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Li L, Tu Y, Dai X, Xiao S, Tang Z, Wu Y, Fouad D, Ataya FS, Mehmood K, Li K. The effect of Abrus cantoniensis Hance on liver damage in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115560. [PMID: 37827094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a well-known organ contributing to digestion, hemostasis and detoxification, while liver injury is a world-widely distributed health problem with limited treatment choices. We detected the protective effect of Abrus cantoniensis Hance (ACH) on Carbon tetrachloride-induced (CCl4) liver injury in mice. Fifty ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) animals were grouped into five groups of control (a), CCl4 (d), ACH (25 mg/kg) treated group (c), ACH (50 mg/kg) treated group (b), and ACH (100 mg/kg) treated group (e). Mice in groups d, c, b, and e were given CCl4 every four days, and treated animals received daily ACH supplementation. The results showed that the daily body weights in CCl4-induced animals were slightly lower; however, the weight of ACH-treated mice increased, particularly in the higher dose group. Treatment with CCl4 led to increased liver weight and liver indices in mice, whereas supplementation with ACH reduced both liver weights and liver indices in animals. Histo-pathological analysis indicated that CCl4 led to inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocellular degeneration, with collagenous fibers proliferation in ICR animals. In contrast, supplementation with ACH prominently decreased inflammatory cells and degeneration of hepatocytes and inhibited collagen fiber hyperplasia. Furthermore, the levels or concentrations of AST (p < 0.0001), ALT (p < 0.0001), MDA (p < 0.0001), IL-1β (p < 0.01), TNF-α (p < 0.01) and IL-6 (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in CCl4 induced ICR animals in group d. However, mice treated with ACH showed lower levels or concentrations of those indices in dose dependent manner. The levels of GSH-px (p < 0.0001), CAT (p < 0.0001) and SOD (p < 0.0001) were significantly reduced in CCl4 group; however, all these three enzymes exhibited significant (p < 0.05) increase in animals supplemented with ACH in dose dependent manner. The microbiome sequencing generated 1,168,327 filtered reads in the mice samples. A notable difference was observed in the composition of 6 phyla and 37 genera among the five ICR animal groups. Supplementation with ACH increased the abundance of beneficial genera of Coprococcus, Blautia and Clostridium, while concurrently decreased the presence of pathogenic genera of Mycoplasma and Helicobacter. In conclusion, we revealed that Abrus cantoniensis Hance has the potential to relieve liver damage induced by CCl4, through the reduction of inflammation, enhancement of antioxidant capacity, and regulation of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yangli Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Xiangjie Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Shengjia Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zhiyi Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE JoInt. International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dalia Fouad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid Shokry Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE JoInt. International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Ou L, Tan X, Qiao S, Wu J, Su Y, Xie W, Jin N, He J, Luo R, Lai X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Liu J, Kang Y, Shao L. Graphene-Based Material-Mediated Immunomodulation in Tissue Engineering and Regeneration: Mechanism and Significance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18669-18687. [PMID: 37768738 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine hold promise for improving or even restoring the function of damaged organs. Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have become a key player in biomaterials applied to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A series of cellular and molecular events, which affect the outcome of tissue regeneration, occur after GBMs are implanted into the body. The immunomodulatory function of GBMs is considered to be a key factor influencing tissue regeneration. This review introduces the applications of GBMs in bone, neural, skin, and cardiovascular tissue engineering, emphasizing that the immunomodulatory functions of GBMs significantly improve tissue regeneration. This review focuses on summarizing and discussing the mechanisms by which GBMs mediate the sequential regulation of the innate immune cell inflammatory response. During the process of tissue healing, multiple immune responses, such as the inflammatory response, foreign body reaction, tissue fibrosis, and biodegradation of GBMs, are interrelated and influential. We discuss the regulation of these immune responses by GBMs, as well as the immune cells and related immunomodulatory mechanisms involved. Finally, we summarize the limitations in the immunomodulatory strategies of GBMs and ideas for optimizing GBM applications in tissue engineering. This review demonstrates the significance and related mechanism of the immunomodulatory function of GBM application in tissue engineering; more importantly, it contributes insights into the design of GBMs to enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ou
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xiner Tan
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shijia Qiao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Stomatology Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528399, China
| | - Wenqiang Xie
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Nianqiang Jin
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiankang He
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ruhui Luo
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xuan Lai
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Fujian Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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D-Carvone Attenuates CCl 4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and TGF-ß 1/SMAD3 Signaling Pathway. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050739. [PMID: 35625467 PMCID: PMC9138456 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
