and associated factors among febrile adults in Siraro District Public Health facilities, West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia 2022: a facility-based cross-sectional study. Malar J 2023; 22:259. [PMID: 37674201 PMCID: PMC10483761 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant efforts made to control malaria in Ethiopia, the disease remains one of the top public health problems in the country. Baseline malaria prevalence and associated factor at high malaria area is important to guide malaria control interventions, there was paucity of information regarding the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine prevalence of malaria and associated factors among febrile adults in Siraro district health facilities, West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. METHODS Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 317 febrile adult patients at Siraro district health facilities. Structured pre-tested questionnaires were used to collect data. Epi-data version 3.1 and SPSS version 23 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. In order to identify factors associated with malaria infection bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was employed, The Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value of < 0.05 was computed to show the strength of the association. RESULTS The overall prevalence of malaria at the study area was 130 (41.0%) [(95% CI 35.3-46.7)]. Occupation (being farmer) [(AOR = 6.05; 95% CI 1.38, 26.49)], having poor knowledge on malaria transmission [(AOR = 2.95 95%; CI 1.48-5.88)], house with wood wall [(AOR = 2.71; 95% CI 1.34-5.49)], and number of windows (≥ 3) in the house [(AOR = 6.82; 95% CI 1.05, 44.40)] were identified to be significantly associated with magnitude of malaria in the study area. CONCLUSION The prevalence of malaria at the study area was high as compared with the national wide figures. Being farmer, having poor knowledge on malaria transmission, and housing condition (house with wood wall and houses with three and above windows) were found to be significantly associated with malaria infection in the study area. Therefore, there has to be an emphasis on addressing the factors by providing sustainable health education for the communities to improve their housing condition and knowledge of community on the way of malaria prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Yohanes Lakew
- Department of Nursing, Pharma College Hawassa Campus, P.O. Box 67, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Anteneh Fikrie
- Departement of Public Health, Pharma College Hawassa Campus, P.O. Box 67, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Bedane Godana
- Department of Nursing, Pharma College Hawassa Campus, P.O. Box 67, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Fatuma Wariyo
- Departement of Public Health, Pharma College Hawassa Campus, P.O. Box 67, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Wongelawit Seyoum
- Departement of Public Health, Pharma College Hawassa Campus, P.O. Box 67, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Debash H, Tesfaw G, Ebrahim H, Shibabaw A, Melese Y, Tilahun M, Alemayehu E, Mohammed O, Tesfaye M, Abate M. Symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria prevalence and its determinant factors in pastoral communities of Waghemira Zone, Northeast Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1336. [PMID: 37305151 PMCID: PMC10248203 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Malaria elimination programs have also encountered numerous challenges, such as widespread asymptomatic carriers in endemic areas, which should be taken into account in malaria-control programs for effective transmission interruption. The purpose of this research was to determine the prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infections and associated factors, in pastoral communities. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among selected districts in the Waghemra Zone, Northeast Ethiopia, from September to December 2022. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect sociodemographic data and associated risk factors. Plasmodium species were detected using light microscopy and a rapid diagnostic test. Data entry and analysis were carried out using SPSS version 26 software. The association between dependent and independent variables was explored by using multivariable logistic regression analyses. A statistically significant association was declared at a p-value of <0.05. Results The overall prevalence of malaria was 21.2% (134/633), with the predominant Plasmodium falciparum infections accounting for 67.8% (87/134). Among asymptomatic participants, 7.5% (34/451) and 10.2% (46/451) were diagnosed by rapid diagnostic test and light microscopy, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence of symptomatic malaria was 44.5% (81/182) and 48.4% (88/182) as diagnosed by rapid diagnostic test and light microscopy, respectively. The presence of stagnant water near the houses, the utilization of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, the number of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, and outdoor stays at night were all positively linked with the prevalence of malaria. Conclusions The overall prevalence estimate for symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria was high. Malaria is still a public health problem in the study area. Malaria infection was associated with the presence of stagnant water near the houses, the utilization of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, the number of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, and outdoor stays at night. Improved access to all malaria interventions is needed to interrupt the transmission at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtu Debash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Gebru Tesfaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Hussen Ebrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Agumas Shibabaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Yimer Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health SciencesDebre Berhan UniversityDebre BerhanEthiopia
| | - Mihret Tilahun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Ermiyas Alemayehu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Ousman Mohammed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Melkam Tesfaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Mengistu Abate
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery College of Medicine and Health SciencesWollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
