Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Executive Function: A Systematic Review of the Moderating Role of Intensity and Executive Function Domain

Acute Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Exercise on Recognition of Relational Memory, Lactate, and Serum and Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

ABSTRACT

Baumgartner, NW, Belbis, MD, Kargl, C, Holmes, MJ, Gavin, TP, Hirai, DM, and Kao, S-C. Acute effects of high-intensity resistance exercise on recognition of relational memory, lactate, and serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Acute aerobic exercise improves memory, but this phenomenon is understudied in response to resistance exercise (RE) despite evidence that RE-induced increases in lactate and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play mechanistic roles in memory performance. To determine the acute effect of RE on lactate, BDNF, and their associations with object and relational memory, blood lactate, and serum and plasma BDNF were taken from 36 adults (average age 23.64 ± 3.89 years; 18 woman) before and immediately after 42 minutes of high-intensity RE and a rest condition on counterbalanced days. Subjects then immediately studied a series of paired objects and completed object and relational recognition tasks. Results revealed a condition by trial interaction, previously studied objects were remembered less accurately following RE (d = 0.66) but recognition occurred faster (d = 0.28), indicating a speed-accuracy tradeoff following RE. There was no effect of either intervention on relational recognition performance. Lactate (d = 3.68) and serum BDNF (d = 0.74) increased following RE, whereas there was no time-related change in lactate and serum BDNF following rest. However, changes in lactate and BDNF did not predict any measures of object (rs < 0.25, ps > 0.16) or relation recognition (rs < 0.28, ps > 0.13). Collectively, these findings suggest that acute high-intensity RE selectively improves the processing speed of recognizing objects at the cost of less accurate recognition of previously studied objects. Furthermore, changes in object and relational memory performance are unlikely driven by acute increases in lactate or BDNF following high-intensity RE.

The Role of Physical Activity in Adjunctive Nursing Management of Neuro-Degenerative Diseases among Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Interventional Studies

Neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's disease pose significant challenges to older adults globally. While pharmacological treatments remain primary, increasing evidence supports the role of non-pharmacological strategies like physical activity in managing these conditions. This systematic review critically evaluates the effectiveness of Nursing based physical activity interventions in improving cognitive function, physical functioning, mobility, and overall quality of life among older adults with neurodegenerative diseases. We conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and other relevant databases, focusing on randomized controlled trials and observational studies that examined the impact of structured physical activity. Our findings from nineteen studies involving 1673 participants indicate that interventions ranging from aerobic exercises, resistance training, to mind-body exercises like Tai Chi and yoga have beneficial effects. Specifically, physical activity was consistently found to enhance cognitive performance, increase mobility, and improve balance and daily living activities, contributing to a better quality of life. However, these benefits vary depending on the type, intensity, and duration of the activity performed. Despite promising results, limitations such as small sample sizes, study heterogeneity, and short-term follow-up periods call for more robust, long-term studies to solidify these findings. This review underscores the potential of tailored physical activity programs as adjunctive therapy in the comprehensive management of neurodegenerative diseases among the elderly population.

Changes in EEG Activity and Cognition Related to Physical Activity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Aging is generally associated with a decline in important cognitive functions that can be observed in EEG. Physical activity in older adults should be considered one of the main strategies to promote health and prevent disease in the elderly. The present study aimed to systematically review studies of EEG activity and cognitive function changes associated with physical activity in older adults. Records from PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases were searched and, following the PRISMA guidelines, nine studies were included in the present systematic review. A risk of bias assessment was performed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Case-control Studies instrument. The studies analyzed used two main strategies to determine the effects of physical activity on cognition and EEG: (1) multiscale entropy and power frequencies; and (2) event-related potentials. In terms of EEG activity, it can be concluded that exercise-induced neuroplasticity underlies improvements in cognitive function in healthy older adults.

Combined effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise on inhibitory control function in healthy young adults: An event-related potential study

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and aerobic exercise (AE) have been demonstrated to enhance inhibitory control function in healthy individuals separately. However, the potential benefits of combining these two interventions have yet to be fully explored. In this study, we aimed to use multiple event-related potential (ERP) components (P200, N200, and N450) to investigate the combined effects of tDCS and AE on the improvement of inhibitory control ability in healthy young adults. We evaluated the influence of this combined intervention on cognitive tasks involving inhibitory control function and basic information processing by performing the Stroop Word Color task. Our results showed that compared to the application of tDCS or AE alone, the combined intervention of tDCS and AE had a greater effect on improving inhibitory control function in healthy young adults. The amplitude of P200, N200, and N450 ERP components also changed more significantly during the Stroop Word Color task. We concluded that the mechanism of tDCS combined with AE in improving inhibitory control ability may involve synergistic effects on brain structures at different levels, such as regulating interactions at the reticular activating system level and activating corresponding brain regions at the medial frontal lobe and frontal lobe levels.

Effects of Physical Exercise on Executive Functions among College Students in China: Exploring the Influence of Exercise Intensity and Duration

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the effects of exercise intensity and duration on executive functions among college students in China.

METHOD

Participants in this study were Chinese college students divided into four groups based on exercise duration and intensity. Each group engaged in physical exercise twice a week for six weeks. Group 1 performed low-intensity exercises for 10 min per session; Group 2 performed low-intensity exercises for 20 min per session; Group 3 performed high-intensity exercises for 10 min per session; and Group 4 performed high-intensity exercise for 20 min per session. Executive functions were assessed in all subjects before the experiment (time 1), after one exercise session (time 2), at the end of the exercise program (time 3), and six weeks after the exercise program (time 4). A mixed ANOVA with a 2 (exercise intensity: low/high) × 2 (duration: short/long) × 4 (time of measurement: time 1/time 2/time 3/time 4) design was employed, with exercise intensity and exercise duration as independent variables and executive functions as the dependent variable.

RESULTS

Mixed ANOVA showed that the results revealed a significant main effect of measurement time on working memory accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001); inhibition control accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001); cognitive flexibility accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001). A single session of high-intensity exercise significantly improved executive functions in college students. Both low-intensity and high-intensity exercise were effective in enhancing executive functions, with high-intensity exercise demonstrating better maintenance of the effect.

CONCLUSION

Both exercise intensity and exercise duration were found to enhance executive functions in college students, with exercise intensity showing greater effectiveness than exercise duration.

Acute effect of combined exercise with aerobic and resistance exercises on executive function

Objective

Recent studies indicate that acute exercise, whether aerobic exercise (AE) or resistance exercise (RE), improves cognitive function. However, the effects on cognitive function of combined exercise (CE), involving both AE and RE in an exercise session, remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute CE on cognitive function.

Design

Within-subject design with counterbalancing.

Methods

Fifteen healthy men with a sedentary lifestyle in the previous three months were recruited. The participants were assessed for muscular fitness after performing four upper body exercises for a 10-repetition maximum and underwent a submaximal aerobic fitness assessment for V̇O2peak and corresponding workload (watts). They were then assigned to a CE, RE, or sitting control (SC) session in counterbalanced order and were assessed with the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) after each session.

Results

Acute CE led to a significantly shorter response time compared to SC (p < .05) in the SCWT, wherein there were no significant differences between acute CE and RE (p = 1.00). Additionally, no significant differences in the accuracy rate were observed across the different sessions (ps > .05).

Conclusion

A single session of moderate-intensity CE improved response time in the SCWT, comparable to RE. CE shows promise for enhancing cognitive function, warranting further research on its benefits and other exercise modalities.