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Lee Y, Park SJ, Kim K, Kim TO, Lee SE. Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Activities of Massoia Essential Oil and C10 Massoia Lactone against Aflatoxin-Producing Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:571. [PMID: 37755997 PMCID: PMC10537029 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination are major hazards to the safe storage and distribution of foods and feeds consumed by humans and livestock. This study investigated the antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities of massoia essential oil (MEO) and its major constituent, C10 massoia lactone (C10), against aflatoxin B (AFB)-producing Aspergillus flavus ATCC 22546. Their antifungal activities were evaluated using a disc diffusion assay, agar dilution method, and a mycelial growth inhibition assay with the AFB analysis using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. MEO and C10 exhibited similar antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities against A. flavus. C10 was a primary constituent in MEO and represented up to 45.1% of total peak areas analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, indicating that C10 is a major compound contributing to the antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities of MEO. Interestingly, these two materials increased AFB production in A. flavus by upregulating the expression of most genes related to AFB biosynthesis by 3- to 60-fold. Overall, MEO and C10 could be suitable candidates as natural preservatives to control fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination in foods and feeds as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States (FEMA), and MEO is a more suitable substance than C10 because of its wider range of uses and higher allowed concentration than C10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soo Jean Park
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Kyeongnam Kim
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae-Oh Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Ashraf W, Rehman A, Ahmad MUD, Rabbani M, Mushtaq MH, Aamir K, Xue KS, Wang JS. Assessment of aflatoxin B 1-lysine adduct in children and its effect on child growth in Lahore, Pakistan. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1463-1473. [PMID: 35652855 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2080871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is an important toxic food contaminant and there is very little information available about its exposure and effects on the health of the Pakistani population. Therefore, children (n = 238) aged 1-11 years were recruited in this study to estimate the levels of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct and to measure its adverse effects on growth. Blood samples were analyzed to detect AFB1-lysine adducts through high-performance liquid chromatography. Socio-demographic information and anthropometry measurements were also obtained. All participants had detectable levels of AFB1-lysine adduct with a median concentration of 10.66 pg/mg albumin (95% CI: 8.6-12.4). Differences in area of residence (p < 0.05) and the father's employment (p < 0.05) were significant predictors for aflatoxin concentration levels in ordinary least square and quantile regression models (residence in 75th quantile and father employment in 90th quantile). Children aged from 5 to 11 years in the 5th and 90th quantiles of the regression model had a significant association with aflatoxin levels. A very high (50.4%, 120/238) prevalence of growth impairment (stunting, wasting, and underweight) was also observed in this study. Although we couldn't establish the effect of aflatoxin on growth impairment, children with low serum albumin levels (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.05-0.56; p = 0.004) were likely to be at risk of wasting. Also, low birth weight was strongly associated with wasting (OR = 3.11; 95% CI: 1.36-7.03; p = 0.006) and underweight (OR = 4.60; 95% CI: 2.21-10.05; p= <0.001), while the mother's school level education had a correlation with child stunting (OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.07-3.22; p = 0.029). The high prevalence of growth impairment and high concentration of serum AFB1-lysine adduct levels in study participants demand immediate efforts to mitigate the adverse health outcomes in children in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseela Ashraf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalida Aamir
- Department of Preventive Pediatric Medicine, The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Wangia-Dixon RN, Quach THT, Song X, Ombaka J, Githanga DP, Anzala OA, Wang JS. Determinants of aflatoxin exposures in Kenyan School-aged children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1183-1191. [PMID: 33256462 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1854192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring food toxins known to contaminate cereals with a carry-over effect in milk and meat products from farm animals raised on contaminated feed. In children, continuous consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food is linked to immune suppression, vaccine interference and growth faltering while in adult populations, carcinogenesis in the liver has been established. We evaluate the main determinants of aflatoxin exposures among children recruited from primary schools in Makueni and Siaya Counties. A five-part questionnaire was administered to collect information from randomly selected participants. AflatoxinB1-lysine adducts in children's sera and total aflatoxins in food samples were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence detection. Using Chi-squared tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests, children from low-income households had the highest aflatoxin exposure, p-value = 0.0029. Smaller family size, greater food diversity, and good farming practices were associated with low aflatoxin exposures p < 0.001. Individual households living under severe levels of poverty were evidently exposed to higher levels of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nabwire Wangia-Dixon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Trang Ho Thu Quach
