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Ermakova GV, Kucheryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG, Bayramov AV. The Molecular Mechanism of Body Axis Induction in Lampreys May Differ from That in Amphibians. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2412. [PMID: 38397089 PMCID: PMC10889193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lamprey homologues of the classic embryonic inducer Noggin are similar in expression pattern and functional properties to Noggin homologues of jawed vertebrates. All noggin genes of vertebrates apparently originated from a single ancestral gene as a result of genome duplications. nogginA, nogginB and nogginC of lampreys, like noggin1 and noggin2 of gnathostomes, demonstrate the ability to induce complete secondary axes with forebrain and eye structures when overexpressed in Xenopus laevis embryos. According to current views, this finding indicates the ability of lamprey Noggin proteins to suppress the activity of the BMP, Nodal/Activin and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways, as shown for Noggin proteins of gnathostomes. In this work, by analogy with experiments in Xenopus embryos, we attempted to induce secondary axes in the European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis by injecting noggin mRNAs into lamprey eggs in vivo. Surprisingly, unlike what occurs in amphibians, secondary axis induction in the lampreys either by noggin mRNAs or by chordin and cerberus mRNAs, the inductive properties of which have been described, was not observed. Only wnt8a mRNA demonstrated the ability to induce secondary axes in the lampreys. Such results may indicate that the mechanism of axial specification in lampreys, which represent jawless vertebrates, may differ in detail from that in the jawed clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V. Ermakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia;
| | - Aleksandr V. Kucheryavyy
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia;
| | - Andrey G. Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Bayramov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia;
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Zhang G, Rodemer W, Sinitsa I, Hu J, Selzer ME. Source of Early Regenerating Axons in Lamprey Spinal Cord Revealed by Wholemount Optical Clearing with BABB. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112427. [PMID: 33172031 PMCID: PMC7694618 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies of axon regeneration in the lamprey focus on 18 pairs of large identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons, whose regenerative abilities have been individually quantified. Their axons retract during the first 2 weeks after transection (TX), and many grow back to the site of injury by 4 weeks. However, locomotor movements begin before 4 weeks and the lesion is invaded by axons as early as 2 weeks post-TX. The origins of these early regenerating axons are unknown. Their identification could be facilitated by studies in central nervous system (CNS) wholemounts, particularly if spatial resolution and examination by confocal microscopy were not limited by light scattering. We have used benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB) clearing to enhance the resolution of neuronal perikarya and regenerated axons by confocal microscopy in lamprey CNS wholemounts, and to assess axon regeneration by retrograde and anterograde labeling with fluorescent dye applied to a second TX caudal or rostral to the original lesion, respectively. We found that over 50% of the early regenerating axons belonged to small neurons in the brainstem. Some propriospinal neurons located close to the TX also contributed to early regeneration. The number of early regenerating propriospinal neurons decreased with distance from the original lesion. Descending axons from the brainstem were labeled anterogradely by application of tracer to a second TX close to the spinal-medullary junction. This limited contamination of the data by regenerating spinal axons whose cell bodies are located rostral or caudal to the TX and confirmed the regeneration of many small RS axons as early as 2 weeks post-TX. Compared with the behavior of axotomized giant axons, the early regenerating axons were of small caliber and showed little retraction, probably because they resealed rapidly after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Zhang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (G.Z.); (W.R.); (J.H.)
| | - William Rodemer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (G.Z.); (W.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Isabelle Sinitsa
- College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (G.Z.); (W.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (G.Z.); (W.R.); (J.H.)
