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Oh SI, Sheet S, Bui VN, Dao DT, Bui NA, Kim TH, Cha J, Park MR, Hur TY, Jung YH, Kim B, Lee HS, Cho A, Lim D. Transcriptome profiles of organ tissues from pigs experimentally infected with African swine fever virus in early phase of infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2366406. [PMID: 38847223 PMCID: PMC11210422 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2366406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious and fatal disease that poses a significant threat to the global pig industry. The limited information on ASFV pathogenesis and ASFV-host interactions has recently prompted numerous transcriptomic studies. However, most of these studies have focused on elucidating the transcriptome profiles of ASFV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. Here, we analyzed dynamic transcriptional patterns in vivo in nine organ tissues (spleen, submandibular lymph node, mesenteric lymph node, inguinal lymph node, tonsils, lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart) obtained from pigs in the early stages of ASFV infection (1 and 3 d after viremia). We observed rapid spread of ASFV to the spleen after viremia, followed by broad transmission to the liver and lungs and subsequently, the submandibular and inguinal lymph nodes. Profound variations in gene expression patterns were observed across all organs and at all time-points, providing an understanding of the distinct defence strategies employed by each organ against ASFV infection. All ASFV-infected organs exhibited a collaborative response, activating immune-associated genes such as S100A8, thereby triggering a pro-inflammatory cytokine storm and interferon activation. Functional analysis suggested that ASFV exploits the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway to evade the host immune system. Overall, our findings provide leads into the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and host immune responses in different organs during the early stages of infection, which can guide further explorations, aid the development of efficacious antiviral strategies against ASFV, and identify valuable candidate gene targets for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunirmal Sheet
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tung Dao
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Anh Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- TNT Research. Co., Ltd., R&D center, Sejong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Cha
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Rim Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hun Jung
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
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Chen TY, Ho YJ, Ko FY, Wu PY, Chang CJ, Ho SY. Multi-epitope vaccine design of African swine fever virus considering T cell and B cell immunogenicity. AMB Express 2024; 14:95. [PMID: 39215890 PMCID: PMC11365882 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
T and B cell activation are equally important in triggering and orchestrating adaptive host responses to design multi-epitope African swine fever virus (ASFV) vaccines. However, few design methods have considered the trade-off between T and B cell immunogenicity when identifying promising ASFV epitopes. This work proposed a novel Pareto front-based ASFV screening method PFAS to identify promising epitopes for designing multi-epitope vaccines utilizing five ASFV Georgia 2007/1 sequences. To accurately predict T cell immunogenicity, four scoring methods were used to estimate the T cell activation in the four stages, including proteasomal cleavage probability, transporter associated with antigen processing transport efficiency, class I binding affinity of the major histocompatibility complex, and CD8 + cytotoxic T cell immunogenicity. PFAS ranked promising epitopes using a Pareto front method considering T and B cell immunogenicity. The coefficient of determination between the Pareto ranks of multi-epitope vaccines and survival days of swine vaccinations was R2 = 0.95. Consequently, PFAS scored complete epitope profiles and identified 72 promising top-ranked epitopes, including 46 CD2v epitopes, two p30 epitopes, 10 p72 epitopes, and 14 pp220 epitopes. PFAS is the first method of using the Pareto front approach to identify promising epitopes that considers the objectives of maximizing both T and B cell immunogenicity. The top-ranked promising epitopes can be cost-effectively validated in vitro. The Pareto front approach can be adaptively applied to various epitope predictors for bacterial, viral and cancer vaccine developments. The MATLAB code of the Pareto front method was available at https://github.com/NYCU-ICLAB/PFAS .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Jen Ho
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Ko
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yin Wu
- Reber Genetics Co., Ltd. 13F, No. 160, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- Reber Genetics Co., Ltd. 13F, No. 160, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Shinn-Ying Ho
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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3
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Zhong K, Chen X, Zhang J, Jiang X, Zhang J, Huang M, Bi S, Ju C, Luo Y. Recent Advances in Oral Vaccines for Animals. Vet Sci 2024; 11:353. [PMID: 39195807 PMCID: PMC11360704 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11080353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides an overview of the delivery methods for oral vaccines, and the factors that influence their immunogenicity. We also highlight the global progress and achievements in the development and use of oral vaccines for animals, shedding light on potential future applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Xinting Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Junhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Junhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Minyi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Shuilian Bi
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China;
