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Singh S, Ahmad F, Aruri H, Das S, Parajuli P, Gavande NS, Singh PK, Kumar A. Novel quinoline substituted autophagy inhibitors attenuate Zika virus replication in ocular cells. Virus Res 2024; 347:199419. [PMID: 38880335 PMCID: PMC11239713 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging RNA virus that is known to cause ocular and neurological abnormalities in infants. ZIKV exploits autophagic processes in infected cells to enhance its replication and spread. Thus, autophagy inhibitors have emerged as a potent therapeutic target to combat RNA viruses, with Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) being one of the most promising candidates. In this study, we synthesized several novel small-molecule quinoline derivatives, assessed their antiviral activity, and determined the underlying molecular mechanisms. Among the nine synthesized analogs, two lead candidates, labeled GL-287 and GL-382, significantly attenuated ZIKV replication in human ocular cells, primarily by inhibiting autophagy. These two compounds surpassed the antiviral efficacy of HCQ and other existing autophagy inhibitors, such as ROC-325, DC661, and GNS561. Moreover, unlike HCQ, these novel analogs did not exhibit cytotoxicity in the ocular cells. Treatment with compounds GL-287 and GL-382 in ZIKV-infected cells increased the abundance of LC3 puncta, indicating the disruption of the autophagic process. Furthermore, compounds GL-287 and GL-382 effectively inhibited the ZIKV-induced innate inflammatory response in ocular cells. Collectively, our study demonstrates the safe and potent antiviral activity of novel autophagy inhibitors against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hariprasad Aruri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Susmita Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Prahlad Parajuli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Navnath S Gavande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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2
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Nawrocki ST, Espitia CM, Espinoza MJC, Gamble ME, Sureshkumar S, Chang M, Wang W, Carew JS. Targeting autophagy: a promising approach for the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL DISCOVERY 2024; 4:e340. [PMID: 39100646 PMCID: PMC11296565 DOI: 10.1002/ctd2.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Patients with breast tumors that metastasize to the brain have limited treatment options and a very poor prognosis. More effective therapeutic strategies are desperately needed for this patient population. Recent evidence demonstrates that brain metastases arising from breast tumors display altered energy production that results in enhanced autophagy. Preclinical studies have shown that genetically or pharmacologically disrupting the autophagy pathway significantly decreases the brain metastatic burden, resulting in improved animal survival and increased sensitivity to lapatinib. These findings pave the way for the development of novel strategies targeting autophagy for breast cancer patients with brain metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Claudia M. Espitia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Madison E. Gamble
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - Sruthi Sureshkumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mengyang Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Center for Drug Discovery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jennifer S. Carew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
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3
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Skrzeszewski M, Maciejewska M, Kobza D, Gawrylak A, Kieda C, Waś H. Risk factors of using late-autophagy inhibitors: Aspects to consider when combined with anticancer therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116277. [PMID: 38740222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer resistance to therapy is still an unsolved scientific and clinical problem. In 2022, the hallmarks of cancer have been expanded to include four new features, including cellular senescence. Therapy-induced senescence (TIS) is a stressor-based response to conventional treatment methods, e.g. chemo- and radiotherapy, but also to non-conventional targeted therapies. Since TIS reinforces resistance in cancers, new strategies for sensitizing cancer cells to therapy are being adopted. These include macroautophagy as a potential target for inhibition due to its potential cytoprotective role in many cancers. The mechanism of late-stage autophagy inhibitors is based on blockage of autophagolysosome formation or an increase in lysosomal pH, resulting in disrupted cargo degradation. Such inhibitors are relevant candidates for increasing anticancer therapy effectiveness. In particular, 4-aminoquoline derivatives: chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) have been tested in multiple clinical trials in combination with senescence-inducing anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we summarize the properties of selected late-autophagy inhibitors and their role in the regulation of autophagy and senescent cell phenotype in vitro and in vivo models of cancer as well as treatment response in clinical trials on oncological patients. Additionally, we point out that, although these compounds increase the effectiveness of treatment in some cases, their practical usage might be hindered due to systemic toxicity, hypoxic environment, dose- ant time-dependent inhibitory effects, as well as a possible contribution to escaping from TIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Skrzeszewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Poland
| | - Monika Maciejewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland
| | - Dagmara Kobza
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Aleksandra Gawrylak
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR CNRS 4301, Orléans, France; Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Waś
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland.