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Biset G, Tadess AW, Tegegne KD, Tilahun L, Atnafu N. Malaria among under-five children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2022; 21:338. [PMID: 36384533 PMCID: PMC9667600 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, malaria is among the leading cause of under-five mortality and morbidity. Despite various malaria elimination strategies being implemented in the last decades, malaria remains a major public health concern, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Furthermore, there have been limited and inconclusive studies in Ethiopia to generate information for action towards malaria in under-five children. Additionally, there is a considerable disparity between the results of the existing studies. Therefore, the pooled estimate from this study will provide a more conclusive result to take evidence-based interventional measures against under-five malaria. METHODS The protocol of this review is registered at PROSPERO with registration number CRD42020157886. All appropriate databases and grey literature were searched to find relevant articles. Studies reporting the prevalence or risk factors of malaria among under-five children were included. The quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Data was extracted using Microsoft Excel 2016 and analysis was done using STATA 16.0 statistical software. The pooled prevalence and its associated factors of malaria were determined using a random effect model. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q-test statistics and I2 test. Furthermore, publication bias was checked by the visual inspection of the funnel plot and using Egger's and Begg's statistical tests. RESULTS Twelve studies with 34,842 under-five children were included. The pooled prevalence of under-five malaria was 22.03% (95% CI 12.25%, 31.80%). Lack of insecticide-treated mosquito net utilization (AOR: 5.67, 95% CI 3.6, 7.74), poor knowledge of child caretakers towards malaria transmission (AOR: 2.79, 95% CI 1.70, 3.89), and living near mosquito breeding sites (AOR: 5.05, 95% CI 2.92, 7.19) were risk factors of under-five malaria. CONCLUSION More than one in five children aged under five years were infected with malaria. This suggests the rate of under-five malaria is far off the 2030 national malaria elimination programme of Ethiopia. The Government should strengthen malaria control strategies such as disseminating insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs), advocating the utilization of ITNs, and raising community awareness regarding malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebeyaw Biset
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- Dream Science and Technology College, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Abay Woday Tadess
- Dream Science and Technology College, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Kirubel Dagnaw Tegegne
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Lehulu Tilahun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Natnael Atnafu
- School of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Multilevel Modelling of Individual, Community and Regional Level Factors Associated with Insecticide-Treated Net Usage among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10081418. [PMID: 36011074 PMCID: PMC9408330 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pregnant women who are infected with malaria usually have more severe symptoms and negative health outcomes than women who are not pregnant, with higher rates of miscarriage, intrauterine demise, premature delivery, low-birth-weight neonates, and neonatal death. Based on evidence from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey, this study assessed the variation in insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) usage and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods: Data from a total of 1122 women who were pregnant at the time of the survey were included in the final analysis. Bivariate and multilevel analyses were conducted. Multilevel modeling with fixed and random coefficients was used to estimate the variation in pregnant women’s ITNs usage across communities (residence areas) and regions of Ethiopia. Results: Out of the total 1122 pregnant women, 58.37% slept under a net and 41.63% did not sleep under nets. Significant variations were observed in pregnant women’s ITNs usage across communities (residence areas) and regions of Ethiopia, with between variations in pregnant women’s ITNs usage across communities (residence areas) and regions. In addition, the region, place of residence, wealth index, educational level, and age of the women as well as whether they believed that mosquito bites cause malaria were significant factors in pregnant women’s usage of ITNs. Pregnant women in Ethiopia had moderate usage of ITNs with varied risk factors at the individual, community, and regional levels. Conclusion: Based on the factors identified, there is a need to implement and/or strengthen programs (e.g., regular sensitization) that intensify high coverage of ITNs for effective malaria prevention in Ethiopia, especially among pregnant women who do not use ITNs.
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Abebaw A, Aschale Y, Kebede T, Hailu A. The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in Debre Elias district communities, Northwest Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:167. [PMID: 35659661 PMCID: PMC9166605 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization 2021 malaria report, it is considered to be endemic in 85 countries and territories. Malaria elimination programmes have also faced many challenges, such as widespread asymptomatic carriers in endemic regions, and they should be considered in malaria-control programmes in endemic areas for successful transmission interruption. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infections, and associated factors in Debre Elias district communities, Northwest Ethiopia from May to Jun 2018. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among selected kebeles in Debre Elias district, Amhara region, North-western Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling technique was carried out to select representative households. A total of 440 randomly selected households were included, of which one individual per household was sampled for laboratory examination. Malaria prevalence was determined by light microscopy of stained blood films and using CareStart™ Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/Pv) Combo rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A structured questionnaire was employed to collect socio-demographic data and associated risk factors. Data entry and analysis were carried out using Epi data 3.1 and SPSS version 23 software, respectively. The association between dependent and independent variables was explored by using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Statistically significant association was declared at P-value of < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 440 (333 asymptomatic and 107 symptomatic) individuals were included in this study. The overall prevalence of malaria was 5% with the majority (59.1%) of infections caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Among asymptomatic participants, 4.8% (n = 16, 95% CI = 2.6-7.3) and 4.2% (n = 14, 95% CI = 2.1-6.5) were diagnosed and confirmed by RDT and light microscopy respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of malaria among 107 symptomatic individuals was 7.5% (n = 8, 95% CI = 2.8-12.6) by either RDT or light microscopy. Utilization of insecticide-treated net (ITN), availability of ITN, house with eave, previous history of malaria infection, and family history of malaria infection were significantly associated with malaria infection (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, the prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria was moderate. Screening of both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria in the community is very important to scale up intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Kebede