| | - Chunmei Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Perez-Duran F, Calderon-Rico F, Franco-Correa LE, Zamora-Aviles AG, Ortega-Flores R, Durand-Herrera D, Bravo-Patiño A, Cortes-Vieyra R, Hernandez-Morales I, Nuñez-Anita RE. Synthetic Peptides Elicit Humoral Response against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:652. [PMID: 38932381 PMCID: PMC11209519 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the immunogenic response elicited in swine by two synthetic peptides derived from GP5 to understand the role of lineal B epitopes in the humoral and B-cell-mediated response against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). For inoculation, twenty-one-day-old pigs were allocated into six groups: control, vehicle, vaccinated (Ingelvac-PRRSV, MLV®), non-vaccinated and naturally infected, GP5-B and GP5-B3. At 2 days post-immunization (dpi), the GP5-B3 peptide increased the serum concentrations of cytokines associated with activate adaptive cellular immunity, IL-1β (1.15 ± 1.15 to 10.17 ± 0.94 pg/mL) and IL-12 (323.8 ± 23.3 to 778.5 ± 58.11 pg/mL), compared to the control group. The concentration of IgGs anti-GP5-B increased in both cases at 21 and 42 dpi compared to that at 0 days (128.3 ± 8.34 ng/mL to 231.9 ± 17.82 and 331 ± 14.86 ng/mL), while IgGs anti-GP5-B3 increased at 21 dpi (105.1 ± 19.06 to 178 ± 15.09 ng/mL) and remained at the same level until 42 dpi. Also, antibody-forming/Plasma B cells (CD2+/CD21-) increased in both cases (9.85 ± 0.7% to 13.67 ± 0.44 for GP5-B and 15.72 ± 1.27% for GP5-B3). Furthermore, primed B cells (CD2-/CD21+) from immunized pigs showed an increase in both cases (9.62 ± 1.5% to 24.51 ± 1.3 for GP5-B and 34 ± 2.39% for GP5-B3) at 42 dpi. Conversely the naïve B cells from immunized pigs decreased compared with the control group (8.84 ± 0.63% to 6.25 ± 0.66 for GP5-B and 5.78 ± 0.48% for GP5-B3). Importantly, both GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides exhibited immunoreactivity against serum antibodies from the vaccinated group, as well as the non-vaccinated and naturally infected group. In conclusion, GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides elicited immunogenicity mediated by antigen-specific IgGs and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perez-Duran
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Fernando Calderon-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Luis Enrique Franco-Correa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alicia Gabriela Zamora-Aviles
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Roberto Ortega-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Daniel Durand-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ricarda Cortes-Vieyra
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ilane Hernandez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Investigacion Interdisciplinaria, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Leon, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Blv. UNAM No. 2011, Leon CP 37684, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
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Li J, Miller LC, Sang Y. Current Status of Vaccines for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Interferon Response, Immunological Overview, and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:606. [PMID: 38932335 PMCID: PMC11209547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a formidable challenge for the global pig industry. Caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), this disease primarily affects porcine reproductive and respiratory systems, undermining effective host interferon and other immune responses, resulting in vaccine ineffectiveness. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments for PRRSV, vaccines play a crucial role in managing the disease. The current market features a range of vaccine technologies, including live, inactivated, subunit, DNA, and vector vaccines, but only modified live virus (MLV) and killed virus (KV) vaccines are commercially available for PRRS control. Live vaccines are promoted for their enhanced protective effectiveness, although their ability to provide cross-protection is modest. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are emphasized for their safety profile but are limited in their protective efficacy. This review updates the current knowledge on PRRS vaccines' interactions with the host interferon system, and other immunological aspects, to assess their current status and evaluate advents in PRRSV vaccine development. It presents the strengths and weaknesses of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines in the prevention and management of PRRS, aiming to inspire the development of innovative strategies and technologies for the next generation of PRRS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyi Li
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
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Kamboj A, Dumka S, Saxena MK, Singh Y, Kaur BP, da Silva SJR, Kumar S. A Comprehensive Review of Our Understanding and Challenges of Viral Vaccines against Swine Pathogens. Viruses 2024; 16:833. [PMID: 38932126 PMCID: PMC11209531 DOI: 10.3390/v16060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pig farming has become a strategically significant and economically important industry across the globe. It is also a potentially vulnerable sector due to challenges posed by transboundary diseases in which viral infections are at the forefront. Among the porcine viral diseases, African swine fever, classical swine fever, foot and mouth disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, swine influenza, and transmissible gastroenteritis are some of the diseases that cause substantial economic losses in the pig industry. It is a well-established fact that vaccination is undoubtedly the most effective strategy to control viral infections in animals. From the period of Jenner and Pasteur to the recent new-generation technology era, the development of vaccines has contributed significantly to reducing the burden of viral infections on animals and humans. Inactivated and modified live viral vaccines provide partial protection against key pathogens. However, there is a need to improve these vaccines to address emerging infections more comprehensively and ensure their safety. The recent reports on new-generation vaccines against swine viruses like DNA, viral-vector-based replicon, chimeric, peptide, plant-made, virus-like particle, and nanoparticle-based vaccines are very encouraging. The current review gathers comprehensive information on the available vaccines and the future perspectives on porcine viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kamboj
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shaurya Dumka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
| | - Mumtesh Kumar Saxena
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yashpal Singh
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bani Preet Kaur
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
| | | | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