D-carvone is a natural monoterpene found in abundance in the essential oil of aromatic medicinal plants with a wide range of pharmacological values. However, the impact of D-carvone on liver fibrosis remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-fibrotic potential of D-carvone in a rat model of liver fibrosis and to clarify the possible underlying mechanisms. Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 (2.5 mL/kg, interperitoneally every 72 h for 8 weeks). Oral treatment of rats with D-carvone (50 mg/kg, daily) started on the 3rd week of CCl4 administration. D-carvone significantly enhanced liver functions (ALT, AST), oxidant/antioxidant status (MDA, SOD, GSH, total antioxidant capacity; TAC), as well as histopathological changes. Moreover, D-carvone effectively attenuated the progression of liver fibrosis, evident by the decreased collagen deposition and fibrosis score by Masson trichrome staining (MT) and α-SMA protein expression. Moreover, D-carvone administration resulted in a significant downregulation of the pro-fibrogenic markers TGF-β1 and SMAD3 and upregulation of MMP9. These findings reveal the anti-fibrotic effect of D-carvone and suggest regulation of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway, together with the antioxidant activity as a mechanistic cassette, underlines this effect. Therefore, D-carvone could be a viable candidate for inhibiting liver fibrosis and other oxidative stress-related hepatic diseases. Clinical studies to support our hypothesis are warranted.
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Shin YC, Bae JH, Lee JH, Raja IS, Kang MS, Kim B, Hong SW, Huh JB, Han DW. Enhanced osseointegration of dental implants with reduced graphene oxide coating. Biomater Res 2022; 26:11. [PMID: 35313996 PMCID: PMC8935794 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The implants of pure titanium (Ti) and its alloys can lead to implant failure because of their poor interaction with bone-associated cells during bone regeneration. Surface modification over implants has achieved successful implants for enhanced osseointegration. Herein, we report a robust strategy to implement bioactive surface modification for implant interface enabled by the combinatorial system of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA) Ti to impart benefits to the implant. Methods We prepared SLA Ti (ST) implants with different surface modifications [i.e., rGO and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)] and investigated their dental tissue regenerating ability in animal models. We performed comparative studies in surface property, in vitro cellular behaviors, and in vivo osseointegration activity among different groups, including ST (control), rhBMP-2-immobilized ST (BI-ST), rhBMP-2-treated ST (BT-ST), and rGO-coated ST (R-ST). Results Spectroscopic, diffractometric, and microscopic analyses confirmed that rGO was coated well around the surfaces of Ti discs (for cell study) and implant fixtures (for animal study). Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the R-ST group showed significantly better effects in cell attachment and proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, expression of osteogenesis-related genes and protein, and osseointegration than the control (ST), BI-ST, and BT-ST groups. Conclusion Hence, we suggest that the rGO-coated Ti can be a promising candidate for the application to dental or even orthopedic implants due to its ability to accelerate the healing rate with the high potential of osseointegration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00257-7.
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Graphene-Based Materials for Efficient Neurogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1351:43-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4923-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Foroutan T, Kassaee MZ, Salari M, Ahmady F, Molavi F, Moayer F. Magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @graphene oxide improves the therapeutic effects of embryonic stem cells on acute liver damage. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13126. [PMID: 34569673 PMCID: PMC8560617 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute liver failure is usually associated with inflammation and oxidation of hepatocytes and has high mortality and resource costs. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) has occasionally been reported to have no beneficial effect due to poor transplantation and the survival of implanted cells. Recent studies showed that embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived MSCs are an alternative for regenerative medicine. On the other hand, graphene-based nanostructures have proven useful in biomedicine. In this study, we investigated whether magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) improved the effects of ESC-MSC conditioned medium (CM) on protecting hepatocytes and stimulating the regeneration of damaged liver cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS To provide a rat model of acute liver failure, male rats were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). The rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely control, sham, CCl4 , ESC-MSC-CM, MGO and ESC-MSC-CM + MGO. In the experimental groups, the rats received, depending on the group, 2 ml/kg body weight CCl4 and either ESC-MSC-CM with 5 × 106 MSCs or 300 μg/kg body weight MGO or both. Symptoms of acute liver failure appeared 4 days after the injection. All groups were compared and analysed both histologically and biochemically 4 days after the injection. Finally, the results of ESC-MSC-CM and MSC-CM were compared. RESULTS The results indicated that the use of MGO enhanced the effect of ESC-MSC-CM on reducing necrosis, inflammation, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the CCl4 -induced liver failure of the rat model. Also, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was significantly upregulated after treatment with MGO. Also, the results showed that the ESC-MSC-CM has more efficient effective compared to MSC-CM. CONCLUSION Magnetic graphene oxide improved the hepatoprotective effects of ESC-MSC-CM on acute liver damage, probably by suppressing necrosis, apoptosis and inflammation of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Foroutan