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Prevalence of Malaria and Associated Risk Factors among the Community of Mizan-Aman Town and Its Catchment Area in Southwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:3503317. [PMID: 35464173 PMCID: PMC9019455 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3503317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia is a Sub-Saharan African country with a high annual malaria case count, owing to the majority of the country's geography favoring vector rearing. As part of the country's prevention-based health policy, substantial efforts have been made to control and prevent malaria transmission. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria and the associated factors in the community of Mizan-Aman and its catchment. Materials and Methods From September to October 2021, a community-based cross-sectional survey was undertaken among the communities of Mizan-Aman town and its catchment area in Southwest Ethiopia. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, as well as a capillary blood sample from each study participant. Epi-data manager (v4.0.2.101) was used to enter the data and analyzed by SPSS version 25.0. A statistical significance was set at a P value of <0.05. Result The study comprised a total of 412 people, of which 87 (21.1%) tested positive for malaria parasites, with a greater prevalence reported among those aged 25 to 34 years (5.8%). Individuals who lived near stagnant water were more likely to become infected with the malaria parasite (AOR = 8.996, 95% CI: 5.087-15.908) compared to those who lived further away, in warm climates, and those who did not use insecticide-treated bed nets were more susceptible to malaria parasite infection (AOR = 4.647, 95% CI: 1.257-17.184) compared to those who did use ITN and With (AOR = 0.466, 95% CI: 0.218-0.996 and AOR = 0.352, 95% CI: 0.206-0.604); participants with a history of antimalarial medication appear to have a protective function against malaria infection, respectively. Conclusion The overall malaria prevalence in this study was 87 (21.1%), demonstrating that malaria remains a significant concern to the populations in the study area, with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for the vast majority of cases.
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Negatu GA, Abebe GA, Yalew WG. Prevalence of Malaria and Associated Factors among Malaria-Suspected Patients Attending Hamusit Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:1306049. [PMID: 35360675 PMCID: PMC8964168 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1306049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the major public health problems in developing countries like Ethiopia. Despite efforts to reduce the mortality and morbidity, the disease is still a prominent health problem in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, was undertaken to assess the prevalence of malaria and associated factors among symptomatic patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2020 among 210 febrile patients attending Hamusit Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and factors perceived to be associated with Plasmodium infection. Questionnaire data was collected through face to face interview. Thin and thick blood films were prepared from capillary blood buffy coat samples. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software version 20. Results Out of 210 malaria-suspected participants, 61 (29.0%) were confirmed to be infected by Plasmodium species. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax monoinfections were detected in 41 (19.5%) and 10 (4.8%) participants, respectively. Mixed infection was detected in 10 (4.8%) participants. Female participants (AOR = 2.261; 95% CI: 1.118-4.571; P = 0.023) and those having family members with history of malaria (AOR =2.261; 95% CI: 1.264-5.340; P = 0.009) had higher odds of acquiring Plasmodium infection as compared to their counterparts. Using insecticide-treated bed net and draining stagnant water were the most commonly mentioned malaria prevention measures reported by 71.9% and 8.1% of the respondents, respectively. Conclusion Malaria contributes significantly for febrile illnesses in the study area. Therefore, community mobilization should be strengthen in order to improve implementation of malaria control activities and, hence, reducing the prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Abeje Negatu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Getaneh Alemu Abebe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Ketema T, Bacha K, Getahun K, del Portillo HA, Bassat Q. Plasmodium vivax epidemiology in Ethiopia 2000-2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009781. [PMID: 34525091 PMCID: PMC8476039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia is one of the scarce African countries where Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum co-exist. There has been no attempt to derive a robust prevalence estimate of P. vivax in the country although a clear understanding of the epidemiology of this parasite is essential for informed decisions. This systematic review and meta-analysis, therefore, is aimed to synthesize the available evidences on the distribution of P. vivax infection by different locations/regions, study years, eco-epidemiological zones, and study settings in Ethiopia. METHODS This study was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reposting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies conducted and published over the last two decades (2000 to 2020) that reported an estimate of P. vivax prevalence in Ethiopia were included. The Cochrane Q (χ2) and the I2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity, and the funnel plot and Egger's test were used to examine publication bias. A p-value of the χ2 test <0.05 and an