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García-Cambrón JB, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, Lara-Romero R, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Blancas-Flores G, Sánchez-Gaytán BL, Herrera-Camacho I, Cuevas-Romero JS. Development of Glycyrrhizinic Acid-Based Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP-GA) as An Adjuvant That Improves the Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Recombinant Protein. Viruses 2024; 16:431. [PMID: 38543796 PMCID: PMC10974312 DOI: 10.3390/v16030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has affected the pork industry worldwide and during outbreaks the mortality of piglets has reached 100%. Lipid nanocarriers are commonly used in the development of immunostimulatory particles due to their biocompatibility and slow-release delivery properties. In this study, we developed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) complex based on glycyrrhizinic acid (GA) and tested its efficacy as an adjuvant in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminal domain (NTD) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike (S) protein (rNTD-S). The dispersion stability analysis (Z-potential -27.6 mV) confirmed the size and charge stability of the LNP-GA, demonstrating that the particles were homogeneously dispersed and strongly anionic, which favors nanoparticles binding with the rNTD-S protein, which showed a slightly positive charge (2.11 mV) by in silico analysis. TEM image of LNP-GA revealed nanostructures with a spherical-bilayer lipid vesicle (~100 nm). The immunogenicity of the LNP-GA-rNTD-S complex induced an efficient humoral response 14 days after the first immunization (p < 0.05) as well as an influence on the cellular immune response by decreasing serum TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations, which was associated with an anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bryan García-Cambrón
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09089, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - Rocío Lara-Romero
- Programa de Estancia Posdoctoral, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - David Quintanar-Guerrero
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México 54740, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Blancas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09089, Mexico;
| | - Brenda L. Sánchez-Gaytán
- Centro de Química ICUAP, Laboratorio de Bioinorgánica Aplicada, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico;
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Centro de Química ICUAP, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio IC7, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico;
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
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Kong F, Jia H, Xiao Q, Fang L, Wang Q. Prevention and Control of Swine Enteric Coronaviruses in China: A Review of Vaccine Development and Application. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:11. [PMID: 38276670 PMCID: PMC10820180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECs) cause significant economic losses to the pig industry in China. Although many commercialized vaccines against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are available, viruses are still widespread. The recent emergence of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), for which no vaccines are available, increases the disease burden. In this review, we first introduced the genomic organization and epidemiology of SECs in China. Then, we discussed the current vaccine development and application in China, aiming to provide suggestions for better prevention and control of SECs in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhi Kong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Huilin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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9
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Sedano SA, Cantalejo MGCT, Lapitan CGAR, de Guzman AMES, Consignado JT, Tandang NA, Estacio MAC, Kerdsin A, Silva BBI. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis in smallhold swine farms in the Philippines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21178. [PMID: 38040767 PMCID: PMC10692119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the presence and characteristics of locally circulating strains of Streptococcus suis, the most important streptococcal pathogen in swine. Oral swab samples were collected from pigs from 664 representative smallhold farms across nine provinces in the Philippines. Isolates were identified and characterized using PCR assays. The study revealed an isolation rate of 15.8% (105/664, 95% CI: 13.0-18.6) among the sampled farms. Two hundred sixty-nine (269) S. suis isolates were recovered from 119 unique samples. Serotype 31 was the most prevalent (50/269, 95% CI: 13.9-23.2) among the other serotypes identified: 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 21, 27, 28, and 29. The detection of the three 'classical' S. suis virulence-associated genes showed that 90.7% (244/269, 95% CI: 87.2-94.2) were mrp-/epf-/sly-. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis further revealed 70 novel sequence types (STs). Notably, several local isolates belonging to these novel STs formed clonal complexes (CC) with S. suis strains recovered from Spain and USA, which are major pork-exporting countries to the Philippines. This study functionally marks the national baseline knowledge of S. suis in Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Sedano
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
| | - Mary Grace Concepcion T Cantalejo
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Christine Grace Angela R Lapitan
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Ecosystem Services and Environmental Policy Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Angelo Miguel Elijah S de Guzman
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Department of Agrarian Reform, Elliptical Road, Diliman, 1107, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jennielyn T Consignado
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Nancy A Tandang
- Institute of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Maria Amelita C Estacio
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand
| | - Benji Brayan Ilagan Silva
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
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10