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4
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Zhang X, Zhang M, Cui H, Zhang T, Wu L, Xu C, Yin C, Gao J. Autophagy-modulating biomembrane nanostructures: A robust anticancer weapon by modulating the inner and outer cancer environment. J Control Release 2024; 366:85-103. [PMID: 38142964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, biomembrane nanostructures, such as liposomes, cell membrane-coated nanostructures, and exosomes, have demonstrated promising anticancer therapeutic effects. These nanostructures possess remarkable biocompatibility, multifunctionality, and low toxicity. However, their therapeutic efficacy is impeded by chemoresistance and radiotherapy resistance, which are closely associated with autophagy. Modulating autophagy could enhance the therapeutic sensitivity and effectiveness of these biomembrane nanostructures by influencing the immune system and the cancer microenvironment. For instance, autophagy can regulate the immunogenic cell death of cancer cells, antigen presentation of dendritic cells, and macrophage polarization, thereby activating the inflammatory response in the cancer microenvironment. Furthermore, combining autophagy-regulating drugs or genes with biomembrane nanostructures can exploit the targeting and long-term circulation properties of these nanostructures, leading to increased drug accumulation in cancer cells. This review explores the role of autophagy in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, metastasis, cancer immune responses, and resistance to treatment. Additionally, it highlights recent research advancements in the synergistic anticancer effects achieved through autophagy regulation by biomembrane nanostructures. The review also discusses the prospects and challenges associated with the future clinical translation of these innovative treatment strategies. In summary, these findings provide valuable insights into autophagy, autophagy-modulating biomembrane-based nanostructures, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, thereby facilitating the development of promising cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Mengya Zhang
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hengqing Cui
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China; Tongji Hospital,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tinglin Zhang
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lili Wu
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chuan Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Bao C, Liang S, Han Y, Yang Z, Liu S, Sun Y, Zheng S, Li Y, Wang T, Gu Y, Wu K, Black SM, Wang J, Nawrocki ST, Carew JS, Yuan JXJ, Tang H. The Novel Lysosomal Autophagy Inhibitor (ROC-325) Ameliorates Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. Hypertension 2023; 80:70-83. [PMID: 36345832 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). ROC-325 is a novel small molecule lysosomal autophagy inhibitor that has more potent anticancer activity than the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine, the latter has been prevalently used to inhibit autophagy. Here, we sought to determine the therapeutic benefit and mechanism of action of ROC-325 in experimental PH models. METHODS AND RESULTS Hemodynamics, echocardiography, and histology measurement showed that ROC-325 treatment prevented the development of PH, right ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, dysfunction, and vascular remodeling after monocrotaline and Sugen5416/hypoxia administration. ROC-325 attenuated high K+ or alveolar hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and enhanced endothelial-dependent relaxation in isolated pulmonary artery rings. ROC-325 treatment inhibited autophagy and enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in lung tissues of monocrotaline-PH rats. In cultured human and rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell and pulmonary arterial endothelial cell under hypoxia exposure, ROC-325 increased LC3B (light chain 3 beta) and p62 accumulation, endothelial cell nitric oxide production via phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Ser1177) and dephosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Thr495) as well as decreased HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1α and HIF-2α stabilization. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that ROC-325 is a promising novel agent for the treatment of PH that inhibits autophagy, downregulates HIF levels, and increases nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (C.B., S.L., Y.S., S.Z.)
| | - Shuxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.)
| | - Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.H.)
| | - Zi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.)
| | - Shiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (C.B., S.L., Y.S., S.Z.)
| | - Yanan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (C.B., S.L., Y.S., S.Z.)
| | - Shichuang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (C.B., S.L., Y.S., S.Z.)
| | - Yuzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL (T.W., S.M.B.).,Center for Translational Science and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL (T.W., S.M.B.)
| | - Yali Gu
- Banner University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ (Y.G.)
| | - Kang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.)