I2 value >75% were considered presence of considerable heterogeneity. Random effect models were used to obtain pooled estimate of P. vivax infection prevalence. This study is registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews): ID CRD42020201761. RESULTS We screened 4,932 records and included 79 studies that enrolled 1,676,659 confirmed malaria cases, from which 548,214 (32.69%) were P. vivax infections and 1,116,581 (66.59%) were due to P. falciparum. The rest were due to mixed infections. The pooled estimate of P. vivax prevalence rate was 8.93% (95% CI: 7.98-9.88%) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 100%, p<0.0001). Regional differences showed significant effects (p<0.0001, and I2 = 99.4%) on the pooled prevalence of P. vivax, while study years (before and after the scaling up of interventional activities) did not show significant differences (p = 0.9, I2 = 0%). Eco-epidemiological zones considered in the analysis did show a significant statistical effect (p<0.001, I2 = 78.5%) on the overall pooled estimate prevalence. Also, the study setting showed significant differences (p = 0.001, and I2 = 90.3%) on the overall prevalence, where significant reduction of P. vivax prevalence (4.67%, 95%CI: 1.41-7.93%, p<0.0001) was observed in studies conducted at the community level. The studies included in the review demonstrated lack of publication bias qualitatively (symmetrical funnel plot) and quantitatively [Egger's test (coefficient) = -2.97, 95% CI: -15.06-9.13, p = 0.62]. CONCLUSION The estimated prevalence of P. vivax malaria in Ethiopia was 8.93% with P. vivax prevailing in the central west region of Ethiopia, but steadily extending to the western part of the country. Its distribution across the nation varies according to geographical location, study setting and study years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsige Ketema
- Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma, Ethiopia
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ketema Bacha
- Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kefelegn Getahun
- Jimma University, College of Social Sciences and Humanity, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Hernando A. del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- IGTP, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
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Lumborg S, Tefera S, Munslow B, Mor SM. Examining local perspectives on the influence of climate change on the health of Hamer pastoralists and their livestock in Ethiopia. PASTORALISM 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13570-021-00191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study explores the perceived influence of climate change on the health of Hamer pastoralists and their livestock in south-western Ethiopia. A combination of focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted with Hamer communities as well as local health workers, animal health workers and non-governmental organisation (NGO) staff. Thematic framework analysis was used to analyse the data. Reductions in rangeland, erratic rainfall, recurrent droughts and loss of seasonality were perceived to be the biggest climate challenges influencing the health and livelihoods of the Hamer. Communities were travelling greater distances to access sufficient grazing lands, and this was leading to livestock deaths and increases in ethnic violence. Reductions in suitable rangeland were also precipitating disease outbreaks in animals due to increased mixing of different herds. Negative health impacts in the community stemmed indirectly from decreases in livestock production, uncertain crop harvests and increased water scarcity. The remoteness of grazing lands has resulted in decreased availability of animal milk, contributing to malnutrition in vulnerable groups, including children. Water scarcity in the region has led to utilisation of unsafe water sources resulting in diarrhoeal illnesses. Further, seasonal shifts in climate-sensitive diseases such as malaria were also acknowledged. Poorly resourced healthcare facilities with limited accessibility combined with an absence of health education has amplified the community’s vulnerability to health challenges. The resilience and ambition for livelihood diversification amongst the Hamer was evident. The introduction of camels, increase in permanent settlements and new commercial ideas were transforming their livelihood strategies. However, the Hamer lack a voice to express their perspectives, challenges and ambitions. There needs to be collaborative dynamic dialogue between pastoral communities and the policy-makers to drive sustainable development in the area without compromising the values, traditions and knowledge of the pastoralists.
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Yirsaw AN, Gebremariam RB, Getnet WA, Mihret MS. Insecticide-treated net utilization and associated factors among pregnant women and under-five children in East Belessa District, Northwest Ethiopia: using the Health Belief model. Malar J 2021; 20:130. [PMID: 33663516 PMCID: PMC7971121 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria during pregnancy and childhood is one of the major public health challenges globally. Its prevalence is huge in Africa, especially in sub-Saharan countries and Ethiopia. Insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) use is one of the primary malaria preventive strategies. Previous studies did not adequately address the health belief and behaviour-related correlates of ITN using health belief model (HBM), although a number of studies were conducted in this theme. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of ITN utilization among pregnant women and under five children in east Belessa district, northwest Ethiopia, 2020. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional mixed study was conducted in east Belessa district from February 01-30/2020. A total of 724 eligible participants were included in the quantitative study. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used. The quantitative data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi data version 4.6.0.2 and then exported to SPSS version 16 for analysis. The binary logistic regression model was fitted and the level of significance was declared based on AOR with its 95% CI and p-value ≤ 0.05. Meanwhile, the qualitative data were collected using focus group discussions and key informant interviews, and analysed using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS The prevalence of ITN utilization was 56.5% (95% CI 53.0, 60.2) and independently predicted by a corrugated iron roof of the house (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI 1.15, 2.22), rural residence (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.11,2.28), ≥ 2 number of rooms in the house (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.06, 2.30) and high level of perceived barrier (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.38,0.74). In the qualitative findings, the main barrier was connected to misconceptions and misperception towards malaria and ITN. CONCLUSION The prevalence of ITN utilization in the study area was lower than the national target (100%). It was significantly associated with household characteristics, residence, and level of a perceived barrier. Reversing the community's misconceptions through information, education and communication (IEC), and behavioural change communication (BCC) would enhance ITN utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlaku Nigusie Yirsaw