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Galipó E, Zoche-Golob V, Sassu EL, Prigge C, Sjölund M, Tobias T, Rzeżutka A, Smith RP, Burow E. Prioritization of pig farm biosecurity for control of Salmonella and hepatitis E virus infections: results of a European expert opinion elicitation. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:8. [PMID: 36872376 PMCID: PMC9987137 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the literature, there is absent or weak evidence on the effectiveness of biosecurity measures to the control of Salmonella spp. and hepatitis E virus (HEV) on pig farms. Therefore, the present study aimed to collect, weigh, and compare opinions from experts on the relevance of several biosecurity measures. An online questionnaire was submitted to selected experts, from multiple European countries, knowledgeable on either HEV or Salmonella spp., in either indoor or outdoor pig farming systems (settings). The experts ranked the relevance of eight biosecurity categories with regards to effectiveness in reducing the two pathogens separately, by assigning a score from a total of 80, and within each biosecurity category they scored the relevance of specific biosecurity measures (scale 1-5). Agreement among experts was analysed across pathogens and across settings. RESULTS After filtering for completeness and expertise, 46 responses were analysed, with 52% of the experts identified as researchers/scientists, whereas the remaining 48% consisted of non-researchers, veterinary practitioners and advisors, governmental staff, and consultant/industrial experts. The experts self-declared their level of knowledge but neither Multidimensional Scaling nor k-means cluster analyses produced evidence of an association between expertise and the biosecurity answers, and so all experts' responses were analysed together without weighting or adaptation. Overall, the top-ranked biosecurity categories were pig mixing; cleaning and disinfection; feed, water and bedding; and purchase of pigs or semen, while the lowest ranked categories were transport, equipment, animals (other than pigs and including wildlife) and humans. Cleaning and disinfection was ranked highest for both pathogens in the indoor setting, whereas pig mixing was highest for outdoor settings. Several (94/222, 42.3%) measures across all four settings were considered highly relevant. Measures with high disagreement between the respondents were uncommon (21/222, 9.6%), but more frequent for HEV compared to Salmonella spp. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of measures from multiple biosecurity categories was considered important to control Salmonella spp. and HEV on farms, and pig mixing activities, as well as cleaning and disinfection practices, were perceived as consistently more important than others. Similarities and differences in the prioritised biosecurity measures were identified between indoor and outdoor systems and pathogens. The study identified the need for further research especially for control of HEV and for biosecurity in outdoor farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Galipó
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Veit Zoche-Golob
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Lucia Sassu
- Division for Animal Health, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Christopher Prigge
- Division for Animal Health, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria.,Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Sjölund
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tijs Tobias
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Elke Burow
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Kick AR, Grete AF, Crisci E, Almond GW, Käser T. Testable Candidate Immune Correlates of Protection for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030594. [PMID: 36992179 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an on-going problem for the worldwide pig industry. Commercial and experimental vaccinations often demonstrate reduced pathology and improved growth performance; however, specific immune correlates of protection (CoP) for PRRSV vaccination have not been quantified or even definitively postulated: proposing CoP for evaluation during vaccination and challenge studies will benefit our collective efforts towards achieving protective immunity. Applying the breadth of work on human diseases and CoP to PRRSV research, we advocate four hypotheses for peer review and evaluation as appropriate testable CoP: (i) effective class-switching to systemic IgG and mucosal IgA neutralizing antibodies is required for protective immunity; (ii) vaccination should induce virus-specific peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production with central memory and effector memory phenotypes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) proliferation and IFN-γ production with a CCR7- phenotype that should migrate to the lung; (iii) nursery, finishing, and adult pigs will have different CoP; (iv) neutralizing antibodies provide protection and are rather strain specific; T cells confer disease prevention/reduction and possess greater heterologous recognition. We believe proposing these four CoP for PRRSV can direct future vaccine design and improve vaccine candidate evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Alicyn F Grete
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Skin-Based Vaccination: A Systematic Mapping Review of the Types of Vaccines and Methods Used and Immunity and Protection Elicited in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020450. [PMID: 36851328 PMCID: PMC9962282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of skin-based vaccination include induction of strong immunity, dose-sparing, and ease of administration. Several technologies for skin-based immunisation in humans are being developed to maximise these key advantages. This route is more conventionally used in veterinary medicine. Skin-based vaccination of pigs is of high relevance due to their anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans, as well as being a source of zoonotic diseases and their livestock value. We conducted a systematic mapping review, focusing on vaccine-induced immunity and safety after the skin immunisation of pigs. Veterinary vaccines, specifically anti-viral vaccines, predominated in the literature. The safe and potent skin administration to pigs of adjuvanted vaccines, particularly emulsions, are frequently documented. Multiple methods of skin immunisation exist; however, there is a lack of consistent terminology and accurate descriptions of the route and device. Antibody responses, compared to other immune correlates, are most frequently reported. There is a lack of research on the underlying mechanisms of action and breadth of responses. Nevertheless, encouraging results, both in safety and immunogenicity, were observed after skin vaccination that were often comparable to or superior the intramuscular route. Further research in this area will underlie the development of enhanced skin vaccine strategies for pigs, other animals and humans.