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Vietnam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - James Ombaka
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - David Peter Githanga
- Nairobi Hospital, Hospital Road, Nairobi, Kenya
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Aggrey Anzala
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nairobi Hospital, Hospital Road, Nairobi, Kenya
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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Zhou J, Tang L, Wang JS. Aflatoxin B1 Induces Gut-Inflammation-Associated Fecal Lipidome Changes in F344 Rats. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:363-377. [PMID: 34358323 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced intestinal epithelial damage in rodent models, which indicates that long-term exposure to AFB1 may cause chronic gut disorders. In this study we tested the hypothesis that AFB1-induced adverse effects on gut is mediated by gut-microbiota, which is partially reflected by the changes of fecal microbiome and metabolome. F344 rats were orally exposed to AFB1 of 0, 5, 25 and 75 µg kg-1 body weight for 4 weeks and fecal samples were collected. An ion-fragmentation-spectrum-based metabolomics approach was developed to investigate the fecal microbiota-associated metabolic changes in fecal samples. We found that AFB1 inhibited the hepatic and intestinal metabolism of bile constituents. As compared to the controls, bile acid synthesis-associated cholesterols in rats treated with 25 µg kg-1 (the middle-dose group) were significantly decreased in the fecal samples, e.g., lathosterol (45% reduction), cholesterol ester (21% reduction), chenodeoxycholic acid (20% reduction), dihydroxycholesterol (55% reduction), hydroxycholesterol (20% reduction), and 5-cholestene (29% reduction). While disease-associated lipids were not detectable in the feces of the control group, they were found in AFB1-treated groups, including diglyceride, monoacylglyceride, 19,20-dihydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Metabolisms of carbohydrates and production of short chain fatty acids were remarkedly decreased in all treated groups. Moreover, an inflammatory-bowel-disease (IBD)-associated taxonomic structure of fecal microbiota was observed as ∼25% Lachnospiraceae, ∼25% Ruminococcaceae, < 1% Lactobacillales, which was similar to the composition pattern found in IBD patients. These results suggest that AFB1-induced disruption on gut-microbiota, partially reflected by fecal microbiome and metabolome, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic gut disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.,Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Nabwire Wangia-Dixon R, Xue KS, Alcala J, Quach THT, Song X, Tang L, Ombaka J, Githanga DP, Anzala OA, Wang JS. Nutrition and growth outcomes are affected by aflatoxin exposures in Kenyan children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2123-2134. [PMID: 33026957 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1825825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin exposure, malnutrition and growth impairment in children present significant public health problems in low- and middle-income countries. Recent epidemiology studies show that exposure to aflatoxins through dietary sources in early life contributes to growth retardation among children. However, the findings remain inconclusive due to limited comparative studies in high versus low aflatoxin exposure regions. This cross-sectional study presents aflatoxin exposure levels among children aged 6 to 12 years, and further evaluates the association between aflatoxin exposure levels, malnutrition and growth impairment in Kenya, East Africa. AFB1-lysine adducts are validated biomarkers of exposure and were quantified using HPLC with fluorescence detection. All children (n = 746) had detectable levels of AFB1-lysine adducts in serum, range 0.65-518.9 pg/mg albumin with a geometric mean (GM) of 10.5 (95%CI 9.4-11.7) pg/mg albumin. The Geometric Means (GM) of AFB1-lysine adducts were 14.0 (95%CI 12.5, 15.7) pg/mg albumin and 8.2 (95%CI 7.6, 8.8) pg/mg albumin (p-value < 0.001), among children recruited from Makueni and Siaya Counties, respectively. While the study confirms higher human exposure levels in Makueni county, it provides an initial data set for aflatoxin exposure levels among children recruited from Siaya County. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for socio-economic indicators, farming practices, and household dietary patterns, increasing one unit of log AFB1-lysine was associated with decreasing Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) by -0.13, p-value = 0.019 among all children aged 6-12 years. Among children 6 to 9 years, WAZ decreases by -0.11 (-0.54, -0.01), p-value = 0.049. Additional growth parameters Height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and Weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) do not reach statistical significance. HAZ decreases by -0.08, p-value = 0.337 and WHZ decreases by -0.17, p-value = 0.437 with every increase in log AFB1-lysine. These data suggest that efforts must be put in place to control for aflatoxin exposure in order to achieve better growth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Siyu Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Alcala
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Trang Ho Thu Quach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James Ombaka
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University , Maseno, Kenya
| | - David Peter Githanga
- Peadiatrics, Cardiology and Child Health, Nairobi Hospital , Nairobi, Kenya.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Aggrey Anzala
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya.,KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
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