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL (T.W., S.M.B.).,Center for Translational Science and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL (T.W., S.M.B.)
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.)
| | | | - Jennifer S Carew
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (S.T.N., J.S.C.)
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (J.X.-J.)
| | - Haiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (C.B., S.L., Z.Y., S.L., Y.S., S.Z., Y.L., K.W., J.W., H.T.)
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6
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Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Chen L. Inhibiting Cytoprotective Autophagy in Cancer Therapy: An Update on Pharmacological Small-Molecule Compounds. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:966012. [PMID: 36034776 PMCID: PMC9403721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.966012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradation process in which damaged proteins and organelles are engulfed into autophagosomes for digestion and eventually recycled for cellular metabolism to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Accumulating studies have reported that autophagy has the Janus role in cancer as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role to promote the growth of established tumors and developing drug resistance. Importantly, cytoprotective autophagy plays a prominent role in many types of human cancers, thus inhibiting autophagy, and has been regarded as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. Here, we focus on summarizing small-molecule compounds inhibiting the autophagy process, as well as further discuss other dual-target small-molecule compounds, combination strategies, and other strategies to improve potential cancer therapy. Therefore, these findings will shed new light on exploiting more small-molecule compounds inhibiting cytoprotective autophagy as candidate drugs for fighting human cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Zhang, ; Lu Chen,
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Zhang, ; Lu Chen,
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Arif A, Khawar MB, Mehmood R, Abbasi MH, Sheikh N. Dichotomous role of autophagy in cancer. ASIAN BIOMED 2022; 16:111-120. [PMID: 37551378 PMCID: PMC10321184 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that plays physiological and pathological roles in a cell. Its effect on cellular metabolism, the proteome, and the number and quality of organelles, diversely holds the potential to alter cellular functions. It acts paradoxically in cancer as a tumor inhibitor as well as a tumor promoter. In the early stage of tumorigenesis, it prevents tumor initiation by the so-called "quality control mechanism" and suppresses cancer progression. For late-staged tumors that are exposed to stress, it acts as a vibrant process of degradation and recycling that promotes cancer by facilitating metastasis. Despite this dichotomy, the crucial role of autophagy is evident in cancer, and associated with mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR), p53, and Ras-derived major cancer networks. Irrespective of the controversy regarding autophagic manipulation, promotion and suppression of autophagy act as potential therapeutic targets in cancer treatment and may provide various anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Arif
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal51750, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mehmood
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
| | - Muddasir Hassan Abbasi
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara56130, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
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8
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Liu Y, Zhou T, Hu J, Jin S, Wu J, Guan X, Wu Y, Cui J. Targeting Selective Autophagy as a Therapeutic Strategy for Viral Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889835. [PMID: 35572624 PMCID: PMC9096610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation system which can recycle multiple cytoplasmic components under both physiological and stressful conditions. Autophagy could be highly selective to deliver different cargoes or substrates, including protein aggregates, pathogenic proteins or superfluous organelles to lysosome using a series of cargo receptor proteins. During viral invasion, cargo receptors selectively target pathogenic components to autolysosome to defense against infection. However, viruses not only evolve different strategies to counteract and escape selective autophagy, but also utilize selective autophagy to restrict antiviral responses to expedite viral replication. Furthermore, several viruses could activate certain forms of selective autophagy, including mitophagy, lipophagy, aggrephagy, and ferritinophagy, for more effective infection and replication. The complicated relationship between selective autophagy and viral infection indicates that selective autophagy may provide potential therapeutic targets for human infectious diseases. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress on the interplay between selective autophagy and host antiviral defense, aiming to arouse the importance of modulating selective autophagy as future therapies toward viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Guan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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A perspective on the role of autophagy in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166262. [PMID: 34481059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy refers to a ubiquitous set of catabolic pathways required to achieve proper cellular homeostasis. Aberrant autophagy has been implicated in a multitude of diseases including cancer. In this review, we highlight pioneering and groundbreaking research that centers on delineating the role of autophagy in cancer initiation, proliferation and metastasis. First, we discuss the autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and their respective roles in the de novo formation of autophagosomes and the subsequent delivery of cargo to the lysosome for recycling. Next, we touch upon the history of cancer research that centers upon ATG proteins and regulatory mechanisms that control an appropriate autophagic response and how these are altered in the diseased state. Then, we discuss the various discoveries that led to the idea of autophagy as a double-edged sword when it comes to cancer therapy. This review also briefly narrates how different types of autophagy-selective macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, have been linked to different cancers. Overall, these studies build upon a steadfast trajectory that aims to solve the monumentally daunting challenge of finding a cure for many types of cancer by modulating autophagy either through inhibition or induction.