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13
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CUEVAS-ROMERO JS, CERRITEÑO-SÁNCHEZ JL, LARA-ROMERO R, VEGA-LÓPEZ MA, RAMÍREZ-ESTUDILLO C, RAMÍREZ-MENDOZA H, BERG M, LÖVGREN-BENGTSSON K. Immunogenicity of a recombinant hemagglutinin neuraminidase-Porcine rubulavirus produced by Escherichia coli of Porcine rubulavirus gives protective immunity of litter after challenge. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1595-1604. [PMID: 36273875 PMCID: PMC9791230 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rubulavirus (PRV) is a contagious virus that affects the Mexican swine industry. This work aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of an recombinant hemagglutinin neuraminidase-Porcine rubulavirus (rHN-PorPV) candidate vaccine on pregnant sows, and the protective efficacy afforded to their 7-day-old suckling piglets against PRV lethal challenge. Three sows were immunized with rHN-PorPV formulated with immune-stimulating complex (ISCOMs) and two sows with rHN-PorPV protein alone as well as a mock-immunized pregnant sow (negative control). Quantitative ELISA detected a high concentration of anti-rHN-PorPV Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in sow sera after the second dose of vaccine administered on day 14 until farrowing, showing viral-neutralizing and cross-neutralization activity against different variants of PRV. Sera samples from piglets of immunized sows (with or without adjuvant), showed high concentrations of IgG antibodies. As expected, piglets from the negative control sow (n=5), exhibited severe signs of disease and 100% of mortality after PRV challenge study. Conversely, 75% and 87.5% of the piglets born from the rHN-PorPV and the rHN-PorPV-ISCOMs-immunized sows (n=8), survived, respectively, showing milder PRV clinical signs. Our data indicate that rHN-PorPV candidate vaccine produced in Escherichia coli induces efficient humoral response in pregnant sows and that the maternally derived immunity provides high protection to suckling piglets against PRV lethal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Sandra CUEVAS-ROMERO
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud
Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, México City, Mexico,Correspondence to: Cuevas-Romero JS: , Centro
Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, KM. 15.5
Carretera México-Toluca. Col, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa CP, 05110, Ciudad de México,
Mexico
| | | | - Rocío LARA-ROMERO
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán FESC-UNAM,
Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio VEGA-LÓPEZ
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto
Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - Carmen RAMÍREZ-ESTUDILLO
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto
Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | | | - Mikael BERG
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala,
Sweden
| | - Karin LÖVGREN-BENGTSSON
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala,
Sweden,Isconova AB, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Chavda V, Bezbaruah R, Kalita T, Sarma A, Devi JR, Bania R, Apostolopoulos V. Variant influenza: connecting the missing dots. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1567-1585. [PMID: 36346383 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2144231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In June 2009, the World Health Organization declared a new pandemic, the 2009 swine influenza pandemic (swine flu). The symptoms of the swine flu pandemic causing strain were comparable to most of the symptoms noted by seasonal influenza. AREA COVERED Zoonotic viruses that caused the swine flu pandemic and its preventive measures. EXPERT OPINION As per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the clinical manifestations in humans produced by the 2009 H1N1 'swine flu' virus were equivalent to the manifestations caused by related flu strains. The H1N1 vaccination was the most successful prophylactic measure since it prevented the virus from spreading and reduced the intensity and consequences of the pandemic. Despite the availability of therapeutics, the ongoing evolution and appearance of new strains have made it difficult to develop effective vaccines and therapies. Currently, the CDC recommends yearly flu immunization for those aged 6 months and above. The lessons learned from the A/2009/H1N1 pandemic in 2009 indicated that readiness of mankind toward new illnesses caused by mutant viral subtypes that leap from animals to people must be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Tutumoni Kalita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Regional College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RIPT Group of Institution, Sonapur, Guwahati, India
| | - Anupam Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Hatkhowapara, Azara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Juti Rani Devi
- NETES Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Mirza, Guwahati, India
| | - Ratnali Bania
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
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15
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de Pinho Favaro MT, Atienza-Garriga J, Martínez-Torró C, Parladé E, Vázquez E, Corchero JL, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A. Recombinant vaccines in 2022: a perspective from the cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:203. [PMID: 36199085 PMCID: PMC9532831 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The last big outbreaks of Ebola fever in Africa, the thousands of avian influenza outbreaks across Europe, Asia, North America and Africa, the emergence of monkeypox virus in Europe and specially the COVID-19 pandemics have globally stressed the need for efficient, cost-effective vaccines against infectious diseases. Ideally, they should be based on transversal technologies of wide applicability. In this context, and pushed by the above-mentioned epidemiological needs, new and highly sophisticated DNA-or RNA-based vaccination strategies have been recently developed and applied at large-scale. Being very promising and effective, they still need to be assessed regarding the level of conferred long-term protection. Despite these fast-developing approaches, subunit vaccines, based on recombinant proteins obtained by conventional genetic engineering, still show a wide spectrum of interesting potentialities and an important margin for further development. In the 80’s, the first vaccination attempts with recombinant vaccines consisted in single structural proteins from viral pathogens, administered as soluble plain versions. In contrast, more complex formulations of recombinant antigens with particular geometries are progressively generated and explored in an attempt to mimic the multifaceted set of stimuli offered to the immune system by replicating pathogens. The diversity of recombinant antimicrobial vaccines and vaccine prototypes is revised here considering the cell factory types, through relevant examples of prototypes under development as well as already approved products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Teixeira de Pinho Favaro