- Department of Animal BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesKharazmi UniversityTehranIran
| | | | - Mahdi Salari
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringSchool of Public HealthHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmady
- Department of Animal BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesKharazmi UniversityTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Molavi
- Department of Animal BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesKharazmi UniversityTehranIran
| | - Fariborz Moayer
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
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Zhang N, Zhao L, Liu D, Hu C, Wang Y, He T, Bi Y, He Y. Characterization of Urine-Derived Stem Cells from Patients with End-Stage Liver Diseases and Application to Induced Acute and Chronic Liver Injury of Nude Mice Model. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1126-1138. [PMID: 34549601 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) are adult stem cells isolated from urine with strong proliferative ability and differentiation potentials. Cell transplantation of USCs could partly repair liver injury. It has been reported that the proliferative ability of bone mesenchymal stem cells in patients with chronic liver failure is significantly lower than in patients without liver disease. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the biological characteristics of USCs from end-stage liver disease patients (LD-USCs, USCs from patients with liver disease) compared with those from normal healthy individuals (N-USCs, USCs from normal individuals), with a view to determining whether autologous USCs can be applied to the treatment of liver disease. In this study USCs were isolated from urine samples of male patients with end-stage liver disease. Adherent USCs exhibit a spindle- or rice grain-like morphology, and express CD24, CD29, CD73, CD90, and CD146 surface markers, but not CD31, CD34, CD45, and CD105. We observed no differences in cell morphology or cell surface marker profile between LD-USCs and N-USCs. LD-USCs exhibited similar proliferative, colony-forming, apoptotic, and migratory abilities to N-USCs. Both USCs demonstrated similar capacities for osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. When USCs were transplanted into CCl4 treatment-induced acute and chronic liver fibrosis mouse models, we observed a decrease in liver index, recovery of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, alleviation of liver tissue injury, and dramatic improvement of liver tissue structure. USC transplantation can effectively recover liver function and improve liver tissue damage in acute or chronic liver injury mouse models. According to the results, we concluded that the biological characteristics of LD-USCs are not affected by basic liver disease. This study provides further evidence of the stem cell characteristics and liver repair function of LD-USCs, which may serve as a theoretical and experimental foundation for autologous USC transplantation technology in the treatment of liver failure and end-stage liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daijiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yang Bi
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun He
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Foroutan T, Kabiri F, Motamedi E. Silica Magnetic Graphene Oxide Improves the Effects of Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium on Acute Liver Failure. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21194-21206. [PMID: 34471725 PMCID: PMC8387984 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute liver failure (ALF) is usually associated with inflammation and oxidation of hepatocytes and has high mortality and resource costs. Although mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) has therapeutic effects similar to MSC transplant in treating liver failure, it may not increase survival. On the other hand, graphene-based nanostructures have been proven useful in biomedicine. In this study, we investigated whether silica magnetic graphene oxide (SMGO) improved the effects of MSC-CM in protecting hepatocytes and stimulating the regeneration of damaged liver cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS To provide a rat model of ALF, male rats were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely control, sham, CCl4, MSC-CM, SMGO, and MSC-CM + SMGO. In the experimental groups, the rats received, depending on the group, 2 mL/kg body weight CCl4 and either MSC-CM with 5 × 106 MSCs or 300 μg/kg body weight SMGO or both. Symptoms of ALF appeared 4 days after the injection. All groups were compared and analyzed both histologically and biochemically 4 days after the injection. RESULTS The results indicated that the use of SMGO enhanced the effect of MSC-CM in reducing necrosis, inflammation, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in the CCl4-induced liver failure of the rat model. Also, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was significantly upregulated after treatment with SMGO. CONCLUSION SMGO improved the hepatoprotective effects of MSC-CM on acute liver damage, probably by suppressing necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Foroutan
- Department
of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15614, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Kabiri
- Department
of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15614, Iran
| | - Elaheh Motamedi
- Department
of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology
Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education
and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3173655111, Iran
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