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10
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Sargazi S, Sheervalilou R, Rokni M, Shirvaliloo M, Shahraki O, Rezaei N. The role of autophagy in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection: An overview on virophagy-mediated molecular drug targets. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1599-1612. [PMID: 33818861 PMCID: PMC8251464 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent cell death is a prominent mechanism that majorly contributes to homeostasis by maintaining the turnover of organelles under stressful conditions. Several viruses, including coronaviruses (CoVs), take advantage of cellular autophagy to facilitate their own replication. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus (β-CoVs) that mediates its replication through a dependent or independent ATG5 pathway using specific double-membrane vesicles that can be considered as similar to autophagosomes. With due attention to several mutations in NSP6, a nonstructural protein with a positive regulatory effect on autophagosome formation, a potential correlation between SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis mechanisms and autophagy can be expected. Certain medications, albeit limited in number, have been indicated to negatively regulate autophagy flux, potentially in a way similar to the inhibitory effect of β-CoVs on the process of autophagy. However, there is no conclusive evidence to support their direct antagonizing effect on CoVs. Off-target accumulation of a major fraction of FDA-approved autophagy modulating drugs may result in adverse effects. Therefore, medications that have modulatory effects on autophagy could be considered as potential lead compounds for the development of new treatments against this virus. This review discusses the role of autophagy/virophagy in controlling SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis InstituteZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | | | - Mohsen Rokni
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research CenterZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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11
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Lee ZY, Leong CH, Lim KUL, Wong CCS, Pongtheerawan P, Arikrishnan SA, Tan KL, Loh JS, Low ML, How CW, Ong YS, Tor YS, Foo JB. Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy by Ternary Copper Complex Towards Breast Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1159-1170. [PMID: 34315396 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210726132543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper complex has been gaining much attention in anticancer research as targeted agent since cancer cells uptake more copper than non-cancerous cells. Our group has synthesised a ternary copper complex which is composed of 1,10-phenanthroline and tyrosine [Cu(phen)(L-tyr)Cl].3H20. These two payloads are designed to cleave DNA and inhibit protein degradation system (proteasome) concurrently in cancer cells, making this copper complex a dual-target compound. OBJECTIVE Current study was carried out to investigate the mode of cell death and role of autophagy induced by [Cu(phen)(L-tyr)Cl].3H20 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. METHODS Growth inhibition of [Cu(phen)(L-tyr)Cl].3H20 towards MDA-MB-231 and human non-cancerous MCF10A breast cells was determined by MTT assay. Annexin-V-FITC/PI and cell cycle analysis were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression of p53, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3 and LC3 were determined using western blot analysis. The cells were then co-treated with hydroxychloroquine to ascertain the role of autophagy induced by [Cu(phen)(L-tyr)Cl].3H20. RESULTS [Cu(phen)(L-tyr)Cl].3H20 inhibited the growth of cancer cells dose-dependently with less toxicity towards MCF10A cells. Additionally, [Cu(phen)(L-tyr)Cl].3H20 induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest towards MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells possibly via regulation of p53, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3 and capase-7. The expression of LC3II was upregulated in both cancer cell lines upon treatment with [Cu(phen)(L-tyr) Cl].3H20, indicating the induction of autophagy. Co-treatment with autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine significantly enhanced growth inhibition of both cell lines, suggesting that the autophagy induced by [Cu(phen)(L-tyr) Cl].3H20 in both breast cancer cells was promoting cell survival. CONCLUSION [Cu(phen)(L-tyr)Cl].3H20 holds great potential to be developed for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Chee Hong Leong
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Krystal U Ling Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Christopher Chun Sing Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Pornwasu Pongtheerawan
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, 222, Thai Buri, Tha Sala District, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160. Thailand
| | - Sathiavani A Arikrishnan
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Kian Leong Tan
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Jian Sheng Loh
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - May Lee Low
- International Medical University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Yong Sze Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Yin Sim Tor