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Resom Berhe Gebremariam
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wallelign Alemnew Getnet
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Muhabaw Shumye Mihret
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Minwuyelet A, Eshetu T, Milikit D, Aschale Y. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Plasmodium Infection in Gondar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3969-3975. [PMID: 33177847 PMCID: PMC7649210 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s278932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the major public health problems worldwide. In Ethiopia, an increase in malaria incidence may be attributed to the presence of community-wide asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. This study aims to assess asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and associated factors in Gondar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar Zuria district from May to June 2019. Angacha and Hamsafeg villages were randomly selected from Tachtseda and Hamsafeg kebeles, respectively. Fifty-three (53) households were selected using systematic random sampling to recruit a total of 251 study participants. Sociodemographic data were collected using structured questionnaires. Thin and thick blood films were prepared and examined for evidence of parasites. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23. The association between dependent (asymptomatic Plasmodium infection) and independent (sex, age group, family size and previous history of malaria) variables was explored using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Statistically significant association was declared at a P-value of <0.05. Results A total of 251 individuals were tested, of whom 53.4% were females and 33.5% were above the age of 30 years. The prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection was 12%. The highest prevalence of malaria was observed in females (6.4%) and among the age group 15–29 years (4.4%). The majority (70%) of study participants had <500 parasites/μL of blood. A high parasitemia level (ie ≥1000 parasites/μL of blood) was observed in the age group 15–29 years. Age group, bed net usage and previous history of malaria were significantly associated with asymptomatic Plasmodium infection (P<0.05). Conclusion Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection remains an important public health problem in the study area. Further studies using more sensitive diagnostic methods are required to scale up the eradication and control program of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awoke Minwuyelet
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tegegne Eshetu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnaneh Milikit
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Aychiluhm SB, Gelaye KA, Angaw DA, Dagne GA, Tadesse AW, Abera A, Dillu D. Determinants of malaria among under-five children in Ethiopia: Bayesian multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1468. [PMID: 32993550 PMCID: PMC7526346 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, malaria is one of the public health problems, and it is still among the ten top leading causes of morbidity and mortality among under-five children. However, the studies conducted in the country have been inconclusive and inconsistent. Thus, this study aimed to assess factors associated with malaria among under-five children in Ethiopia. METHODS We retrieved secondary data from the malaria indicator survey data collected from September 30 to December 10, 2015, in Ethiopia. A total of 8301 under-five-year-old children who had microscopy test results were included in the study. Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models were fitted and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the model parameters using Gibbs sampling. Adjusted Odd Ratio with 95% credible interval in the multivariable model was used to select variables that have a significant association with malaria. RESULTS In this study, sleeping under the insecticide-treated bed nets during bed time (ITN) [AOR 0.58,95% CI, 0.31-0.97)], having 2 and more ITN for the household [AOR 0.43, (95% CI, 0.17-0.88)], have radio [AOR 0.41, (95% CI, 0.19-0.78)], have television [AOR 0.19, (95% CI, 0.01-0.89)] and altitude [AOR 0.05, (95% CI, 0.01-0.13)] were the predictors of malaria among under-five children. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that sleeping under ITN, having two and more ITN for the household, altitude, availability of radio, and television were the predictors of malaria among under-five children in Ethiopia. Thus, the government should strengthen the availability and utilization of ITN to halt under-five mortality due to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setognal Birara Aychiluhm
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.
| | - Kassahun Alemu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dessie Abebaw Angaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abay Woday Tadesse
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Dillu
- Ethiopian Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Ipa M, Widawati M, Laksono AD, Kusrini I, Dhewantara PW. Variation of preventive practices and its association with malaria infection in eastern Indonesia: Findings from community-based survey. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232909. [PMID: 32379812 PMCID: PMC7205284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographical variation may likely influence the effectiveness of prevention efforts for malaria across Indonesia, in addition to factors at the individual level, household level, and contextual factors. This study aimed to describe preventive practices at individual and a household levels applied by rural communities in five provinces in eastern Indonesia and its association with the incidence of malaria among adult (≥15 years) populations. METHODS This study analyzed a subset of data of nationally representative community-based survey 2018 Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). Data for socio-demographic (age, gender, education and occupation) and preventive behaviors (use of mosquito bed nets while slept, insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs), mosquito repellent, mosquito electric rackets, mosquito coil/electric anti-mosquito mats, and mosquito window screen) were collected. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS Total of 56,159 respondents (n = 23,070 households) living in rural areas in Maluku (n = 8044), North Maluku (n = 7356), East Nusa Tenggara (n = 23,254), West Papua (n = 5759) and Papua (n = 11,746) were included in the study. In the multivariable models, using a bed net while slept likely reduced the odds of self-reported malaria among Maluku participants. Reduced odds ratios of self-reported malaria were identified in those participants who used ITNs (North Maluku, ENT, Papua), repellent (Maluku, West Papua, Papua), anti-mosquito racket (ENT), coil (Maluku, North Maluku, Papua) and window screen (West Papua, Papua). CONCLUSION Our study concluded that the protective effects of preventive practices were varied among localities, suggesting the need for specific intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ipa
- Pangandaran Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Mutiara Widawati
- Pangandaran Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Agung Dwi Laksono
- Center of Research and Development of Humanities and Health Management, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ina Kusrini
- Magelang Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara
- Pangandaran Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia
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Woday A, Mohammed A, Gebre A, Urmale K. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Malaria among Febrile Children in Afar Region, Ethiopia: A Health Facility Based Study. Ethiop J Health Sci 2020; 29:613-622. [PMID: 31666783 PMCID: PMC6813264 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v29i5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia and it affects children under five and pregnant mothers. Theprevalence of malaria is not well studied though the burden is expected to be high in low lands of Afar region.Therefore, this study attempts to assess the prevalence and associated factors of malaria among under five children in the pastoral community. Methods Cross-sectional study design was employed from April 15th to 15th May 2018 on a sample of 484 under-five children who visited the randomly selected health facilities of Dubti district, Afar region.The study participants were recruited randomly with the basic assumption that their arrival at health facilities is random. The main outcome variable was parasitological confirmed malaria among under five children and it was measured using either microscopy blood film examination. Binary logistic regression model was done to measure the association between confirmed malaria infection and its predictors. Independent variables with p-value less than 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis model. Statistical significance level was declared at p-value less than 0.05. Results The prevalence of malaria among febrile under-five children was 64% (95% CI 59.5%–68.4%). Of these, more than half (66.5%) and one-fifth (22. 2%) of the cases were caused by p.falciparum and p.vivax respectively. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed thatliving in rural residence [AOR=1.77: 95% CI 1.10–2.85], having educated mother [AOR=0.406: 95% CI 0.26–0.63], age of child ([AOR=2.98: 95% CI 1.41–6.32], sex of child [AOR=1.99: 95% CI 1.29–3.08], not sleep under ITN [AOR=9.10: 95% CI 1.01- 82.58], ITN availability [AOR=2.23: 95% CI 1.01- 4.89] and history of malaria infection among family members [AOR=9.10: 95% CI 1.01–82.58] were the independent predictors of malaria infection among under five children. Conclusion The overall prevalence of malaria among under-five children was high compared to the national prevalence of malaria among the general population. Health care providers (HCPs) should educate parents/guardians regarding proper utilization of ITN at night. In addiotion, they should provide early treatment for febrile family members to halt the transmission of malaria. The regional government should give due attention to supply of ITN and enhance the awareness of the community. Additional longitudinal studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abay Woday
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Malaria Prevention and Control, Dubti District Health Office, Dubti, Ethiopia
| | - Abel Gebre
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Kusse Urmale
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
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Deress T, Girma M. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Prevalence in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Malar Res Treat 2019; 2019:7065064. [PMID: 32089818 PMCID: PMC7024085 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7065064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a protozoan disease caused by the Plasmodium species. Among the five Plasmodium species. Among the five Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria are by far the most predominant and widely distributed in Ethiopia. Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in the sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. It is also a major obstacle to socio-economic development in the country. METHODS Articles were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases. The pooled prevalence estimates were analyzed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model and the possible sources of heterogeneity were evaluated through subgroup analysis, metaregression, and sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was analyzed using funnel plots and Egger's test statistics. The data management and analysis were done using STATA 15.1 version software. RESULTS Among 922 studies initially identified, thirty-five full-text articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in the study. The combined, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria are by far the most predominant and widely. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis showed a high malaria prevalence in Ethiopia. Therefore, previous prevention and control measures should be revised and/or strengthened as appropriate and new strategies should be implemented. In addition, technical, financial and material support, and coordination of the regional capacity building and logistics should be adequately implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshiwal Deress
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Girma