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan Atienza-Garriga
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Torró
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloi Parladé
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Luis Corchero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Zhou X, Guan R, Cai H, Wang P, Yang Y, Wang X, Li X, Song H. Machine learning based personalized promotion strategy of piglets weaned per sow per year in large-scale pig farms. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:37. [PMID: 35948988 PMCID: PMC9364547 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between different productive factors and piglets weaned per sow per year (PSY) in 291 large-scale pig farms and analyze the impact of the changes in different factors on PSY. We chose nine different algorithm models based on machine learning to calculate the influence of each variable on every farm according to its current situation, leading to personalize the improvement of the impact in the specific circumstances of each farm, proposing a production guidance plan of PSY improvement for every farm. According to the comparison of mean absolute error (MAE), 95% confidence interval (CI) and R2, the optimal solution was conducted to calculate the influence of 17 production factors of each pig farm on PSY improvement, finding out the bottleneck corresponding to each pig farm. The level of PSY was further analyzed when the bottleneck factor of each pig farm changed by 0.5 standard deviation (SD). Results 17 production factors were non-linearly related to PSY. The top five production factors with the highest correlation with PSY were the number of weaned piglets per litter (WPL) (0.6694), mating rate within 7 days after weaning (MR7DW) (0.6606), number of piglets born alive per litter (PBAL) (0.6517), the total number of piglets per litter (TPL) (0.5706) and non-productive days (NPD) (− 0.5308). Among nine algorithm models, the gradient boosting regressor model had the highest R2, smallest MAE and 95% CI, applied for personalized analysis. When one of 17 production factors of 291 large-scale pig farms changed by 0.5 SD, 101 pig farms (34.7%) can increase 1.41 PSY (compared to its original value) on average by adding the production days, and 60 pig farms (20.6%) can increase 1.14 PSY on average by improving WPL, 45 pig farms (15.5%) can increase 1.63 PSY by lifting MR7DW. Conclusions The main productive factors related to PSY included WPL, MR7DW, PBAL, TPL and NPD. The gradient boosting regressor model was the optimal method to individually analyze productive factors that are non-linearly related to PSY. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-022-00280-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Guan
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), No. 6596 Dongfanghong East Road Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Cai
- Intelligent Engine Department, The Ant Financial (Hang Zhou, Network Technology Co., Ltd, A Space, No. 569 Xixi Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310023, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- Beijing Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, No. 19 Xiangrui Street, Biological Medicine Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), No. 6596 Dongfanghong East Road Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Geiping L, Hartmann M, Kreienbrock L, Grosse Beilage E. Killing underweighted low viable newborn piglets: Which health parameters are appropriate to make a decision? Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:25. [PMID: 35681215 PMCID: PMC9178864 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to estimate the mortality risk and associated factors within the first days of life for underweight or low-vital neonatal piglets. This risk estimation should start a discussion concerning the preconditions for timely killing of compromised newborn piglets to prevent unnecessary pain and suffering. In an observational study, various clinical and laboratory variables were examined in 529 piglets out of four farms. Body weight, crown-rump-length, rectal temperature, a 4-stage vitality score, an intrauterine-growth-retardation score, glucose, lactate, haemoglobin and immunocrit were assessed on the first day of life. Vitality was scored by three factors: movement, abdominal palpation, and colour of the skin. Afterwards the death of the piglets (by killing or spontaneously) was monitored until day 5 of age. Results Body weight, rectal temperature and vitality score were significantly associated with probability of death. Piglets with rectal temperatures ≤ 37.5 °C, a body weight < 0.86 kg and impaired vitality scores were found to have the highest probability of death until day 5 of age. Conclusion The clinical findings, identified by this model, allow a first estimation of mortality risk for newborn piglets within the first days of life. In a further step veterinarians, farmers and ethicians now need to clarify what probability of death should justifiy the killing of a newborn piglet. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-022-00265-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Geiping
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany.
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18
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Can Virus-like Particles Be Used as Synergistic Agent in Pest Management? Viruses 2022; 14:v14050943. [PMID: 35632685 PMCID: PMC9144638 DOI: 10.3390/v14050943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among novel strategies proposed in pest management, synergistic agents are used to improve insecticide efficacy through an elevation of intracellular calcium concentration that activates the calcium-dependent intracellular pathway. This leads to a changed target site conformation and to increased sensitivity to insecticides while reducing their concentrations. Because virus-like particles (VLPs) increase the intracellular calcium concentration, they can be used as a synergistic agent to synergize the effect of insecticides. VLPs are self-assembled viral protein complexes, and by contrast to entomopathogen viruses, they are devoid of genetic material, which makes them non-infectious and safer than viruses. Although VLPs are well-known to be used in human health, we propose in this study the development of a promising strategy based on the use of VLPs as synergistic agents in pest management. This will lead to increased insecticides efficacy while reducing their concentrations.