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor. Malaysia
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12
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Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Tran BN, Cheng YS, Xu M, Pradhan M, Henderson M, Zhu W, Oh E, Susumu K, Wolak M, Shamim K, Huang W, Hu X, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Itkin Z, Shinn P, Carlos de la Torre J, Simeonov A, Michael SG, Hall MD, Lo DC, Zheng W. The SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effect Is Blocked by Lysosome Alkalizing Small Molecules. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1389-1408. [PMID: 33346633 PMCID: PMC7771250 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus’
pathways of infection,
virus–host–protein interactions, and mechanisms of virus-induced
cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the discovery and design of
new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine,
extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple
cellular effects including alkalizing lysosomes and blocking autophagy
as well as exhibiting dose-limiting toxicities in patients. Therefore,
we evaluated additional lysosomotropic compounds to identify an alternative
lysosome-based drug repurposing opportunity. We found that six of
these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero
E6 cells with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices
(SIs; SI = CC50/EC50) ranging from 1.5- to >10-fold.
The compounds (1) blocked lysosome functioning and autophagy, (2)
prevented pseudotyped particle entry, (3) increased lysosomal pH,
and (4) reduced (ROC-325) viral titers in the EpiAirway 3D tissue
model. Consistent with these findings, the siRNA knockdown of ATP6V0D1
blocked the HCoV-NL63 cytopathic effect in LLC-MK2 cells. Moreover,
an analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cell lysate revealed significant
dysregulation of autophagy and lysosomal function, suggesting a contribution
of the lysosome to the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings suggest
the lysosome as a potential host cell target to combat SARS-CoV-2
infections and inhibitors of lysosomal function could become an important
component of drug combination therapies aimed at improving treatment
and outcomes for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mark Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | - Mason Wolak
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Khalida Shamim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IMM6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Sam G. Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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13
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Alves da Silva AE, de Abreu PMB, Geraldes DC, de Oliveira Nascimento L. Hydroxychloroquine: Pharmacological, physicochemical aspects and activity enhancement through experimental formulations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Zeng J, Shirihai OS, Grinstaff MW. Modulating lysosomal pH: a molecular and nanoscale materials design perspective. JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCES (WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIF.) 2020; 2:25-37. [PMID: 33403369 PMCID: PMC7781074 DOI: 10.36069/jols/20201204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes, membrane-bound organelles, play important roles in cellular processes including endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by generating a highly acidic environment of pH 4.5 - 5.0 and by housing hydrolytic enzymes that degrade engulfed biomolecules. Impairment of lysosomal function, especially in its acidification, is a driving force in the pathogenesis of diseases including neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. Therefore, lysosomal pH is an attractive and targetable site for therapeutic intervention. Currently, there is a dearth of strategies or materials available to specifically modulate lysosomal acidification. This review focuses on the key aspects of how lysosomal pH is implicated in various diseases and discusses design strategies and molecular or nanoscale agents for lysosomal pH modulation, with the ultimate goal of developing novel therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiu Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90045
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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15
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Nawrocki ST, Wang W, Carew JS. Autophagy: New Insights into Its Roles in Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3005. [PMID: 33081217 PMCID: PMC7602821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism of lysosomal proteolysis that is utilized to degrade damaged organelles, proteins, and other cellular components. Although key studies demonstrate that autophagy functions as a mechanism of tumor suppression via the degradation of defective pre-malignant cells, autophagy can also be used as a mechanism to break down cellular components under stress conditions to generate the required metabolic materials for cell survival. Autophagy has emerged as an important mediator of resistance to radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted agents. This series of articles highlight the role of autophagy in cancer progression and drug resistance and underscores the need for new and more effective agents that target this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan T. Nawrocki