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Sutanto I, Kosasih A, Elyazar IRF, Simanjuntak DR, Larasati TA, Dahlan MS, Wahid I, Mueller I, Koepfli C, Kusriastuti R, Surya A, Laihad FJ, Hawley WA, Collins FH, Baird JK, Lobo NF. Negligible Impact of Mass Screening and Treatment on Mesoendemic Malaria Transmission at West Timor in Eastern Indonesia: A Cluster-Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1364-1372. [PMID: 29579195 PMCID: PMC6186863 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mass screening and treatment (MST) aims to reduce malaria risk in communities by identifying and treating infected persons without regard to illness. Methods A cluster-randomized trial evaluated malaria incidence with and without MST. Clusters were randomized to 3, 2, or no MST interventions: MST3, 6 clusters (156 households/670 individuals); MST2, 5 clusters (89 households/423 individuals); and MST0, 5 clusters (174 households/777 individuals). All clusters completed the study with 14 residents withdrawing. In a cohort of 324 schoolchildren (MST3, n = 124; MST2, n = 57; MST0, n = 143) negative by microscopy at enrollment, we evaluated the incidence density of malaria during 3 months of MST and 3 months following. The MST intervention involved community-wide expert malaria microscopic screening and standard therapy with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and primaquine for glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase–normal subjects. All blood examinations included polymerase chain reaction assays, which did not guide on-site treatment. Results The risk ratios for incidence density of microscopically patent malaria in MST3 or MST2 relative to that in MST0 clusters were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], .53–1.91) and 1.22 (95% CI, .42–3.55), respectively. Similar results were obtained with molecular analysis and species-specific (P. falciparum and P. vivax) infections. Microscopically subpatent, untreated infections accounted for 72% of those infected. Conclusions Two or 3 rounds of MST within 3 months did not impact the force of anopheline mosquito-borne infection in these communities. The high rate of untreated microscopically subpatent infections likely explains the observed poor impact. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01878357.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Sutanto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Ayleen Kosasih
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | | | - Deddy R Simanjuntak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Tri A Larasati
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | | | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanudin, Makasar, Indonesia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rita Kusriastuti
- Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Asik Surya
- Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - J Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Indonesia.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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Abstract
Background Malaria is an increasing concern in Indonesia. Socio-demographic factors were found to strongly influence malaria prevalence. This research aimed to explore the associations between socio-demographic factors and malaria prevalence in Indonesia. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design and analysed relationships among the explanatory variables of malaria prevalence in five endemic provinces using multivariable logistic regression. Results The analysis of baseline socio-demographic data revealed the following independent risk variables related to malaria prevalence: gender, age, occupation, knowledge of the availability of healthcare services, measures taken to protect from mosquito bites, and housing condition of study participants. Multivariable analysis showed that participants who were unaware of the availability of health facilities were 4.2 times more likely to have malaria than those who were aware of the health facilities (adjusted odds ratio = 4.18; 95% CI 1.52–11.45; P = 0.005). Conclusions Factors that can be managed and would favour malaria elimination include a range of prevention behaviours at the individual level and using the networks at the community level of primary healthcare centres. This study suggests that improving the availability of a variety of health facilities in endemic areas, information about their services, and access to these is essential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2760-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Utilization and Associated Factors of Insecticide Treated Bed Net among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic of Addis Zemen Hospital, North-Western Ethiopia: An Institutional Based Study. Malar Res Treat 2018; 2018:3647184. [PMID: 30675334 PMCID: PMC6323465 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3647184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Insecticide treated bed net (ITN) is one type of cost-effective vector control approach for the prevention of malaria. It has to be treated with insecticide and needs ongoing treatment with chemicals. Malaria infcetion during pregnancy is a amajor health problem in Ethiopia. Little is known about the utilization of ITN by pregnant women in the study area. This study was aimed to assess utilization and associated factors of insecticide-treated nets among pregnant women in Adis Zemen Hospital. Methods This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in Adis Zemen from May 1 to 30, 2018, among 226 pregnant mothers. After obtaining informed consent, data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire via face to face interview. To reach the study unit, a systematic random sampling technique was used. The collected data were entered, cleaned, checked using Epi data version 3.1, and finally analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary and multivariable logistic regressions were computed to identify significantly associated variables at 95% confidence interval. Result A total of 226 pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinics participated in making the response rate 100%. Among a total 226 subjects, 160(70.8%) of mothers had good utilization of insecticide bet net. Mothers who had an educational status of college and above were 2.8 times more likely to utilize insecticide-treated bed net than mothers who could not read and write (AOR; 2. 8: CI; 1.9, 6.5). Mothers whose age was >30 were 70% times less likely utilized insecticide-treated bed net than mothers whose age was 30 and less (AOR;.3: CI;.2,.6). Conclusion and Recommendation Utilization of insecticide-treated bed net by pregnant women is low in the study area. The participants' age, educational status, household monthly income, and husband educational status were significantly associated with utilization of insecticide-treated bed net. Different stakeholders shall give a special attention to awareness creation on advantageous of insecticide bed net.