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19
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Silva APSP, Storino GY, Ferreyra FSM, Zhang M, Fano E, Polson D, Wang C, Derscheid RJ, Zimmerman JJ, Clavijo MJ, Arruda BL. Cough associated with the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA in clinical and environmental specimens under controlled conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:6. [PMID: 35078535 PMCID: PMC8788120 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of cough with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP) DNA detection in specimens was evaluated under conditions in which the MHP status of inoculated and contact-infected pen mates was closely monitored for 59 days post-inoculation (DPI).
Methods Seven-week-old pigs (n = 39) were allocated to five rooms (with one pen). Rooms contained 9 pigs each, with 1, 3, 6, or 9 MHP-inoculated pigs, respectively, except Room 5 (three sham-inoculated pigs). Cough data (2 × week) and specimens, tracheal swabs (2 × week), oral fluids (daily), drinker wipes (~ 1 × week), and air samples (3 × week) were collected. At 59 DPI, pigs were euthanized, and lung and trachea were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions. Predictive cough value to MHP DNA detection in drinker and oral fluid samples were estimated using mixed logistic regression. Results Following inoculation, MHP DNA was first detected in tracheal swabs from inoculated pigs (DPI 3), then oral fluids (DPI 8), air samples (DPI 10), and drinker wipes (21 DPI). MHP DNA was detected in oral fluids in 17 of 59 (Room 1) to 43 of 59 (Room 3) samples, drinker wipes in 4 of 8 (Rooms 2 and 3) to 5 of 8 (Rooms 1 and 4) samples, and air samples in 5 of 26 (Room 2) or 3 of 26 (Room 4) samples. Logistic regression showed that the frequency of coughing pigs in a pen was associated with the probability of MHP DNA detection in oral fluids (P < 0.01) and nearly associated with drinker wipes (P = 0.08). Pathology data revealed an association between the period when infection was first detected and the severity of gross lung lesions. Conclusions Dry, non-productive coughs suggest the presence of MHP, but laboratory testing and MHP DNA detection is required for confirmation. Based on the data from this study, oral fluids and drinker wipes may provide a convenient alternative for MHP DNA detection at the pen level when cough is present. This information may help practitioners in specimen selection for MHP surveillance.
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20
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Ruiz-Riera E, Nofrarias M, Martí-Garcia B, Domingo M, Segalés J, Vidal E. A case of uterine inclusion cysts in a sow. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:58. [PMID: 34724992 PMCID: PMC8559359 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serosal inclusion cysts are thin walled-structures located on the peritoneal surface of the uterus, frequently observed as multiple cystic structures in aggregates or grape-like clusters containing a clear, non-viscous fluid. In human and veterinary medicine, they are thought to be developed under hormonal effects, or after manipulation or inflammation of the reproductive tract. However, they have not yet been described in swine. Case presentation A uterus of a 3-year-old crossbreed sow was condemned at slaughter due to the presence of multiples cystic cavities attached to the serosal surface. Microscopically, multiple cystic dilations emerging from the serosa were lined by a simple and flattened epithelium (cytokeratine positive and vimentin negative on immunohistochemistry) supported by a subepithelial layer of collagen. Grossly and histologically, they were diagnosed as serosal inclusion cysts. Conclusion To the authors’ knowledge, this report represents the first description of serosal inclusion cysts in sows. These lesions should be taken into consideration within the differential diagnostic list of cystic peritoneal lesions such as cystic neoplasms, congenital cysts, and parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ruiz-Riera
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Nofrarias
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Martí-Garcia
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Oba P, Dione MM, Wieland B, Mwiine FN, Erume J. Correlations between lung pneumonic lesions and serologic status for key respiratory pathogens in slaughtered pigs in northern Uganda. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:53. [PMID: 34607613 PMCID: PMC8489042 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A cross-sectional study of slaughtered pigs was conducted in Lira district, Uganda, to (1) determine the prevalence and severity of pneumonia and (2) establish relationships between pneumonia types and the serological status for key respiratory pathogens. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), sera were screened for antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Postmortem, lungs were grossly scored for pneumonia types and pneumonic lesions. Pneumonia types were characterized as catarrhal purulent bronchopneumonia (CPBP), pleuropneumonia (PLP) and pleuritis. The percent of lung surface affected by pneumonia was determined by estimating the affected surface area of each lung lobe. Each lobe was assigned scores based on the approximate volume represented and the total percentage of lung surface affected obtained as a sum of individual lobe scores. Metastrongylus spp. helminth infection was determined by examining lungs for gross presence or absence. RStudio was used for data analysis and presentation. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare median pneumonia lesion scores and serostatus for each studied pathogen. An ordinal logistic regression model was fitted to evaluate the odds of multiple pneumonia, with pathogen serostatus and Metastrongylus spp. infection as predictors.