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- Arizona Center for Drug Discovery, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Carew
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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16
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Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Xu M, Pradhan M, Tran BN, Zhu W, Shamim K, Huang W, Hu X, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Itkin Z, Shinn P, Simeonov A, Michael S, Hall MD, Lo DC, Zheng W. The SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect is blocked with autophagy modulators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.16.091520. [PMID: 32511355 PMCID: PMC7259466 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.16.091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-02 is a new type of coronavirus capable of rapid transmission and causing severe clinical symptoms; much of which has unknown biological etiology. It has prompted researchers to rapidly mobilize their efforts towards identifying and developing anti-viral therapeutics and vaccines. Discovering and understanding the virus' pathways of infection, host-protein interactions, and cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the design of new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. While it is known that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple cellular effects including inhibiting autophagy, there are also dose-limiting toxicities in patients that make clearly establishing their potential mechanisms-of-action problematic. Therefore, we evaluated a range of other autophagy modulators to identify an alternative autophagy-based drug repurposing opportunity. In this work, we found that 6 of these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells with EC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices ranging from 1.5 to >10-fold. Immunofluorescence staining for LC3B and LysoTracker dye staining assays in several cell lines indicated their potency and efficacy for inhibiting autophagy correlated with the measurements in the SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect assay. Our data suggest that autophagy pathways could be targeted to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections and become an important component of drug combination therapies to improve the treatment outcomes for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Khalida Shamim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Sam Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
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17
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Mandhair HK, Arambasic M, Novak U, Radpour R. Molecular modulation of autophagy: New venture to target resistant cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:303-322. [PMID: 32547680 PMCID: PMC7280868 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i5.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic process in which superfluous, damaged organelles and other cytoplasmic constituents are delivered to the lysosome for clearance and the generation of macromolecule substrates during basal or stressed conditions. Autophagy is a bimodal process with a context dependent role in the initiation and the development of cancers. For instance, autophagy provides an adaptive response to cancer stem cells to survive metabolic stresses, by influencing disease propagation via modulation of essential signaling pathways or by promoting resistance to chemotherapeutics. Autophagy has been implicated in a cross talk with apoptosis. Understanding the complex interactions provides an opportunity to improve cancer therapy and the clinical outcome for the cancer patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view on the current knowledge on autophagy and its role in cancer cells with a particular focus on cancer stem cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet K Mandhair
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Arambasic
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Urban Novak
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.
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18
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Jones TM, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST. Therapeutic Targeting of Autophagy for Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1185. [PMID: 32392870 PMCID: PMC7281213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer is the 7th most prevalent form of cancer in the United States with the vast majority of cases being classified as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Multiple targeted therapies have been developed to treat RCC, but efficacy and resistance remain a challenge. In recent years, the modulation of autophagy has been shown to augment the cytotoxicity of approved RCC therapeutics and overcome drug resistance. Inhibition of autophagy blocks a key nutrient recycling process that cancer cells utilize for cell survival following periods of stress including chemotherapeutic treatment. Classic autophagy inhibitors such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been introduced into phase I/II clinical trials, while more experimental compounds are moving forward in preclinical development. Here we examine the current state and future directions of targeting autophagy to improve the efficacy of RCC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (T.M.J.); (J.S.C.)
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