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Fekadu M, Yenit MK, Lakew AM. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia and associated factors among adults in Dembia district, northwest Ethiopia, 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 76:74. [PMID: 30598821 PMCID: PMC6300894 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-018-0323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Malaria is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Its prevalence has been declining among Ethiopian adults, especially in Dembia district. However, it is still at the top of diseases list at the district. Hence, the study aimed to determine the prevalence and the factors that contribute to its being the major public health concern despite different preventive and control measures in place. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 11 to November 16, 2017. The multistage sampling technique was employed to select 832 study participants. A rapid diagnostic test were used to confirm the disease. Data were entered using Epi info version 7 and was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. The logistic regression model was performed to examine the association of factors with malaria parasite. Results Out of the 832 adults included in the study, 6.7% (95% Confidence Interval (CI: 5.2–8.7)) were confirmed to be malaria parasite carriers. The dominant plasmodium species was Plasmodium falciparum [46 (82%)]. According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, male sex (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR = 4.5; 95%CI: 2.1–9.5), adult age 15–19 years (AOR = 4.5; 95%CI: 2.1–9.7), travel history (AOR = 5; 95%CI: 2.34–12.25), and stagnant water around home (AOR = 3.7; 95%CI: 1.57–8.87) increased the probability of malaria infectivity, while Insecticidal Treated Nets (ITN) utilization (AOR = 0.2; 95%CI: 0.09–0.31) decreased it. Conclusion Malaria is still an important public health challenge among adults in the study area. Male sex, age 15–19 years, travel history, living around stagnant water, and not using ITN increased the probability of infection. Therefore, the District Health office and Health extension workers should work to increase ITN distribution and focus on reducing malaria breading sites through community participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesafint Fekadu
- North Gondar Zone Public Health Emergency Management, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Kindie Yenit
- 2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Po.Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Molla Lakew
- 2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Po.Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Mebrahtu K, Getachew S, Tesfaye T, Sahlu E, Aragaw K. Sero-epidemiological study of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats under different production systems in South Omo, southern Ethiopia. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ergete S, Sorsa S, Loha E, Asnake S. Trend of Malaria Cases in Hana and Keyafer Health Centers, South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2018; 28:277-286. [PMID: 29983527 PMCID: PMC6016364 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v28i3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data registered in health facilities about malaria are vital source of information regarding the trend and pattern of the disease. Moreover the data also used to evaluate the impact of the intervention methods and to plan malaria control accordingly. The aim of this study was to assess the number of malaria cases in the service providing health institutions of South Omo Zone, SNNPR, over a period of seven years, 2008-2014. Methods A retrospective review of routinely collected and recorded data on malaria was conducted at Hana and Keyafer health centers located in South OmoZone, during December-March/2014. Result This retrospective study examined records of 54,160 presumptive and confirmed malaria cases registered over seven years (January 2008-December 2014). Among the registered, a total of 22,494 laboratory confirmed malaria cases were reported. The mean annual prevalence of malaria was 3213, with total slide positivity rate (SPR) of 41.53%. The seven years' overall trend of malaria occurrence in the study sites showed a fluctuating trend from 2008 to 20114. P. falciparum was the predominant species with no trend shift in seven years period. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 61.03% and Plasmodium vivax for 32.44%. Most of the confirmed cases were males (63.26%) and most were above 15 years old (70.7%). Rainfall at lag of one month was significantly predicting number of cases at Hana Health center (P< 0.001), though it was found to be not significant in case of Keyafer Health Center. Conclusion The finding of the retrospective study revealed that malaria still remains as a public health problem in the study areas. The deadly species P. falciparium was most predominant, and the age group above 15 was more infected. Hence, malaria intervention methods should be scaled up in the study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solomon Sorsa
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Eskindir Loha
- College of Medicine and Health sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Asnake
- College of Medicine and Health sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Zerfu B, Medhin G, Mamo G, Getahun G, Tschopp R, Legesse M. Community-based prevalence of typhoid fever, typhus, brucellosis and malaria among symptomatic individuals in Afar Region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006749. [PMID: 30286076 PMCID: PMC6191156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa, where there is the scarcity of proper diagnostic tools, febrile illness related symptoms are often misdiagnosed as malaria. Information on causative agents of febrile illness related symptoms among pastoral communities in Ethiopia have rarely been described. METHODS In this a community based cross-sectional survey, we assessed the prevalence of typhoid fever, typhus, brucellosis and malaria among individuals with a set of given symptoms in Amibara district, Afar Region, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 650 study participants, and examined by Widal and Weilfelix direct card agglutination test (DCAT) as well as test tube based titration test for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) and Rickettsia infections. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT) were used to screen Brucella infection. Thin and thick blood smears were used to diagnosis malaria. RESULTS Out of 630 sera screened by DCAT, 83 (13.2%) were reactive to H and/or O antigens for S. Typhi infection. Among these, 46 (55.4%) were reactive by the titration test at the cut off value ≥ 1:80. The combined sero-prevalence for S. Typhi by the two tests was 7.3% (46/630). The seroprevalence for Rickettsia infection was 26.2% (165/630) by DCAT and 53.3% (88/165) by the titration test at the cut off value ≥ 1:80. The combined sero-prevalence for Rickettsia infection by the two tests was 14.0% (88/630). The sero-prevalence for Brucella infection was 12.7% (80/630) by RBPT, of which 28/80 (35%) were positive by CFT. The combined sero-prevalence for Brucella infection by the two tests was 4.4% (28/630). Out 650 suspected individuals for malaria, 16 (2.5%) were found positive for P. falciparum infection. CONCLUSION In this study, typhoid fever, typhus, brucellosis and malaria were observed among symptomatic individuals. The study also highlighted that brucellosis cases can be misdiagnosed as malaria or other disease based solely on clinical diagnosis. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve disease awareness and laboratory services for the diagnosis of brucellosis and other zoonotic diseases to identify other causes of febrile illness in this pastoral setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Zerfu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Microbiology Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegn Getahun
- Melka Werer Health Center, Amibara district, Melka Were, Ethiopia
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Swiss TPH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Microbiology Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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