Results One hundred sixty-seven (n = 167) lungs were examined for pneumonic lesions. The prevalences of CPBP, PLP and pleuritis were 29.9% (95% CI 22.9–36.9), 74.2% (95% CI 67.5–80.9) and 17.3% (95% CI 22.4–36.3), respectively. The true prevalence of PCV2 was 9.7% (95% CI 4.5–16.8), that of PRRSv was 7.5% (95% CI 2.7–14.2), that of M. hyo was 11.5% (95% CI 7.2–18.0), that of App was 25.1% (95% CI 18.5–38.0), and that of Metastrongylus spp. was 29.3% (95% CI 22.9–36.6). The odds of multiple pneumonia forms increased in pigs with multiple pathogens (ORs 2.6, p = 0.01) and Metastrongylus spp. infestation (OR 2.5, p = 0.003), suggesting synergistic effects of coinfections in the induction of lesions. Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence and severity of pneumonic lesions in slaughtered pigs. It provides baseline information and evidence for the magnitude of pneumonia associated with the studied pathogens and justifies future studies on their potential economic impacts on Ugandan pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oba
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda. .,National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Abi ZARDI), P. O. Box 219, Arua, Uganda.
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice Sahel Station, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank N Mwiine
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Erume
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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22
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Celis-Giraldo CT, López-Abán J, Muro A, Patarroyo MA, Manzano-Román R. Nanovaccines against Animal Pathogens: The Latest Findings. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090988. [PMID: 34579225 PMCID: PMC8472905 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, safe and efficacious vaccines represent powerful and cost-effective tools for global health and economic growth. In the veterinary field, these are undoubtedly key tools for improving productivity and fighting zoonoses. However, cases of persistent infections, rapidly evolving pathogens having high variability or emerging/re-emerging pathogens for which no effective vaccines have been developed point out the continuing need for new vaccine alternatives to control outbreaks. Most licensed vaccines have been successfully used for many years now; however, they have intrinsic limitations, such as variable efficacy, adverse effects, and some shortcomings. More effective adjuvants and novel delivery systems may foster real vaccine effectiveness and timely implementation. Emerging vaccine technologies involving nanoparticles such as self-assembling proteins, virus-like particles, liposomes, virosomes, and polymeric nanoparticles offer novel, safe, and high-potential approaches to address many vaccine development-related challenges. Nanotechnology is accelerating the evolution of vaccines because nanomaterials having encapsulation ability and very advantageous properties due to their size and surface area serve as effective vehicles for antigen delivery and immunostimulatory agents. This review discusses the requirements for an effective, broad-coverage-elicited immune response, the main nanoplatforms for producing it, and the latest nanovaccine applications for fighting animal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Teresa Celis-Giraldo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia
| | - Julio López-Abán
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.L.-A.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Muro
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.L.-A.); (A.M.)
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Correspondence: (M.A.P.); (R.M.-R.)
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.L.-A.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.P.); (R.M.-R.)
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23
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Exosome-Based Vaccines: Pros and Cons in the World of Animal Health. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081499. [PMID: 34452364 PMCID: PMC8402771 DOI: 10.3390/v13081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and new and more complex diseases that affect livestock animal health and food security, the control of epidemics has become a top priority worldwide. Vaccination represents the most important and cost-effective measure to control infectious diseases in animal health, but it represents only 23% of the total global animal health market, highlighting the need to develop new vaccines. A recent strategy in animal health vaccination is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer nanovesicles produced by almost all living cells, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. EVs have been evaluated as a prominent source of viral antigens to elicit specific immune responses and to develop new vaccination platforms as viruses and EVs share biogenesis pathways. Preliminary trials with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (LCMV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Marek's disease virus (MDV) have demonstrated that EVs have a role in the activation of cellular and antibody immune responses. Moreover, in parasitic diseases such as Eimeria (chickens) and Plasmodium yoelii (mice) protection has been achieved. Research into EVs is therefore opening an opportunity for new strategies to overcome old problems affecting food security, animal health, and emerging diseases. Here, we review different conventional approaches for vaccine design and compare them with examples of EV-based vaccines that have already been tested in relation to animal health.
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Käser T. Swine as biomedical animal model for T-cell research-Success and potential for transmittable and non-transmittable human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:95-115. [PMID: 33873098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Swine is biologically one of the most relevant large animal models for biomedical research. With its use as food animal that can be exploited as a free cell and tissue source for research and its high susceptibility to human diseases, swine additionally represent an excellent option for both the 3R principle and One Health research. One of the previously most limiting factors of the pig model was its arguably limited immunological toolbox. Yet, in the last decade, this toolbox has vastly improved including the ability to study porcine T-cells. This review summarizes the swine model for biomedical research with focus on T cells. It first contrasts the swine model to the more commonly used mouse and non-human primate model before describing the current capabilities to characterize and extend our knowledge on porcine T cells. Thereafter, it not only reflects on previous biomedical T-cell research but also extends into areas in which more in-depth T-cell analyses could strongly benefit biomedical research. While the former should inform on the successes of biomedical T-cell research in swine, the latter shall inspire swine T-cell researchers to find collaborations with researchers working in other areas - such as nutrition, allergy, cancer, transplantation, infectious diseases, or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA.
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