- Department of Neurology, the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abe G, Lee SH, Li IJ, Ota KG. An alternative evolutionary pathway for the twin-tail goldfish via szl gene mutation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 330:234-241. [PMID: 29947476 PMCID: PMC6033011 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The twin‐tail of ornamental goldfish provides unique evolutionary evidence that the highly conserved midline localization of axial skeleton components can be changed by artificial selection. This morphological change is known to be caused by a nonsense mutation in one of the recently duplicated chordin genes, which are key players in dorsal–ventral (DV) patterning. Since all of the multiple twin‐tail ornamental goldfish strains share the same mutation, it is reasonable to presume that this mutation occurred only once in domesticated goldfish. However, zebrafish with mutated szl gene (another DV patterning‐related gene) also exhibit twin‐tail morphology and higher viability than dino/chordin‐mutant zebrafish. This observation raises the question of whether the szl gene mutation could also reproduce the twin‐tail morphology in goldfish. Here we show that goldfish have at least two subfunctionalized szl genes, designated szlA and szlB, and depletion of these genes in single‐fin goldfish was able to reproduce the bifurcated caudal fin found in twin‐tail ornamental goldfish. Interestingly, several phenotypes were observed in szlA‐depleted fish, while low expressivity of the twin‐tail phenotype was observed in szlB‐depleted goldfish. Thus, even though szl gene mutations may produce twin‐tail goldfish, these szl gene mutations might not be favorable for selection in domestic breeding. These results highlight the uniqueness and rarity of mutations that are able to cause large‐scale morphological changes, such as a bifurcated axial skeleton, with high viability and expressivity in natural and domesticated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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Hirasawa T, Alev C, Kuratani S. Twins at Conspicuously Different Developmental Stages in a Turtle Egg. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:1-4. [PMID: 31116532 DOI: 10.2108/zs180107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One-egg twins, in general, initiate embryonic development at the same time, and their developmental stages proceed in parallel. Here we report a rare case of the embryonic development of the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, in which twins at conspicuously different developmental stages developed on a single yolk. One of the twins appeared to have developed at the normal developmental rate, whereas the development of the other was markedly delayed, despite the absence of any overt anomalies. This observation suggests uncoupled or fully independent differential regulation of embryonic development from either a single or, more likely, two distinct pluripotent blastoderms sharing the same yolk and same environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hirasawa
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan,
| | - Cantas Alev
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Irie N, Satoh N, Kuratani S. The phylum Vertebrata: a case for zoological recognition. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:32. [PMID: 30607258 PMCID: PMC6307173 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The group Vertebrata is currently placed as a subphylum in the phylum Chordata, together with two other subphyla, Cephalochordata (lancelets) and Urochordata (ascidians). The past three decades, have seen extraordinary advances in zoological taxonomy and the time is now ripe for reassessing whether the subphylum position is truly appropriate for vertebrates, particularly in light of recent advances in molecular phylogeny, comparative genomics, and evolutionary developmental biology. Four lines of current research are discussed here. First, molecular phylogeny has demonstrated that Deuterostomia comprises Ambulacraria (Echinodermata and Hemichordata) and Chordata (Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata), each clade being recognized as a mutually comparable phylum. Second, comparative genomic studies show that vertebrates alone have experienced two rounds of whole-genome duplication, which makes the composition of their gene family unique. Third, comparative gene-expression profiling of vertebrate embryos favors an hourglass pattern of development, the most conserved stage of which is recognized as a phylotypic period characterized by the establishment of a body plan definitively associated with a phylum. This mid-embryonic conservation is supported robustly in vertebrates, but only weakly in chordates. Fourth, certain complex patterns of body plan formation (especially of the head, pharynx, and somites) are recognized throughout the vertebrates, but not in any other animal groups. For these reasons, we suggest that it is more appropriate to recognize vertebrates as an independent phylum, not as a subphylum of the phylum Chordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Irie
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, and Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
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Irie N. Remaining questions related to the hourglass model in vertebrate evolution. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:103-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kuratani S, Fukatsu T. Paleontological Studies Integrated into a New Evolutionary Zoology. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:1-4. [PMID: 28148209 DOI: 10.2108/zs160203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zoological Letters, an open access online journal launched in 2015 is entering its third year of publication, and now seeks to drive new insights in evolutionary and comparative zoology by the inclusion of paleontological studies into its scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kuratani
- 1 Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
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